Roseolithon sabulosum, a coralline algal species within Hapalidiaceae, has been documented from Japan. Phylogenetic analyses based on rbcL and psbA sequences confirmed that the Korean non-geniculate coralline algal specimens from Jeju Island are conspecific with Japanese R. sabulosum, including the holotype. Additionally, both morpho-anatomical and molecular analyses confirmed the identity of our specimens as R. sabulosum. Roseolithon sabulosum is characterized by flared epithallial cells, variable subepithallial initials, and multiporate tetra/bisporangial conceptacles elevated above the thallus surface with 4-7 rosette cells in conspicuous depressions that produce a pitted appearance. Its conceptacle roofs are composed of 3-6 cell layers, and pore canals are lined by 2-4-celled filaments containing rosette cells with disintegrated roofs underlain by elongate to wedge-shaped cells longer than other roof cells. In this study, we report R. sabulosum for the first time in Korea, thereby broadening its known distribution to include both Korea and Japan.

The genus Pleurastrum is a coccoid green alga comprising 10 species worldwide. Pleurastrum exhibits simple morphology and high polymorphism, which complicates the understanding of its diversity. We examined the morphological and ultrastructural characteristics of Pleurastrum using light, confocal, and transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, we performed phylogenetic analysis based on multigene sequences (nuclear SSU rDNA, 5.8S, internal transcribed spacer (ITS2) region, and plastid rbcL and tufA genes) from Pleurastrum strains to report two previously unrecorded freshwater species (Pleurastrum insigne and Pleurastrum microstigmatum) in Korea. The vegetative cells were predominantly spherical, with a few being ellipsoidal, and each cell contained a chloroplast with one pyrenoid. The sporangia produced several daughter cells, while the biflagellate zoospores were ellipsoidal and motile. Phylogenetic analysis confirmed that P. insigne and P. microstigmatum form well-supported monophyletic clades. Analysis of ITS2 secondary structures revealed similar patterns, with several differences in nucleotide sequences and insertions between the two species. The findings of this study expand the known distribution of Pleurastrum and enhance our understanding of its species diversity in Korea.

Five spider species from the genus Pholcus Walckenaer, 1805, namely Pholcus geogeum sp. nov., Pholcus hongseong sp. nov., Pholcus gochang sp. nov., Pholcus jeocheon sp. nov., and Pholcus yongin sp. nov., are newly described from Korea. These five new species, which belong to the phungiformes group within the genus, can be distinguished from their congeners by the shape and structure of the genital organs of both males and females. They are found on rock walls and at cave entrances in mountainous and hilly mixed forests. This study provides diagnoses, detailed descriptions, and taxonomic photographs of the newly described species.

As social networking service (SNS) platforms become increasingly integrated into foreign language education, their impact on learner motivation and intercultural competence may vary depending on the learning context. This mixed-methods study compares American college students learning Korean as a foreign language (KFL) and Korean learners of English as a foreign language (EFL) to examine how SNS-mediated intercultural contact affects motivational orientations and intercultural development. A total of 107 university students (56 KFL, 51 EFL) engaged in semester-long Facebook-based interactions. Pre- and post-semester surveys assessed intrinsic and extrinsic motivation, intercultural communicative competence, and intercultural sensitivity, followed by qualitative analysis of students’ reflections. KFL learners showed a significant increase in intrinsic motivation across the semester, while extrinsic motivation remained unchanged. Compared with the EFL group, they achieved greater gains in intercultural communicative competence (attitudes and skills) and intercultural sensitivity (respect), reflecting deeper interpersonal engagement and emotional openness. Their reflections emphasized peer-based cultural learning beyond textbook knowledge. EFL learners, without significant motivational changes, showed growth in intercultural communicative competence (knowledge and awareness) and increased confidence and enjoyment in the SNS interaction. Their reflections portrayed the interaction as academically structured and limited in spontaneity. These findings highlight the critical role of learning context in mediating how SNS-based intercultural engagement supports motivation and intercultural development.

맵시혹나방(Meganola major (Hampson, 1891))은 구대륙 전반에 분포한다고 알려져 있으나, 주로 동양구에 집중 분포한다. 최근 전남지역 을 중심으로 종의 대발생이 확인되었으며, 이로 인해 배롱나무와 가래나무의 피해가 확인되고 있다. 본 종은 국내 분류학적 역사가 복잡한 바, 이번 논문을 통해 이 종의 분류학적 기록을 정확하게 파악하고자 한다. 또한 관찰을 근거로 간략한 생태적 정보 또한 제공하고자 한다.

본 연구에서는 국내에서 처음 발견된 진딧물 Phyllaphoides bambusicola Takahashi, 1921을 보고한다. 2023–2024년 야외조사 중 한국 서 부 지역의 왕대 일종(Phyllostachys bambusoides)에서 P. bambusicola의 발생을 확인하였다. 유시 성충의 상세한 형태 기재와 계측값을 제시하였으 며, 생체 및 슬라이드 표본 사진을 포함하였다. 관찰된 피해 정도로 보아 이 종은 대나무류의 주요 해충이 될 것으로 예상되어 모니터링이 필요하다.

This study examines the implementation of CEFR Basic User-level descriptors within a systematic instructional design framework to support learner-centered instruction and formative assessment in Korean elementary English education. Focusing on Grades 3 and 4, the study aligned CEFR’s four communicative functions—reception, production, interaction, and mediation—with the 2015 Revised National English Curriculum. A CEFR-based self-assessment tool was developed and administered before and after instruction to measure learners’ perceived communicative development. Findings revealed functional gains across multiple communicative domains, with variation in growth patterns depending on learner group and task type. K-means clustering identified three learner profiles—low-growth, reception-focused, and high-growth—which informed differentiated instructional strategies tailored to learner needs. The results demonstrate that CEFR-informed self-assessment, when combined with systematic instructional design, enhances curriculum coherence and supports data-driven pedagogy. This study provides empirical evidence on the practical integration of CEFR descriptors in primary classrooms, highlighting their potential to inform learner diagnosis and guide targeted instruction in localized educational contexts.

독도는 대한민국 최동단에 위치한 화산섬으로서 독특한 기후와 생태계를 이룬다. 독도에 대한 생물다양성 연구가 진행되어 왔지만, 토양의 절지동물은 거의 조사된 바가 없다. 본 연구에서는 2023-2024년도에 독도에서 토양을 채취하여 Berlese-Tullgren 방법으로 토양응애를 분리하였 다. 종 동정을 위하여 형태학적 특징과 미토콘드리아 cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) 유전자 염기서열 분석한 결과 국내 미기록종인 Macrocheles penicilliger (Berlese, 1904)으로 나타났다. 독도의 M. penicilliger의 흉판모 3쌍은 기존 문헌의 묘사된 것과 달리 첫째쌍은 말단이 깃털 형태이지만, 둘째 및 셋째쌍은 단순한 형태이었다. 또한, 동도와 서도에서 채집한 개체들의 COI 서열은 2.43% 차이가 있었으며 특히 서도 개체의 COI 염기서열은 벨기에 샘플과 100% 일치했다. 본 연구결과는 M. penicilliger의 유전적 다양성을 밝혔으며 독도에 분포한 원인으로서 철새의 둥 지에 서식하는 곤충들에 편승하여 이동하는 행동과 관계 있을 것이라고 추측한다.

충청남도농업기술원 화훼연구소에서는 분홍색 계통의 국화 (Chrysanthemum × morifolium (Ramat.) Hemsl.) 품종인 ‘레이디빈(Lady Vin)’을 육성하였다. ‘레이디빈(Lady Vin)’ 품 종은 분홍색 반겹꽃 특성을 가진 ‘G18-138-03’을 모본으로, 황색 반겹꽃 품종인 ‘기기골드(Gigi Gold)’를 부본으로 하여 2018년에 인공 교배를 통해 개발하였다. 2019년부터 2021년 까지의 연차별 생육 및 개화 특성 조사를 거쳐 2021년에 최종 선발된 ‘레이디빈(Lady Vin)’은 반구형 초형과 Red Purple 65B에 해당하는 분홍색 설상화를 갖고 있으며, 개화 시기는 9월 12일로 확인되었다. 주요 생육 특성으로는 평균 화경 3.7cm, 본당 착화수 2,248.1개, 꽃잎 수 104.1개, 초장 22.9 cm이며, 엽색은 Green 139D에 해당하였다. ‘레이디빈(Lady Vin)’ 품종은 대조 품종인 ‘Marble Ball’과 유사한 초형과 엽색 을 보이지만, 개화시기와 착화수에서 차이를 나타내며, 화단이 나 도로변 조경용으로 활용도가 높다. 또한, 상품성이 뛰어나 화훼 농가에 새로운 수익 자원으로 기여할 수 있을 것으로 기대 된다.

This qualitative study investigates how three experienced Native English-speaking teachers (NESTs) in Korea’s private education sector (hagwons) construct and negotiate their professional identities. Grounded in Wenger’s (1998) social theory of identity, the study explores (1) how NESTs navigate their roles across institutional, cultural, and global communities of practice, and (2) how their learning trajectories influence identity development over time. Data were collected through group discussions, reflective journals, and in-depth interviews. Findings reveal that NESTs’ identities are dynamic and continually reshaped through interactions with Korean English Teachers (KETs), students, and institutional contexts. While native-speaker status affords symbolic capital and instructional autonomy, it can also result in marginalization within Korea’s exam-oriented, hierarchical education system. The study highlights how sustained engagement, intercultural adaptation, and reflective practice foster more agentive and contextually grounded professional identities. It calls for institutional policies and teacher education programs that support long-term development, promote equitable team-teaching, and provide localized training responsive to the specific demands of Korean English classrooms.

본 연구는 Peperomia 속 두 종(P. argyreia ‘Watermelon’과 P. obtusifolia ‘Variegata’)을 대상으로 실내환경에서 광질(백 색, 청색, 적색)이 생장, 색소 조성, 무늬 면적에 미치는 영향을 분석함으로써, 적정 광질 조건을 탐색하고자 하였다. 생장 반응 은 엽장, 엽폭, 초장, 엽수 등 모든 지표에서 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았으며(p ≥ 0.05), 이는 실내 광도 수준에서 광질 변화가 생장에는 제한적인 영향을 미침을 나타낸다. 그러 나 색소 조성과 무늬 면적에서는 뚜렷한 차이가 확인되었다. P. obtusifolia ‘Variegata’는 적색광 처리 시 chl a와 b, 총 car 함량이 감소하고, 무늬 면적 또한 유의하게 줄어드는 반응 을 보였다. 반면 청색광에서는 chl a와 car 함량 증가, chl a/b 비율 상승과 더불어 printed area의 안정적인 유지가 확인되 어, 청색광이 생리적 활성 유지에 유리한 광질로 평가되었다. 이러한 결과는 무늬의 발현 방식에 따라 광질 반응성이 다르며, 실내 재배 시 광질 조절이 관상성과 생리적 안정성 확보를 위한 핵심 전략이 될 수 있음을 보여주었다.

자생 수수꽃다리속(Syringa) 식물의 정원수 활용을 위한 기 초 광생리적 특성을 파악하기 위하여 동일한 재배환경에서 수 수꽃다리속 4종(버들개회나무, 수수꽃다리, 털개회나무, 섬개 회나무)의 광-광합성 반응과 세포 내 CO2 농도-광합성 반응을 측정하였다. 낮은 광도 환경에서 생육이 적합한 털개회나무 (29.5~281.3μmol·m-2·s-1), 섬개회나무(30.2~404.0μmol·m-2·s-1), 수수꽃다리(31.4~680.7μmol·m-2·s-1), 버들개회나무(26.3~794.3 μmol·m-2·s-1) 순으로 광-광합성 반응을 보였다. 버들개회나무 는 소교목 또는 관목성으로 자라는 환경 변화에 적응성이 높은 종으로, 광포화점이 높아 전광을 받는 양지에 식재하는 것이 적합하나 유년성 묘목은 비교적 내음성을 지닌다. 털개회나무는 반음지 환경에서도 광포화점에 도달하였다. 두 종(버들개회나 무, 털개회나무)은 광합성 반응에 따라 구분되는 생태적 지위를 가진 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구의 결과는 생태적, 지속 가능한 정원 조성을 위하여 수종 및 식재환경 선택의 기초 정보를 제공 하고자 한다.

The development of high specific surface area and mesoporous activated carbons is required to improve the electrochemical performance of EDLC. In this study, kenaf-derived activated carbons (PK-AC) were prepared for high-power-density EDLC via phosphoric acid stabilization and steam activation. The pyrolysis behavior of kenaf with respect to the phosphoric acid stabilization conditions were examined via TGA and DTG. The textural properties of PK-AC were studied with N2/ 77 K adsorption–desorption isotherms. In addition, the crystalline structure of PK-AC was observed via X-ray diffraction. The specific surface area and mesopore volume ratio of PK-AC were determined to be 1570–2400 m2/ g and 7.7–44.5%, respectively. In addition, PK-AC was observed to have a high specific surface area and mesopore volume ratio than commercial coconut-derived activated carbon (YP-50F). The specific capacitance of PK-AC was increased from 77.0–99.5 F/g (at 0.1 A/g) to 49.3–88.9 F/g (at 10.0 A/g) with activation time increased. In particular, K-P-15-H-9–10 observed an approximately 35% improvement in specific capacitance at a higher current density of 10.0 A/g compared to YP-50F. As a result, the phosphoric acid stabilization method was confirmed to be an efficient process for the preparation of high specific surface area and mesoporous biomass-derived activated carbons, and the kenaf-derived activated carbons prepared by this process have great potential for application as electrode active materials in high-power EDLC.

In this study, nitrogen and fluorine co-doped carbon nanocages (NF-CNCs) were synthesized as anode materials for potassium- ion batteries (KIBs), and their structural evolution with heat treatment and electrochemical behavior with different functional groups was investigated. NF-CNCs were prepared by physically mixing coal tar pitch (CTP) with a SiO2 template, followed by heat treatment and subsequent fluorination with NF3 gas. A systematic investigation of the structural properties revealed that graphitization increased with increasing heat treatment temperature as the carbon structure transitioned from amorphous at 500 and 1000 °C to graphite-like at 1500 °C. Furthermore, nitrogen and fluorine functional group analysis revealed significant changes, particularly in terms of covalent and semi-ionic C‒F bonds. Among the samples, NF-CNC 1000 displayed excellent electrochemical performance, with a specific capacity of 395.1 mAh g− 1 and a capacity retention rate of 94% during 1000 cycles at 50 mA g− 1. The exceptional performance of NF-CNC 1000 is attributed to its high porosity, amorphous carbon structure, and semi-ionic C‒F bonds, which facilitate the efficient adsorption and intercalation of potassium ions. These findings provide valuable insights into the design of advanced anode materials for next-generation KIBs.

Polypropylene waste significantly contributes to environmental pollution due to its low biodegradability. Numerous experiments have shown that laser irradiation of polymers can lead to the conversion of laser-induced graphene (LIG). In this paper, the LIG formation process in polypropylene (PP), polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS), and polypropylene/polydimethylsiloxane (PP/PDMS) systems in a vacuum environment was simulated using molecular dynamics. The LIG yields and carbon network sizes of the systems in oxygen and vacuum environments at different temperatures were analyzed to determine the optimal temperature for upgrading PP to LIG. It was observed in all three systems that the LIG structure was formed. The structure was composed not only of six-membered carbon rings, but also of five-membered and seven-membered rings, resulting in out-of-plane fluctuations and bending. A vacuum environment and high temperature promote LIG formation with high yield, large size, and minimal defects. The current study provides theoretical guidance for optimizing the laser graphene process for PP assisted with PDMS in a vacuum environment and helps to understand the mechanism underlying the conversion from polyolefins to graphene under CO2 laser at the atomic level.

Presently, the majority of cancer treatments are non-specific, leading to undesirable side effects from intense medications. This issue may be addressed through the revolutionary advancement of nanotechnology, which enables the control of materials at the nanoscale. By offering advantages such as customized drug delivery, minimized dose-associated side effects, and extended drug circulation times, nanotechnology has significantly impacted cancer therapy over recent decades. Due to their unique combination of superior optical, thermal, electrical, and mechanical properties, carbon-based nanoparticles are emerging as promising tools in cancer research. These nanoparticles also offer ease of modification and a large surface area, making them ideal for efficient drug delivery. These nanoplatforms can serve as carriers for multiple types of molecules, enabling targeted and controlled delivery of pharmaceuticals, nucleotides, and diagnostic agents. The synthesis techniques and functionalization approaches of carbon-based nanostructures, both covalently and noncovalently bound, will be explored in detail within this review. In addition, the properties of carbon nanostructures, their potential for delivering anticancer drugs and genetic material, as well as their antibacterial capabilities, will be analyzed. Lastly, the challenges associated with utilizing carbon nanostructures and future perspectives will be discussed.

This study investigates the traditional costumes featured in The Purple Hairpin, a representative work of Cantonese Yue opera, and explores their creative adaptation into modern fashion design. Cantonese Yue opera costumes, known for their symbolic patterns, colors, and craftsmanship, embody the cultural and aesthetic identity of the region. Through comprehensive literature review, field research, and analysis of museum artifacts and performance images, the structural and symbolic characteristics of key characters’ costumes were systematically examined. Based on these findings, two modern womenswear designs were developed: one inspired by the Xiaoguzhuang worn by noblewomen and another based on the Yuanling, a traditional official’s robe. Each design aimed to harmonize traditional aesthetics with contemporary sensibilities and functionality. Patterns for these designs were drafted and tested using Style3D software to conduct virtual fitting simulations, which allowed for evaluating wearability, aesthetic qualities, and structural stability. The results demonstrate that the distinctive symbolic elements and artistic values of traditional Yue opera costumes can be successfully reinterpreted into modern fashion, while digital tools enhance the efficiency and precision of pattern development. This research contributes to preserving and revitalizing traditional costume culture by providing a practical methodology for modern application, as well as offering insights for future global promotion and creative use of Chinese traditional dress in contemporary fashion contexts.

본 연구는 한국 창조 신화가 한국인의 종교적 정체성과 세계관 형성에 어떠한 영향을 미쳐왔는지를 탐구한다. 또한, 이러한 전통적 신화들과 창세기의 성서적 창조 서사를 비교하여, 각 서사가 각기 다른 문화의 기원과 세계 인식에 어떤 영향을 주었는지를 밝히고자 한다. 아울러 이러한 토착 창조 신화들이 창세기 창조 이야기를 수용하는 데 어떻게 기여하였으며, 나아가 기독교의 전래와 확산에 어떠한 역할을 하였는지를 분석한다. 결론에서는 이러한 논의를 확장하여, 한국 교회의 생태신학적 성찰과 현대 선교 실천에 주는 함의를 제시한다.

인류는 역사적으로 삶의 본질을 이해하고 지속적인 충만함을 성취하기 위해 끊임없이 노력해 왔다. 이러한 여정은 종종 자기실현으로 귀결된다. 자기실현은 단순한 심리적 상태를 넘어, 인간의 본질적인 욕구이자 지속적인 성장과 변형, 그리고 진정한 잠재력의 실현을 의미한다. 저명한 브라질 작가 파울로 코엘료는 그의 소설에 서 인간의 경험을 중심에 두며, 존재의 영적이고 실존적인 측면을 탐구한다. 코엘료의 이야기 속 주인공들은 전통적인 서사 속 영웅이 아닌, 평범하지만 내면의 여정을 통해 특별함을 보여주는 인물들이다. 􋺷연금술사􋺸(1988)의 산티아고와 􋺷11분􋺸(2003)의 마리 아는 모두 매우 개인적인 여정을 떠나며, 사회적 기대와 내면의 제약에 도전해 자기 안에 숨겨진 보물을 찾아 나선다. 산티아고는 자신의 ‘개인적 전설’을 향한 열망에 의 해 움직이며, 마리아는 사랑과 자존감, 인간관계의 복잡성을 탐색한다. 이 두 인물은 회복력, 용기, 자기 발견의 변혁적 본질을 구현하며, 이 논문은 그들이 자기실현에 이 르는 과정을 분석한다. 이를 통해 코엘료 작품 전반에 흐르는 운명, 삶의 목적, 내면의 충족이라는 보편적 주제를 조명한다. 코엘료는 이러한 이야기들을 통해 개인이 어떻게 자신의 여정을 통해 의미와 자기 실현을 향해 나아갈 수 있는지를 깊이 있게 통찰한다.

Background: Knee osteoarthritis is a highly prevalent chronic condition that affects approximately 80% of individuals aged ≥ 65 years. Major problems include pain, dysfunction, reduced quality of life, balance ability, and muscle tone. Objects: This study examined the effects of multidirectional knee-strengthening exercises using elastic bands on knee pain, functional disability, quality of life, balance ability, and rectus femoris (RF) muscle tone in elderly patients aged ≥ 65 years with knee osteoarthritis. Methods: Forty-eight patients aged ≥ 65 years with knee osteoarthritis participated in the study. The participants were assigned randomly to either the experimental group (n = 24) or the control group (n = 24). Both groups performed knee-strengthening exercises, but the experimental group incorporated elastic bands into their exercises. All interventions were conducted 3 times a week for 30 minutes per session over 4 weeks. The effects were assessed before and after the intervention using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), Korean version of the Western Ontario and McMaster Universities Arthritis Index (K-WOMAC), Euro Quality of Life 5 Dimension (EQ-5D), Berg Balance Scale (BBS), and RF muscle tone. Between-group differences before and after the intervention were analyzed using the independent t-test, and withingroup differences were examined using the paired t-test for pre-post intervention comparisons of the dependent variables. Results: Both groups showed significant improvements in the NRS, K-WOMAC function, KWOMAC total score, EQ-5D, BBS, and RF muscle tone after the intervention (p < 0.05). In addition, the experimental group showed significant improvements in the NRS, K-WOMAC, BBS, and RF muscle tone compared with the control group (p < 0.05). Conclusion: Multidirectional knee-strengthening exercises using elastic bands can be an effective intervention to improve knee pain, functional disability, balance ability, and RF muscle tone in elderly patients aged ≥ 65 years with knee osteoarthritis.