Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae) are polyphagous, highly invasive pests in which female adults lay eggs under the skin of fruit and larvae damage the fruit. Among them, the Oriental Fruit Fly, Bactrocera dorsalis (Hendel) was first reported in Taiwan and is distributed throughout much of Southeast Asia, including Vietnam, as well as on the African continent and in the Pacific region. In order to prevent the introduction of pests into country, the Animal and Plant Quarantine Agency has designated them as prohibited pests and is conducting surveillance and investigation on their occurrence. The experimental countries were Taiwan and Vietnam, and statistical analysis was conducted based on the number of B. dorsalis caught by setting up traps for about 8 months. Methly eugenol (ME; 4-allyl-1,2-dimethoxy-benzene) is a widely distributed natural plant and is used because it strongly attracts males of B. dorsalis. The experiments aimed to verify the effect of attractant formulations (liquid, solid, wax) and traps (Delta trap, Lynfield trap, Steiner trap) on B. dorsalis.

최근 기후변화 및 국제교역량, 여행객, 외국 이주민 증가 등으로 국내 농작물에 큰 피해를 입힐 수 있는 고위험 식물병의 유입이 꾸준히 증가하고 있다. 검역 대상인 병원체의 수가 증가함에 따라 검역기관 및 연구원의 업무량이 증가하고 있다. 본 연구에서는 지역별 주요 수출대상 과수인 포도, 단감, 감귤의 국내 미기록 병과 원인병원체에 대한 예찰조사를 수행하였다. 이를 위해 전국을 경기-강원, 충청, 전북, 전남, 경북, 경남 그리고 제주 등 7개 권역으로 나누고 각 권역 소재 대학에서 예찰조사를 수행하여 예찰네트워크를 구축하고자 하였다. 포도 대상 병은 모두 4종으로, Pierce’s disease (Xylella fastidiosa), brown rot (Monilinia fructigena), anthracnose (Greeneria uvicola), 그리고 esca (Phaeomoniella chlamydospora)을 조사하였고 경기-강원, 충청도, 전라북도, 그리고 경상북도 권역을 중심으로 각 권역당 3개 지역 그리고 지역당 3개 지점을 두고 조사하였다. 단감은 모두 3종으로, brown spot (Fusicladium levieri), black leaf spot (Adisciso kaki), 그리고 black spot (Phoma kakivora)을 조사하였고 국내 단감 주생산지인 경상남도와 전라남도 권역을 중심으로 각 권역당 3개 지역 그리고 지역당 3개 지점을 두고 조사하였다. 감귤 대상 병은 모두 2종으로, citrus scab (Elsinoë australis), Septoria spot (Septoria citri)을 조사하였고 감귤 주생산지인 제주권역을 중심으로 조사하였다. 모두 9종에 대한 예찰조사는 2019년 4월부터 10월까지 2주간격으로 실시하였다. 예찰조사결과 주요 수출대상 과수인 포도, 단감, 감귤의 국내미기록병 9종에 대한 원인병원체는 발견되지 않았다. 이 연구를 통해 식물병을 조기에 탐지할 수 있는 전국적인 모니터링 시스템을 구축하였고, 국외 외래유입병들의 예찰조사를 위한 지역 거점을 확보하였다고 평가된다.

This paper examines the effects of the mergers and acquisitions (M&A) announcement through social media on the consumer perception of the luxury brand consumption. A M&A is becoming more wide spread in the luxury market. Yet, the academic research examining the M&A in the luxury brand context has been sparse albeit the growing interests. Moreover, previous research has not paid attention to the effect of social media as a vehicle to communicate the M&A deal with consumers although social media is increasingly used by luxury brands in their brand communication these days. We aim to fill the gap in the luxury brand literature by examining how a horizontal M&A announcement delivered through social media would affect the brand loyalty derived from the luxury consumption values. Specifically, our research focuses on the four distinctive luxury brand values, which are symbolic, experiential, economic and quality values as well as the perceived sustainability of the M&A deal. We examine how a M&A announcement would affect these five values which in turn influence the brand loyalty, as well as examining the differential effect of social media and non-social media as a brand communication vehicle. In addition, we examine how the vertically differentiated luxury brand perceptions (i.e. different luxury tiers) between acquiring and acquired brands influence the consumption values and brand loyalty. Using a scenario-based online survey, our results reveal several interesting insights on the luxury brand M&A. First, our results show that use of social media as a communication vehicle has differential effects on how the M&A announcement influences consumption values and brand loyalty, comparing with the non-social media communication vehicle. Second, we find that a M&A announcement via social media has a positive impact on the consumer values. Third, the symbolic and experiential values have a positive influence on the brand loyalty, regardless of the luxury tier difference between brands. Fourth, our results show that the perceived sustainability has a positive impact on the brand loyalty as long as the M&A was completed between brands at different tiers. Fourth, the perceived quality has a positive impact on the brand loyalty only if the brand is acquired by a less prestigious brand. Lastly, economic value has a positive impact on the brand loyalty only if the acquiring brand is of more luxurious. In sum, our paper provides useful insights to both academics as well as practitioners in the luxury brand M&A context.

본 연구에서는 Kaochiaoja arthraxonis (Takahashi, 1921) 종을 기반으로 Kaochiaoja Tao, 1963 속을 국내 최초로 보고한다. 무시형 처녀생 식세대의 암컷 사진 형태 정보를 제시하였다.

Calaphidinae is one of the most species rich group in Aphididae. However their phylogenetic relationship is poorly understood. In this study, we reconstructed phylogenetic relationship of Calaphidinae and closely related groups to confirm the taxon boundary and ingroup relationship such as tribe and genera. In addition, evolutionary hypothesis of ancestral host-plant relationship was tested. We performed Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood analyses of combined 4 mitochondrial (ATP6, COI, COII, CytB) and 1 nuclear (EF1α) sequences. Phylogenetic results suggested that Calaphidinae is not a monophyletic and Saltusaphidinae is nested in Calaphidinae. Phyllaphidinae forms a basal clade as the most primitive group of Calaphidinae. Reconstruction of ancestral host plant of Calaphidinae indicated that Calaphidinae might have evolved on members of Fagales plants.

Two cryptic species of the black-tailed bamboo aphid, Takecallis arundicolens (Clarke, 1903), are revealed based on DNA barcoding and nymph morphology. Three species, T. arundicolens, T. sp.1 nov. and T. sp.2 nov. have significant genetic differences ranged from 2-8% but, only subtly differing in their nymph morphology. In this study, molecular analyses and morphological comparisons are presented including species keys for alatoid nymphs.

Aphids (Hemiptera: Aphididae) are well known as micro-insect pests, which are very specific to their host plants, sucking phloem for acquiring nutrients, and most of them have successfully maintained parthenogenetic generations cyclically or permanently. In the world, the approximately 5,000 described aphid species belong to the family Aphididae, which has taxonomically been subdivided into 27 subfamilies. We have revised the checklist of the Korean aphids based on 54 publications which include the catalogues, checklists, faunistic researches, and taxonomic reports treating the aphids in the Korean Peninsula since 1927. As results, we confirmed that a total of 438 valid species (species names) of 143 genera in 16 subfamilies had been historically recognized in the Korean Peninsula after checking classifications and invalid names (misidentifications, synonyms, and etc.). We also will introduce the diversity of the Korean aphids.

Tinocallis Matsumura 속은 전세계 19종이 포함되는 비교적 큰 속이다. 본 연구에서는 최근 라오스에서 바나바 (부채꽃과: 배롱나무속)에 심각한 피해를 주는 알락진딧물 일종, Tinocallis himalayensis Ghosh, Ghosh & Raychaudhuri, 1971를 처음으로 발견하여 보고한다. 유시형 처 녀생식세대의 암컷 형태, 생태 및 피해 사진을 함께 제시하였다.

Generally, in aphid groups, taxonomically deficient characters and high level of morphological plasticity induced by environmental factors make difficulties for species identification. To solve these problems, DNA barcoding has been widely used for rapid and reliable species identification in aphids. The subfamily Calaphidinae is the second largest group in the family Aphididae with about 400 species belong to 59 genera. But so far, no trial of DNA barcoding has been conducted for the subfamily Calaphidinae. In this study, a total of 446 Cytochrome oxidase I (COI) sequences of 76 morphospecies collected in Korea and other countries were analyzed to detect cryptic diversity. In addition, 551 sequences of 74 species from the Genbank and BOLD system were compared with our new dataset. The final dataset consisted of 998 sequences of 115 species. As a results, we propose 12 cryptic species with discussion on morphological and ecological comparisons. Our results suggest that DNA barcoding is effective for precise species identification in this group and contributes to reveal hidden diversity.

The genus Mesocallis Matsumura, 1919 is reviewed from the Korean peninsula. Total of five species are recognized by adding two new and one new unrecorded species to current two recorded species. In this study, diagnosis and illustrations for all five species are presented.

The notorious lamiine species Asian Longhorn Beetle, Anoplophora glabripennis, is one of the major invasive pests of street trees, which is an endemic species of Korea and China. By far, the distributional range of Korean A. glabripennis population is restricted to only central to northeastern forest region of South Korea. In this study, we found unreported A. glabripennis populations in 4 different port cities and adjacent cities. These new populations are found in very much urbanic regions; Incheon, western part of Seoul, Busan and Ulsan. These populations can be distinctly differentiated with previously reported populations by massive damage on trees, unusual usage of host plant and spotted elytral pattern. To test their identity, we analyse the genetic patterns of the A. glabripennis populations sampled across South Korea based on three mitochondrial genes, Cytochrome Oxidase I – leucin tRNA – Cytochrome Oxidase II (COI-tRNALeu- COII). Additionally, we used available sequences of COI - tRNALeu - COII of 104 Chinese and 15 Korean individuals from NCBI. Here we show that Korean population is distinctly divided into two major clades, namely native populations and non-native ones, with 0.7% ~ 1.2% of genetic divergence. Hence, the non-native ones can be divided into two subgroups, which we call Incheon-Seoul complex and Busan-Ulsan complex. We observed that these newly found groups, Incheon-Seoul complex and Busan-Ulsan complex share perfectly identical COI haplotype within each group. This study strongly suggests that newly found populations are introduced respectively and these populations might be derived from very small number of introduced founders.

The brown soft scales, Coccus hesperidum (Linnaeus, 1758) is one of the most widely distributed species in the family Coccidae. Interestingly, this species shows considerable morphological variation depending upon the geography and host plants. Although, Korean populations also exhibit morphological variation between geographical regions, this species have been regarded as one species without intensive studies. In this study, we performed Neighbor joining analysis of combined data set of Cytochrome oxidase subunit I COI, 18S ribosomal RNA 18S rRNA, 28S ribosomal RNA 28S rRNA and Elongation factor I-alpha EFI-α genes for Korean populations of brown soft scales. The result of molecular analysis indicated that there are three distinct populations in Korea. Among three populations, one population is separated from two populations with 9% of molecular divergence. Based on high level of molecular divergence, we propose a cryptic species of C. hesperidum with description and illustrations of morphology.

The subgenus Nippocallis (Matsumura, 1917) is one of the 10 subgenera of the genus Tuberculatus Mordvilko, 1894. Originally, this subgenus was regarded as an independent genus of the subtribe Myzocallidina by the distinct morphological features and the host plant association with Castanea (Fagaceae). We performed molecular and morphological analyses to determine whether genus Nippocallis belongs to Tuberculatus group. Molecular analysis of the combined data set of Cytochrome Oxidase subunit I COI, Cytochrome B CytB and Elongation Factor I-alpha EF1α indicated that Nippocallis form a sister clade of the genus Myzocallis Passerini, 1860, apart from the genus Tuberculatus. In this contexts, we propose Nippocallis as a separate genus of the subtribe Myzocallidina.

The Ceratovacuna aphids are one of the major gall-forming aphids. Four Ceratovacuna aphids have been reported from East Asia including Taiwan, Korea, and Japan. In Korea, only one species, Ceratovacuna nekoashi (Sasaki), has been confirmed amongst the four species, and yet their colonies have been found only from the banana bundle or cats-paw shaped galls on the primary hosts, Styrax trees (Styraceae). Colonies on the secondary hosts (Gramineae) have not been seen from Korea nor confirmed from Taiwan, although they are usually seen from Japan limitedly on stiltgrass Microstegium vimineum. Recently in Korea, a colony consisting of an emigrant and first instar soldiers were found from a grass species, Seteria sp. that have not been reported as a secondary host of C. nekoashi. Identity of C. nekoashi is definite based on morphology of the first instar soldier. Genetic identity is being explored for confirmation.

Two new species of the subfamily Greenideinae, Greenidea sp. nov. and Eutricosiphum sp. nov., are newly recognized from Laos on Glochidion fagifolium Bedd. (Malpighiales: Phyllanthaceae) and Quercus sp. (Fagales: Fagaceae), respectively. They are described and illustrated in comparison with congeneric species for apterous viviparous females. Greenidea sp. nov.is mainly characterized by relative length of siphunculus and width of same segment, and Eutricosiphum sp. nov. is distinguished by the relative length of ultimate rostral segment and 2nd hind tarsal segment.

Metcalfa pruinosa has been spreading in Korea since 2005, which its first report at Gimhae in Kyeongnam province. It has been harmful to grape and major forest crops by direct sucking and indirect transmitting sooty mold disease causing economical loss. It is necessary to study its tracing route and movement conditions for the further efficient population management and prevention of its re-invasion. A total of 23 haplotype were observed in the analysis of nucleotide polymorphisms on mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase I from total 124 voucher specimens among five countries. Only two haplotypes were exist in Korea and HAP1 was accorded with its of some European individuals. Moreover, the analysis of FST and AMOVA, the Korean population was relatively nearer with Spanish and Italian population than American populations, suggesting the Korean population might be originated from some European countries. Eight microsatellite loci were developed and characterized to facilitate more delegate population genetic analysis from 468 individual in five countries. The average character of each or overall population was revealed 18 average individual number, six alleles and 0.676 heterozygosity. The genetic distance (FST) was a little bit high among each populations ranged as – 0.010~0.245. In the tracing route analysis, the originating country of Korean population was also shown as migrated from some European countries. The population genetic analysis using genetic markers will be useful to trace the origin of pest and prevent from re-invasion fro efficient pest management.