배경/목적: 췌장암은 일반적으로 불량한 예후를 보이며, 조기 진단이 어렵다는 점이 이에 영향을 미칠 것으로 생각되고 있다. 본 연구는 한국인 췌장암 환자에 있어서 혈장내 대사체 분석을 시행하여 건강 자원자의 대사체 프로파일과 비교 하였다. 방법: 각 10명으로 비한국인들을 대상으로 이루어진 기존 연구에 비하여 대상자 수가 매우 적지만 검진으로 시행한 복부 CT상 췌장 질환의 증거가 없는 건강한 자원자를 모집하였으며, 이는 췌장암의 조기 진단이 어렵다는 점을 감안할 때 기존 연구에 비한 장점이 될 수 있겠다. 결과: 혈장내 대사체 비교 분석상 췌장암 환자에서 L -lysine의 혈장 농도는 1.36배 높고 L -leucine은 0.63배, palmitic acid는 0.93배 낮은 것으로 나타나 이 세 가지의 대사체 프로파일의 조합이 건강자원자와 췌장암 환자를 가장 잘 구분해 주는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 앞으로 췌장암의 조기 진단 혹은 발생 역학의 규명을 위하여 대사체 분석에 대한 연구가 더 필요하겠다.

본 연구는 췌장암 환자가 수술 후 보조 요법으로서 항암화학요법 또는 항암-방사선병용요법을 시행받는 경우에 있어서 치료 성적의 차이가 있는지 조사하기 위해 시행하였다. 2008년에서 2012년까지 부산대학교병원에서 수술을 시행한 40명의 췌장 선암 환자들의 의무기록을 조사하였다. 근치적 목적으로 수술을 받은 환자 중 29명이 항암화학 요법 또는 항암-방사 선병용요법의 보조요법을 시행받았다. 보조요법의 시행 (p =0.025)과 완전 절제(p =0.043)가 더 긴 전체 생존기간과 연관이 있었다. 보조요법으로서 항암화학요법을 시행한 군과 항암-방사선병용요법을 시행한 군에서 전체 생존 기간은 유의하게 다르지 않았으나 보조요법을 하지 않은 군과 비교하였을 때에는 보조요법으로 항암화학요법을 시행한 군에서 유의하게 높은 전체 생존율을 보였다. 수술 후 보조요법은 췌장 선암 환자의 예후를 향상시키며, 항암화학요법이 항암-방사선 병용요법보다 양호한 결과를 보인다.

The aim of the study was to investigate the effects of incentive spirometry and Ujjayi breathing technique on the pulmonary function of smokers. Subjects were individuals who had a smoking habit of at least a year. Subjects were randomly divided into 3 groups: the incentive spirometry group (n=8), Ujjayi breathing technique (n=9), and a group applying both incentive spirometry as well as Ujjayi breathing technique (n=8). Each intervention was performed twice a day, 5 times a week, for a total of 8 weeks whereupon the change in pulmonary function was evaluated. A spirometer was used to measure FVC, FEV1, and FEV1/FVC. The survey used for this study included the Fagerström Test of Nicotine Dependence (FTND) and the Shortness of Breath Questionnaire (SOBQ). Study results for the comparison within groups showed that in the group that performed both the incentive spirometry and Ujjayi breathing technique, FEV1 improved with statistical significance (p<.05). Furthermore, within this comparison the FEV1/FVC improved with statistical significance. Comparison amongst the groups showed no statistically significant differences in all areas. Following, to effectively increase pulmonary function in young adult smokers, both incentive spirometry and Ujjayi breathing technique should be employed together.

The prevalence of chronic diseases has increased steadily over the last 20 years. The side effects of drugs used to treat chronic disease have always been a problem, owing to the need for long-term medication. Many studies have attempted to discover drugs from natural sources with fewer side effects. In this study, we investigated the possibility of using jujube leaf as a potential anti-diabetic drug source or food supplement. The IC50 values of acarbose and jujube leaf extract on a-glucosidase were 2.59 and 0.37 mg/mL, respectively. In vitro tests showed that the inhibition of a-glucosidase was maintained after the jujube extract was passed through a simulated digestive system, but no inhibition of a-amylase was observed either before or after the in vitro digestion. The jujube leaf extract showed mixed non-competitive inhibition. Jujube leaf extract is expected to be safer and cheaper than synthetic inhibitors.

The pace of development of Pickering emulsions stabilized by food-derived particles such as starches and proteins has recently soared to replace conventional emulsions using a large amount of chemical emulsifiers. The protein-stabilized emulsions cannot be transported to small intestine due to its degradation in stomach condition. The starch-stabilized emulsions have a low colloidal stability because of their large size, so they cannot be applied to beverages. In this study, to increase the colloidal stability of starch-stabilized emulsions, starch nanocrystals (SNC) obtained by sulfuric acid hydrolysis were used to stabilize emulsions, and ultrasonic treatment was added to further increase the colloidal stability. An oil-soluble dye (Nile Red) was used to visualize changes in the lipid phase during digestion. Lipid-labeled Pickering emulsions were passed through a simulated gastrointestinal tract consisting of mouth, stomach, and intestinal phases, and changes in lipid location and morphology were monitored using confocal laser scanning microscopy. The lipid droplets were slightly enlarged in the mouth condition, highly flocculated in the gastric condition, and completely digested in the small intestine condition. Our results show that the additional ultrasonication to the SNC-stabilized emulsions resulted in enhanced colloidal stability, and the SNC-stabilized emulsions produced by the above process were stable in the mouth and stomach conditions and completely digested in the small intestine condition. So, the SNC-stabilized emulsions produced through this study could be effectively applied to functional beverages as a chemical emulsifier-free delivery systems.

The glucosidase inhibitors are currently interested owing to their promising therapeutic potential in the treatment of disorders such as diabetes, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, metastatic cancer, and lysosomal storage diseases. Among them, β-d-glucosidase inhibitors can be used to elucidate the mechanisms of various biochemical reactions and to treat the Gaucher disease as potential therapeutics. In this study, the natural β-glucosidase inhibitor was isolated from jujube leaf extract. The isolation and purification are vital for the structure analysis. The jujube leaf was extracted with hot water (95°C, 15 min). Then the natural β-glucosidase inhibitor was isolated using size exclusion chromatography and semi-preparative HPLC. In the first purification process, the 35 fractions were collected according to molecular size using PD-10 column packed with Sephadex G-25 medium. The strongest inhibition on the activity of β -glucosidase was observed at 6 and 7 fractions. The chromatogram of these samples showed that 3 peaks were observed comparing with baseline. For further purification, the strongest inhibitory activity peak was isolated using semi-preparative HPLC with VDS C18 column. Highly purified inhibitor, which can be used for structure analysis and characterization, was obtained. Further study is necessary to identify the natural β-glucosidase inhibitor in the jujube leaf extract.

To enhance the oral bioavailability (BA) of curcumin (CUR), we applied 1 wt% CUR-loaded lipid nanoparticle (LNP) system prepared with tristearin (TS) and short (Brij S10) / long (Brij S100) PEGylated surfactants. All LNPs were colloidally stable under high ion strength and pH 3 conditions regardless of the PEG chain length. However, the long-chained PEGylation prevented LNP surface better than the short-chained PEGylation from the lipase/bile salt adsorption according to ζ potential results after treatment of lipase and bile solutions. Actually, the short-chained LNPs were digested rapider than the long-chained one in the simulated small intestinal condition due to the faster displacement of PEGylated surfactants on LNP surface by bile salts. Furthermore in the rat model pharmacokinetics for oral administration of CUR, the long-chained LNP group had 10.62-fold BA of native CUR group due to the coabsorption of CUR with the mixed micelles made after gastrointestinal digestion, and had 4.57-fold BA of the short-chained LNP group despite the same molarity use (17.058 mM) of both emulsifiers due to the reduced digestion rate by long-chained PEG on LNP surface. In conclusion, since CUR incorporated in LNPs was improved in the bioavailability, the designed LNP system may serve as an encapsulation strategy to enhance the bioavailability of non-bioavailable nutraceuticals in foods.

An importance of food allergen detection has been growing in food industry. Here, we developed a rapid and easy-to-use detection system for Ara h1, a major allergen in peanut, using gold nanoparticles and switchable linkers. The detection system was performed by two steps. In the first step, Ara h1 was mixed with various concentrations (0.2 - 1.0μg/mL) of biotinylated anti-Ara h1 antibody (i.e., switchable linker, SLs) solutions for 20 min. After mixing, streptavidin coated gold nanoparticle (Abs. 4.0) was added to the mixture solutions with agitation for10 min. Without Ara h1(control), the region of aggregation caused by quantitative relationship between SLs and gold nanoparticle was observed at more than 0.4 μg/mL of SLs. However, under presence of Ara h1, SLs covered with Ara h1 had less ability to react with gold nanoparticles than naked SLs. This resulted in a change of the quantitative relationship mentioned above, which led to shift of the aggregation region. When 10 nM and 40 nM of Ara h1 were added, the aggregation region was appeared from 0.5and 0.8 μg/mLof switchable linkers, respectively. Ara h1 in peanut sample was also detected with this system. 0.4 μg/mL of switchable linkers are mixed with serially diluted peanut extract solutions. As a result, the shift of the aggregation region was observed from undiluted extract to 10 -2 diluted solution. This system could be adapted to detect other harmful/useful bio materials in food.

This study was conducted in order to investigate repeated-dose toxicities of Magnolia ovobata ethanol extract (MEE). MEE was administered orally to male and female Sprague Dawley rats at dose levels of 0, 500, 1,000, or 2,000 mg/kg for four weeks. Repeated administration of MEE did not induce abnormalities in general signs, body weight gain, feed and water consumption, necropsy findings, or organ weights. In addition, no abnormality was observed in hematological analyses; red blood cells and their indices, white blood cells, platelets, and coagulation times. In male rats, BUN and creatinine showed an increase at doses of 2,000 mg/kg and 500-1,000 mg/kg, respectively, while in female rats, lactate dehydrogenase and creatine phosphokinase showed a decrease at 2,000 mg/kg, the upper-limit dose of repeated-dose toxicity studies. However, there were no dose-dependent increases or gender-relationship. In addition, other parameters of the hepatic and muscular toxicities as well as energy and lipid metabolism were not affected. In microscopic examination, no considerable pathological findings were observed. The results indicate the safety of oral administration of MEE to the upper-limit dose.

Effects of Vegemil® containing soybean proteins and isoflavones on the growth and bone density of broiler chickens were investigated. One-week-old male and female Arbor Acres broiler chickens were fed on Vegemil® A containing 3% soybean proteins and 162 ppm isoflavones, instead of water, for 30 days and their growth indices (body weight, leg weight and femur length) and bone density were analyzed. The body weight gains in male and female chickens were increased by 15.6% and 31.7%, respectively, following feeding Vegemil® A compared to normal water. Vegemil® A increased leg weight as well as femur length of females by 22.9% and 15.0%, respectively. In addition, Vegemil® A feeding enhanced femoral bone density by 21.3% in comparison with water feeding. Therefore, it is suggested that Vegemil® A not only facilitates body growth, but also strengthens bone density of normal chickens, and that it could be a promising candidate for the improvement of infant growth and for the prevention of menopausal osteoporosis.

양파 과육부에 함유되어 있는 유용 성분인 quercetin과 그 배당체를 다양한 착즙 및 추출방법에 따른 수율을 측정, 분석하였으며 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 양파과육의 quercetin과 배당체의 최적 추출 조건으로는 50oC에서 60% methanol를 용매로 사용했을 때 15분의 추출시간인 것으로 나왔으며 용매와 시료의 비율이 0.8 mL/g일 때 추출 수율이 가장 좋았다. 초음파를 60분 동안 처리 시 대조군에 비하여 2.06배의 추출 증가 효과를 볼 수 있었으며 microwave는 60초 조사 시에 최대의 추출 증가 효과를 나타내어 microwave를 처리하지 않은 시료와 비교하여 quercetin과 배당체가 2.14배 많이 추출되었다. 효소 처리 시 cellulase 용액과 시료의 비율이 0.5 mL/g일 때 quercetin과 배당체의 수율이 가장 높았으며 1.65 배 더 많이 추출되었고 viscozyme과 시료의 비율이 0.5 mL/g일 때 quercetin과 배당체의 수율이 가장 높았으며 추출증가율은 2.29 배인 것으로 나왔다. 가장 많은 quercetin과 배당체의 추출 수율을 보인 방법은 viscozyme과 시료의 비율이 0.5 mL/g일 때의 0.070±0.002 mg/g인 것으로 나타났다.

추출방법에 따른 기능성 성분을 분석한 결과 양파 착즙액의 경우 100oC에서 열수 추출한 시료에서 총 phenol, flavonoid, quercetin의 함량이 가장 높게 검출되었으며, 에탄올 추출 시 100oC에서 추출한 시료와 거의 유사한 농도의 기능성 성분이 검출되었다. 양파 추출액의 quercetin 함량은 총 flavonoid의 80-90%로 quercetin이 flavonoid의 대부분을 구성하는 것으로 확인되었다. 양파분말의 경우 착즙액과 비교하여 추출된 flavonoid와 quercetin 함량이 약간 높았지만, thiosulfinate는 약 40% 낮은 농도를 나타내어 동결건조 과정이 황화합물의 손실을 초래하는 것으로 나타났다. 양파 껍질은 육질에 비하여 60배 이상 높은 quercetin을 함유하고 있는 것으로 나타났으나, thiosulfinate는 껍질에서 검출되지 않았다. 양파 추출액의 살균조건에 따른 기능성 성분을 분석한 결과 60, 80, 105, 121oC의 열처리는 살균 전과 비교하여 기능성 성분의 함량에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 양파 추출액의 저장동안 총 phenol, flavonoid, quercetin 함량은 저장기간과 온도에 상관없이 안정적으로 유지되었으나, thiosulfinate는 저장 기간이 길어질수록 감소하였고 25oC에 저장한 경우 4oC에서 보다 급격히 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다.

25 종류의 신선 과채류로부터 MRS 한천 고체배지에서 생육하는 1,250주의 유산균을 분리한 후 식중독 세균인 Escherichia coli 0157:H7, Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus와 유산균인 Lactobacillus plantarum, L. casei, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis에 대한 생육저해활성을 조사하였다. 조사한 1,250 균주 중에서 23 종류의 과채류에 존재하는 607 균주(총 조사균주의 49%)가 E. col 0157:H7, L. monocytogenes 또는 B. cereus에 대한 항균활성을 나타내었다. 이 균주들의 L. plantarum, L. casei, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis에 대한 항균활성을 측정한 결과, 7 종류의 과채류에 존재하는 24 균주(총 균주의 3%)가 박테리오신 유사활성을 나타내었으며, 이 균주들의 생리적 형태학적 특징을 조사한 결과 전형적인 유산균의 특징을 지니고 있었다. 24 균주 중에서 3 균주는 nisin을 생산하는 것으로 판단되었으며, RAPD-PCR 분석을 통하여 동일한 과채류에 존재하는 균주들은 유사한 분류학적 특징을 지니고 있는 것으로 확인되었다.

양파 착즙액에 팽화 홍삼 추출액의 첨가량을 달리하면서 Pediococcus pentosaceus KC-007을 이용하여 유산발효시킨 후 발효액의 특성과 생리활성을 조사하였다. 양파 착즙액에 팽화 홍삼 추출액을 각각 0.5, 1, 2, 4%(v/v) 첨가한 후 배양시간에 따른 유산균 생균수를 측정한 결과 팽화 홍삼 추출액의 첨가량에 관계없이 발효 24시간에서 가장 높은 생균수를 나타내었다. 발효액의 산도는 팽화홍삼의 첨가량에 관계없이 모든 시료구에서 발효가 진행됨에 따라 증가하였으며 발효액의 pH는 발효 36시간까지 유의적으로 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다. 발효액의 환원당은 발효 24시간까지는 환원당 함량이 감소하다가 그 이후부터는 유의적인 변화를 나타내지 않았다. 발효액의 전자공여능과 아질산염 소거능은 1%(w/v) 이상의 팽화 홍삼 추출액을 양파 착즙액에 첨가하여 발효하였을 때 가장 높은 수치를 나타내었고 종합적 기호도는 1%(w/v)의 팽화 홍삼 추출액을 첨가하였을 때 가장 좋았으므로 양파 착즙액에 팽화 홍삼 추출액을 첨가하여 발효할 경우에는 팽화 홍삼 추출액을 1%(w/v) 첨가하는 것이 가장 적합한 것으로 확인되었다.

Background : Undulatum Rhubarb, commonly produced in domestic, is rhizome of Rheum undulatum L. that belongs to the family Polygonaceae. It also can be used as a substitute of R. palmatum L., R. tanguticum Maximowicz ex Balf., and R. officinale Baillon which completely depend on import system. However, there should be clear clarification among Undulatum Rhubarb and Rhubarb, because Undulatum Rhubarb contains rhaponticin as marker compound that is not indicated at Rhubarb. Some of the recently imported Undulatum Rhubarbs have been found to be Rhubarb. Also, it is known that only Undulatum Rhubarb is cultivated at domestic environment. But some plant origins of Rhubarb are grown in Korea, too. Further study are needed to clarify clear origin between Undulatum Rhubarb and Rhubarb. Thus, we collected some domestically cultivated samples and identified them. Methods and Reseults : Rheum undulatum L., Rhubarb, Rheum tanguticum Maximowicz ex Balf. which were cultivated in Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services in Cheorwon were collected and anayzed the DNA sequences. We also compared DNA sequences in Rhubarb collected from England and R. rhabarbarum L., R. undulatum L., and R. franzenbachii on NCBI. As a result, two kinds of rhubarb cultivated in the test plantation were identified as R. rhabarbarum and R. officinale. In addition, R. undulatum (plant origin of Undulatum Rhubarb) was identified as Rhubarb (Rheum rhabarbarum) in England with 99 - 100% identical in nuclear ITS gene region. Conclusion : R. undulatum, plant origin of Undulatum Rhubarb, is reported as synonym of R. rhabarbarum, R. franzenbachii. Rheum speices which are cultivated as tester in Gangwondo Agricultural Research and Extension Services in Cheorwon are estimated as R. undulatum and R. officinale. Therefore, not only Undulatum Rhubarb but Rhubarb could be grown in Korea.