Ganoderma applanatum is one of the most popular medicinal mushrooms due to the various biologically active components it produces. In order to study for the possibility of artificially cultivating G. applanatum, we investigated the growth status of G. applanatum mycelium using oak sawdust bottle(850 ml). It took approximately 17~27 days for G. applanatum cultivation and 15~16 days for G. lucidum cultivation with sawdust until the mycelial growth was complete. The weight of dried fruiting bodies showed that G. applanatum GBGA-01 weighed 16.0±7.4 g, and G. lucidum ASI 7125 weighed 7.9±2.7g. The thickness of the pileus was measured as 10.6±2.6 mm for G. applanatum GBGA-01, 16.3±8.7 mm for G. applanatum ASI 52823 and 8.6±3.5 mm for G. lucidum ASI 7125. The color of Ganoderma spp. showed that L degree was 55.5±1.1 for the contex of G. applanatum GBGA-01, 47.7±2.2 for the contex of G. applanatum ASI 52823 and 39.6±2.9 for the contex of G. lucidum ASI 7125.

In Korea, oyster mushroom is one of the commonly cultivated mushrooms. In 2013, the cultivation areas and products of oyster mushrooms were 60,039 M/T and 201 ha, respectively. Many species of oyster mushrooms are cultivated in various countries. These include Pleurotus ostreatus, P. florida, P. sajor-caju, P. eryngii, P. citrinopileatus, P. salmoneostramineus and P. cystidiosus. P. citrinopileatus is a yellow oyster mushroom famous for its health benefits such as anti-cancer and anti-oxidant effects. Therefore, a cultivar P. citrinopileatus ‘Jangdari’ was developed to improve yield and the ability to grow well at lower temperatures. Two parent strains ‘Gumbit (KMCC02150)’ and ‘KMCC02145’ were selected based on their morphological characteristics. ‘Jangdari’ was developed by the method of Mon-Mon crossing between monokaryons derived from ‘Gumbit’ and ‘KMCC02145’, and finally selected through continuous cultivation tests. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 30oC. The cultivar could grow well at high temperatures, especially 16~24oC. Fruiting body production per bottle (850 mL) was about 90.0 g. Stipe length and thickness of ‘Jangdari’ were similar to those of ‘Gumbit’. ‘Jangdari’ was more resistant to low temperature than ‘Gumbit’, and thus it could be cultivated with oyster mushrooms (P. ostreatus). In addition, while cultivating ‘Jangdari’, it is not required to scrape out the upper side of bottle’s sawdust medium; hence, its cultivation is expected to save energy and time.

느타리 버섯류의 새로운 품종을 개발하기 위해 고품질 의 흑회색 느타리 신품종을 육성하였다. 2003년부터 2004년까지 느타리 유전자원의 특성을 검정하였고, 2008 년에 수한과 농기201호의 단핵체간 교잡하여 04-154 교 잡주를 육성하여 이를 이용해 구슬, 만추리, 야산을 육성 하였다. 2012년 구슬의 이핵체와 야산의 단핵체를 교잡하 여 몽돌을 육성하였고, 이 몽돌과 곤지7호를 교잡하여 갓 색깔이 우수한 Po 2012-706를 선발하여 특성검정, 확대 재배를 실시하여 농작물 직무육성 신품종 선정심의회에서 ‘고솔’로 명명하였다. 주요특성으로 균사 생장 적온이 25~30 o C이며 버섯 원기형성 및 발생온도는 12~18 o C이다. 자실체의 갓 색깔은 흑회색이며 자실체 형태는 옅은 깔때 기형이다. 대길이는 42.4±2.7 mm, 대굵기는 14.6±2.7 mm 로 수한에 비해 자실체 대가 가늘면서 긴 편이다. 자실체 수량은 병 당(850 mL) 124.2±35.2 g으로 수한이 100일 때 고솔은 116이었다. 가변특성으로는 감자배지와 버섯완전배지에서 균사를 배양한 결과 버섯완전배지에서 생장이 양호하였고 대조구 또한 같은 결과를 보였다. 4종류의 primer를 이용하여 새로운 품종 ‘고솔’과 모균주에 대한 DNA profile을 분석한 결과 primer URP1, primer URP2 에서 고솔이 양친의 주요 DNA 밴드를 갖고 있으며 대조 구인 ‘수한’과는 뚜렷하게 구분되었다. 신품종 느타리 ‘고 솔’은 소비자들이 선호하는 흑회색의 갓을 나타났고 저장 성이 좋아 고품질을 요구하는 소비자들을 만족시키는 데 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

팽이버섯 내에 존재하는 GAD 효소를 발효를 통해 활 성화 시켜 MSG를 GABA로의 전환율을 높이고자 하였다. 효과적인 고농도 GABA를 생산하기 위해 나노분말 팽이 버섯에다가 수경재배한 인삼을 첨가하여 야쿠르트발효기 에서 발효한 결과 GABA 전환율은 팽이나노인삼분말 발 효군(88%) > 팽이분말 발효군(52%) > 팽이나노분말 발 효군(44%) 순으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 MSG를 기질 로 첨가하는 식품에서 활용할 가치가 있으리라 사료된다.

Oyster mushroom is one of mushrooms that are cultivated and consumed a lot in Korea. P. ostreatus 'Suhan(ASI2504)' is a popluar cultivar because of high quality. But it is difficult for farmers to cultivate, so an alternative cultivar of ‘Suhan’ is demanded continuously. To develop a new variety, parental strains were selected using cultivation characteristics of Pleurotus ostreatus collected home and abroad. P. ostreatus 'Gosol' was developed by the method of Di-Mon crossing between dikaryotic strain P. ostreatus 'Mongdol(ASI0633)' and monokaryotic strain derived from P. ostreatus ‘Yasan(ASI0635)' in 2014. Analysis of the genetic characteristics of the new cultivar 'Gosol' showed a different DNA profile as that of the control strain, 'Suhan’ but a similar DNA profile as those of the parental strains, ‘Yasan’ and　'Mongdol’, when RAPD(Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primer URP 3 was used. The optimum temperature for mycelial growth was 25°C for ‘Gosol’ and ‘Suhan’. 'Gosol' was appropriate for middle high temperature to grow, especially 13~18°C. Fruiting body production per bottle was about 124.2g. When compared to the control strain 'Suhan’, the stipe was longer and the individual weight was heavier. But the stipe and the pileus were a little thinner than those of the control strain. ‘Gosol’ was more resistant at high CO2 concentration than the control strain. This new cultivar ‘Gosol’ of Pleurotus ostreatus was characterized dark bluish gray cultivar of oyster mushroom in the color of pileus and higer yield compared to those of other cultivar ‘Suhan’. Therefore, it is suggested that this new cultivar ‘Gosol’ be substitute for ‘Suhan’ in oyster mushroom’s farms.

A new commercial strain “Mongdol” of oyster mushroom was developed by hyphal anastomosis. It was improvedwith hybridization between monokaryotic strain derived from Pleurotus ostreatus ASI 0627 and dikaryotic strain derived from P.ostreatus ASI 2929. The optimum temperature of mycelial growth and fruiting body development were 25~30oC and 12~18oC,respectively. When two different media including PDA (potato dextrose agar medium) and MCM (mushroom complete medium)were compared, the mycelial growth of this mushroom was faster in MCM than in PDA. Similar result was observed with thecontrol strain P. ostreatus ASI 2504. Analysis of the genetic characteristics of the new cultivar “Mongdol” showed a different DNAprofile as that of the control strain ASI 2504, when RAPD (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primer URP3 and URP6 wereused. Fruiting body production per bottle was about 106 g using demonstration farms. The color of pileus was blackish gray andthe stipe was long. Therefore, we expect that this new strain “Mongdol” will satisfy the consumer’s demand for high qualitymushrooms.

느타리버섯(Pleurotus ostreatus)의 품종 육성을 위해서는 많은 노력과 시간을 필요로 하고 있어, 최근에는 분자육종방법으로 마커를 이용하여 빠르고 정확하게 교잡주를 선발하고 있다. 본 실험에서는 육종효율을 증진하기 위해 교잡효율이 높은 Di-Mon 교배방법으로 부친의 핵과 모친의 미토콘드리아를 가진 세포질전환 교잡주를 선발하였다. 느타리버섯 수한3호와 흑변이체의 교잡종인 ‘다굴’의 이핵균주에 춘추2호의 단핵균주와 교잡하여 120여개의 교잡주를 얻고 여기에 1차로 미토콘드리아 microsatellite DNA 마커 (MtPO1)를 이용하여 단핵균주 춘추2호의 미토콘드리아 밴드를 형성하는 교잡주 80개를 1차 선발하였다. 선발된 80균주중에서 URP 프라이머를 이용하여 ‘다굴’의 2핵균주 핵 DNA 패턴을 가진 26교잡주를 선발하였다. 이 중에서 수량성이 우수한 3개 교잡주의 자실체 특성을 조사한 결과 초발이일수가 2일이나 빠르면서 수량성이 좋은 품종을 선발하여 ‘천화심’이라 명명하였다. 천화심은 수량이 높으면서 여름에도 재배가 가능해 춘추2호의 약점을 보완함으로써 춘추대체품종으로도 재배가 가능하리라 본다.

팽이버섯과 느타리버섯의 색깔이 다른 계통과 부위별로 갓과 대로 나누어 아미노산 및 유리아미노산 분석을 실시 하여 성분 조성과 함량을 비교하였다. 그 결과 버섯 종류 와 계통, 그리고 부위에 따라 서로 다른 아미노산 종류가 검출되었다. 팽이, 느타리 모두에서 tryptophane은 검출되 지 않았으며, 느타리에서는 특이적으로 alanine이 검출되 지 않았다. 또한 팽이에서는 glutamic acid 함량이 가장 높았으며 methionine과 phenylalanine은 극히 적게 검출 되었다. 느타리버섯에서는 glutamic acid 함량이 가장 높 았고 phenylalanine과 cysteine이 낮았으며 특이하게 흑색 변이계통에서 leucine이 검출되지 않았다. 또한 부위별로 는 팽이와 느타리 모두 아미노산 종류별 비율은 동일한 경향을 보였으며, 일반적으로 대보다는 갓에서 아미노산 함량이 더 높은 경향을 보였다. 유리아미노산 분석 결과 에서는 버섯계통별로 검출되는 아미노산 함량이 서로 달 랐으며, 버섯의 갓과 대에서도 검출되는 아미노산 조성이 일치하지 않는 것으로 나타났다.

수집된 주름버섯류의 233점의 phylogenic relationship 을 분류하고 자실체형태를 조사하였다. 리보좀 DNA의 ITS 부분의 염기서열을 분석을 통해 38점이 다르게 동정 되었다. 수집된 주름버섯의 계통수에서는 양송이와 여름 양송이가 group A 내에서 주름버섯은 group B에서 가까 운 유연관계를 보였다. 또한 수집된 국가별 및 양송이내 갓색에 따른 유연관계가 있는 지 알아보았으나, 그 차이 는 없었다. 수집된 주름버섯류의 자실체 특성을 조사하기 위해 1차, 2차 두 번 재배를 하였다. 이 결과로 주름버섯 류 수집균주의 재배의 유무를 알 수 있었고, 버섯 종류와 시기에 따른 수확량 및 자실체의 특성을 비교를 통해 주 름버섯이 2차 재배시 수확량 및 경도에서 우수한 특성을 보이며, 양송이 중에는 비백색양송이가 단단하다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 여름양송이의 초발이 소요일수와 갈 색양송이의 갓 색이 외부환경에 영향을 받는 다는 것을 보여주었다.

The white button mushroom, Agaricus biporus is commercially the fifth important edible mushroom, accounting for a Korean production of 10,996 tons in Korea, 2012. The button mushroom, A. bisporus, mostly cultivated at mushroom farm controlled 16-19°C temperature during fruiting period in all seasons. For this reason, the production costs including the cost of energy, is very expensive to keep optimal culturing temperature. In this study, mycelial growth of strains collected from various countries was investigated at different cultivation temperature conditions to use baseline data for developing thermo-tolerance varieties. Mycelial growth was recorded strains cultivated in CDA (Compost Dextrose Agar) after two weeks. 12 strains among total 264 strains were cultivated well in high temperature. These strains will be cultivated in high temperature to confirm relationships between mycelial growth and fruit-body formation in same conditions.

Ganoderma lucidum has a long history for traditional medicine in Asian countries. However, taxonomy of Ganoderma species remains controversial, since it was initially classified on the basis of morphological characteristics. Recently, Ganoderma sichuanense was proposed as a re-proposed name for Ganoderma lucidum in China. Likewise, all of the Korean G. lucidum were clustered into 1 group together with G. sichuanense from China, when a phylogenetic analysis was undertaken based on the ITS rDNA sequences of the Ganoderma species. Furthermore, G. lucidum from Europe and North America were clustered into different group. Based on these results, re-consideration of naming Korean cultivated G. lucidum is needed.

In the present study, the genetic diversity of 69 Ganoderma species from various regions was determined by different molecular markers, including the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) rRNA, a partial β-tubulin gene, and mitochondrial small-subunit ribosomal (SSU) rDNA gene as well as randomly amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. The size of the ITS rDNA regions and mitochondrial SSU rDNA gene from different Ganoderma species varied from 625 to 673 bp and 656 to 2,040bp, respectively, and those of the partial β-tubulin gene sequence were 419 bp. Phylogenetic analysis based on the ITS region, the partial β-tubulin gene, and the mitochondrial SSU rDNA gene reveal that Ganoderma species are largely divided into two groups. Interestingly, most of the Ganoderma lucidum strains could be classified into 1 group, while other Ganoderma species divided into several groups (4 or 5 groups) in phylogenetic tree. One fragment unique to G. lucidum was selected from the RAPD profile and then sequenced. One primer pair (designated as KGS-F and KGS-R) based on this specific fragment was designed to amplify a 559 bp DNA fragment within the sequenced region. A single band with the expected size of 559 bp was observed from G. lucidum, except for G. lucidum strains from China, Canada, and Taiwan. This specific marker for G. lucidum from RAPD analysis, also supported by the phylogenetic analysis of the ITS, partial β-tubulin gene, and mitochondrial SSU rDNA sequences, will be useful for the PCR-based identification of G. lucidum in research applications as well as in the market.

Hot water soluble extract was prepared from Hericium erinaceus and its neuritogenic activity on PC12h cells was analyzed, which is a clone originating from a rat pheochromocytomon. The moisture content of freeze dried hot water extract was 12.08%. The extract was mainly composed of carbohydrate (51.24%) followed by crude protein (24.04%), crude fat (0.26%), dietary fiber (5.09), and ash (12.18%). Fatty acids, glucan and inorganic constituents were found as minor components. The neuritogenic activity of hot water extract was evaluated under microscopic observation of neurite outgrowth in PC12h cells and by measuring the neurite length of induvidual cell. The extract exhibited strong effect of neurite outgrowth in a dose-dependent manner from 0.01 mg/mL to 1 mg/mL, in which longer neurite outgrowth was observed as the treatment dose increased.

자연 상태에서 발생한 천마버섯 자실체의 다양한부위로부터 분리한 조직을 버섯완전배지 및 감자배지에 배양하여 균사생장 속도, 균총 형태, 균사속 형성 정도에 따라 12종류로 구분할 수 있었다. 자실체배양체(fruiting culture isolate; FC)의 균사생장과 균사속은 감자배지보다 버섯완전배지에서 빠르고 잘형성되었다. 이들을 다시 2차 계대 배양한 결과 버섯완전배지에서 11번 균주가 균총 분리 되면서 다시 분화되어 성장하였다. 균총 분리된 한 쪽의 균총이 12번과 유사하였고 이 12번 균주는 다른 종류와는 전혀 다른 특이한 양상을 나타내었다. 또한 RAPD에의한 DNA 패턴 분석 결과 자실체 조직배양체는 천마균1호 품종과 동일한 양상을 나타냈으나 12번은달랐다. 자실체 조직배양체 중에서 기존 천마균1호품종보다 균사생장과 균사속 형성이 양호한 것을 선발할 수 있었다. 따라서 이들 조직배양체는 새로운우량 계통으로 이용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Three edible mushrooms; "Gumbit"(Pleurotus cornucopiae var. citrinopileatus) and Noeul"(Pleurotus salmoneostramineus) and Tricholoma spectabilis which are widely distributed in China, Japan and Korea. For the study of anti-aging activities, we were performed on adriamycin-induced cellular senescence model. Human dermal fibroblasts(HDFs) and human umbilical endothelial cells(HUVECs) treated with adriamycin for inducing aging were used for cytotoxicity and senescence-associated beta-galactosidase(SA-β-gal) activity assay.

Ganoderma have been used in traditional medicine for thousands of years in Korea, China and Japan as well as in other regions of the world. Ganoderma species is known to grow on hardwoods, conifers, palms, old and declining trees, decay dead wood and stumps. Several species is cause serious diseases of plantation and other economically important tropical crops. It also has been reported to prevent and treat immunological diseases, including tumorigenesis, control of blood glucose levels, modulation of the immune system, hepatoprotection, bacteriostasis, and more. In the present study, we examined the effects of various Ganoderma species, including Ganoderma lucidum and Ganoderma neo-japonicum on nitric oxide inhibition activities, β-hexosaminidase secretions, and DPPH free radical scavenging capacities to compare the anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, and antioxidant effects.

Mushroom production by automatic bottle culture system was introduced into China in 1999 and developed rapidly in recent ten years. According to the statistics of Chinese Mushroom Society, about 652 facilities of automatic mechanized bottle system were in 2011. The annual rate of increase of facility is expected to exceed 47%. The gross production by automatic bottle culture system was 990,000 tons in 2011. Beijing Hengdaxing Edible Mushroom Co., Ltd established in 2007 in Tongzhou district, Beijing is a company producing Pleurotus eryngii var. ferulae with annual production of 1,000 tons. The company has finished the technical reformation and expansion. Its designed production capacity is 6.5 tons per day and 2,000 tons per year. Beijing Fuqin Edible Mushroom Science & Technology Co., Ltd is an industrial production company of Flammulina velutipes. It was established in 2007. Its production capacity is 20 tons per day and 7,000 tons per year.

느타리 버섯류의 새로운 품종을 개발하기 위하여 고품질의 짙은 회색느타리 신품종을 육성하였다. 2003년부터 2004년까지 느타리 유전자원의 특성검정을 하였다. 2008년에 육종모본수한과 ‘농기201호’의 단핵체간 교잡하여 04-154 교잡주를 육성하였다. 이 교잡주 04-154와 품종 ‘청풍’의 단핵체와 다시 교잡하여 우수한 Po2008-275를 선발하여 특성검정, 확대재배를 실시하여 농작물 직무육성 신품종 선정심의회에서 ‘구슬’로 명명되었다. 주요특성으로 균사 생장 적온이 25~30℃이며 버섯 원기형성 및 발생 온도는 10~16℃이였다. 자실체의 갓 색깔은 짙은 회색으로 자연 상태에서 봄, 가을에 재배가 알맞은 특성을 가지고 있다. 균사체 배양기간은 25~30일이며 균 긁기 후 초발이소요일수는 3~5일로 온도가 높을수록 단축된다. 자실체형태는 얕은 깔때기형이다. 대굵기는 16.8±1.6㎜, 대길이는 51.0±4.4㎜로 다른 느타리 종에 비해 자실체 대가 굵고 다소 짧은 편이다. 자실체 수량은 상자 당(43 x 43 x 11cm) 1,545g으로 04-154 계통친이 100일 때 ‘구슬’ 137, ‘청풍‘이 146이었다. 가변특성으로는 감자배지와 버섯완전배지에서 균사를 배양한 결과 버섯완전배지에서 생장이 양호하였다. 또한 3종류의 primer를 이용하여 새로운 품종 ‘구슬’과 모균주에 대한 DNA profile을 분석한 결과 primer URP 1, primer URP 2, primer URP 5에서 양친주의 주요 밴드를 가지며 대조구인 ‘춘추2호’와는 뚜렷하게 구분되었다. 신품종 느타리 ‘구슬’은 소비자들이 가장 선호하는 짙은 회색의 갓을 나타내어 고품질을 요구하는 소비자를 만족시키는데 기여 할 것으로 기대된다.

This study was conducted to investigate the physiological activities of the water and ethanol extracts from three strains of Hypsizygus marmoreus. Largely, anti-hypertensive, anti-inflammatory, anti-diabetic, anti-tumorigenic activities were carried out. In addition, β-glucan contents were also measured. Mangadak 2 ho has the 36%(w/w) β-glucan contents, it is highest value of all strains. And it also showed highest inhibitory activities of angiotensin converting enzyme. GONJI No.6 highly inhibited releasing of nitric oxide from Raw 264.7. Anti-diabetic activity, the Hypsizygus marmoreus(from Japan) showed highest inhibitory activity on amyloglucosidase. MTT assay was performed on the anti-tumorigenic test. The cancer cell were used to HeLa, A549. repectively.

Roll milled- and nano-powders were prepared from the freeze dried fruiting bodies of Hericium erinaceum and their hydration properties such as water solubility index, swelling capacity, water holding capacity, and water sorption isotherm were compared. Water content in freeze dried Nano-powder of Hericium erinaceum fruiting body was 8.17%. Nano-powder has higher water solubility index compared to roll mill powder by 58.41% and 39.06%, respectively. In the same way, swelling capacity of nano-powder was 10.21ml/g where as roll mill powder has only 4.42ml/g. In contrast, water holding capacity of nano-powder (3.87g/g) is lower than that of roll mill powder (6.81g/g). Water sorption isotherm of these powders was compared and the result shows no big difference at low relative humidity (below75%). However, a high relative humidity above 75%, these two kinds of powder showed comparable difference. At 84.34% relative humidity, roll mill powder has 30.41% of moisture content compared with 47.64% of nano-powder, and at the relative humidity of 97.3%, the moisture content of roll mill and nano-powder are 37.64% and 91.06% respectively.