Black ice, a thin and nearly invisible ice layer on roads and pavements, poses a significant danger to drivers and pedestrians during winter due to its transparency. We propose an efficient black ice detection system and technique utilizing Global Positioning System (GPS)-reflected signals. This system consists of a GPS antenna and receiver configured to measure the power of GPS L1 band signal strength. The GPS receiver system was designed to measure the signal power of the Right-Handed Circular Polarization (RHCP) and Left-Handed Circular Polarization (LHCP) from direct and reflected signals using two GPS antennas. Field experiments for GPS LHCP and RHCP reflection measurements were conducted at two distinct sites. We present a Normalized Polarized Reflection Index (NPRI) as a methodological approach for determining the presence of black ice on road surfaces. The field experiments at both sites successfully detected black ice on asphalt roads, indicated by NPRI values greater than 0.1 for elevation angles between 45o and 55o. Our findings demonstrate the potential of the proposed GPS-based system as a cost-effective and scalable solution for large-scale black ice detection, significantly enhancing road safety in cold climates. The scientific significance of this study lies in its novel application of GPS reflection signals for environmental monitoring, offering a new approach that can be integrated into existing GPS infrastructure to detect widespread black ice in real-time.

This study proposes a soil moisture retrieval method from ground reflection signals received by Global Positioning System (GPS) antenna modules consisting of an up-looking (UP) right-hand circular polarization (RHCP) and two down-looking (DW) RHCP and left-hand circular polarization (LHCP) signals. Field experiments at four different surface types (asphalt, grassland, dry soil, and moist soil) revealed that the DW RHCP and LHCP signals are affected by antenna height and multipath interference signals. The strength differences between the DW LHCP and UP RHCP signals were in good agreement with the DW LHCP signals. Methodologically, this study applied a spectrum analysis to the detrended surface-reflected signals for RHCP and LHCP. The study indicated that the down-looking antenna exhibited greater sensitivity to reflected GPS signals than the up-looking antenna. We demonstrated the feasibility of estimating soil moisture using GPS signals, by comparing LHCP signals received by the down-looking antenna with theoretical values. This study presents a novel method for estimating soil moisture in vegetated areas, leveraging the advantage of crosspolarization comparisons to achieve stronger signal strength than single-polarization reflection signals. With further research, including long-term observations and detailed analysis, the proposed method has the potential to enhance performance significantly.

Dongchimi is one of the most representative types of watery kimchi in Korea. Although the scope of application of dongchimi has been expanded, research on the quality of dongchimi is insufficient compared to that of baechu kimchi. This study aimed to find the optimal manufacturing condition of high-acidity dongchimi and investigate the effects of potassium citrate (P) and sugar (S) on quality. Different dongchimi samples (Control, S, P) were prepared and stored at 15oC for 15 days. Among the various sugars, sucrose made the highest acidity of dongchimi. When potassium citrate was added as a pH buffer, the acidity was 2.2 times higher than the control group. In the PS group, where sucrose and potassium citrate were added, the acidity and organic acid content were 3-fold and 3.7-fold higher, respectively, than those in the control group. As a result of the analysis of the free sugar content, the metabolism of lactic acid bacteria was expected to be relatively more activated in the PS group. Therefore, this study could be utilized in the dongchimi manufacturing industry or as primary data for other dongchimi research.

MMBR system has been suggested as a promising system to resolve harvesting problems induced from low settling efficiency of microalgae. And recently, a lot of research on reducing fouling at the MMBR system has investigated focused on EPS in many cases. EPS of microalgae mainly consists of polysaccharides and protein components, and is produced through photosynthesis and nitrogen-carbon metabolic pathways. Especially, P-EPS is one of major compounds which occur membrane fouling phenomenon, as its hydrophobic protein components cause floc formation and cake layer accumulation. And it is already known that almost every microalgae can metabolize P-EPS or Chl-a when nitrogen sources as a substrate is insufficient or exhausted situation. With the above backgrounds, uptake rates of P-EPS or Chl-a by Scenedesmus quadricauda according to the type of carbon source and nitrogen concentration were evaluated in order to verify correlation between carbon source vs P-EPS production, and indeed Scenedesmus quadricauda uses P-EPS or Chl-a when the amounts of nitrogen sourc es in the feed is not satisfied. As a result, it was shown that P-EPS and Chl-a production were increased proportional to nitrogen concentration under organic carbon condition. And especially, the amo unts of P-EPS and Chl-a in the cell were diminished with the nitrogen source becomes insufficient or exhausted. Because P-EPS accelerates fouling at the MMBR system, P-EPS degradation by Scenedesmus quadricauda in order to get nitrogen source may contribute to reducing fouling. About a affects of N-consumed Chl-a to the MMBR fouling, more survey is needed. On the contrary, considering the purpose of MMBR system of this study, i.e. harvesting useful high value microalgae efficiently feeding adequate industrial process wastewater, it seems like difficult to maintain satisfied metabolic activity and to harvest with high yield rate using nitrogen-poor MMBR feed.

In general, trans-membrane pressure (TMP), flux, filtration resistance are used as indicators to evaluate the degree of fouling in MBR. However, they have limitations in determining the level of EPS generation, which is known as an important factor of fouling. Therefore, a new evaluation method is required to monitor the amount of EPS generation. In this study, the applicability of capillary suction time (CST), which is used to measure the dewaterability of sludge, was evaluated as an indirect fouling evaluation index. Statistical analysis was performed to evaluate the effect of EPS on CST, and to determine whether EPS has high similarity with representative fouling evaluation indicators and CST, and quantitatively compared them. As a result, the correlation coefficient between CST and bEPS was 0.7988, which was higher than the correlation coefficient between filtration resistance and bEPS. Since bEPS is a major factor inducing fouling by affecting the formation of the cake layer, it was evaluated that CST, which has a high correlation with bEPS, is suitable to represent EPS. In addition, it was evaluated that the correlation coefficient between filtration resistance and CST was high as 0.7187, which could be used as a fouling evaluation index.

In MBR, extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) is known as an important factor of fouling; soluble EPS (sEPS) affects internal contamination of membrane, and bound EPS (bEPS) affects the formation of the cake layer. The production of EPS changes according to the composition of influent, which affects fouling characteristics. Therefore, in this study, the effects of the F/M ratio on the sEPS concentration, bEPS content, and fouling were evaluated. The effects of F/M ratio on the amount and composition of EPS were confirmed by setting conditions that were very low or higher than the general F/M ratio of MBR, and the fouling occurrence characteristics were evaluated by filtration resistance distribution. As a result, it was found that the sEPS increased significantly with the increase of the F/M ratio. When the substrate was depleted, bEPS content decreased because bEPS was hydrolyzed into BAP and seemed to be used as a substrate. In contrast, when the substrate is sufficient, UAP (utilization-associated products) was rapidly generated in proportion with the consumption of the substrate. UAP has a relatively higher Protein/Carbohydrate ratio (P/C ratio) than BAP, and this means, it has a higher adhesive force to the membrane surface. As a result, UAP seems like causing fouling rather than BAP (biomass-associated products). Therefore, Rf (Resistance of internal contamination) increased rapidly with the increase of UAP, and Rc (Resistance of cake layer) increased with the accumulation of bEPS in proportion, and as a result, the fouling interval was shortened. According to this study, a high F/M ratio leads to an increment in UAP generation and accumulation of bEPS, and by these UAP and bEPS, membrane fouling is promoted.

Biological phosphorus removal is accomplished by exposing PAO(phosphorus accumulating organisms) to anaerobic-aerobic conversion conditions. In the anaerobic condition, PAO synthesize PHB(polyhydroxybutyrate) and simultaneously hydrolysis of poly-p resulting phosphorus(Pi) release. In aerobic condition, PAO uptake phosphorus(Pi) more than they have released. In this study, cyanobacteria Synechococcus sp., which is known to be able to synthesize PHB like PAO, was exposed to anaerobic-aerobic conversion. If Synechococcus sp. can remove excess phosphorus by the same mechanism as PAO, synergistic effects can occur through photosynthesis. Moreover, Synechococcus sp. is known to be capable of synthesizing PHB using inorganic carbon as well as organic carbon, so even if the available capacity of organic carbon decreases, it was expected to show stable phosphorus removal efficiency. In 6 hours of anaerobic condition, phosphorus release occurred in both inorganic and organic carbon conditions but SPRR(specific phosphorus release rate) of both conditions was 10 mg-P/g-MLSS/day, which was significantly lower than that of PAO. When converting to aerobic conditions, SPUR(specific phosphorus uptake rate) was about 9 mg-P/g-MLSS/day in both conditions, showing a higher uptake rate than the control condition showing SPUR of 6.4 mg-P/g-MLSS/day. But there was no difference in terms of the total amount of removal. According to this study, at least, it seems to be inappropriate to apply Synechococcus sp. to luxury uptake process for phosphorus removal.

This study examined the physicochemical properties of radish pickle containing different natural preservatives (grapefruit seed extract, green tea extract, rosemary, or olive) stored for 0, 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks. The hardness and color of the radish pickles with the grapefruit seed extract was higher than the other radish pickles during storage from week 0 to week 4. A 14.52% and 13.80% decrease in hardness and color were observed in the radish pickles with grapefruit seed extract (GFE), respectively. In addition, the total phenolic content was highest in the GFE in natural preservatives. Based on the results, GFE was selected as the optimal natural preservatives, and the growth of total viable bacteria and yeast were evaluated. The total viable bacteria and yeast showed similar patterns to the control. These results are expected to be useful in producing radish pickles with optimal quality and contribute to the development of various foods in the food industry.

도시화의 여파로 자연지역이 절대적으로 부족한 거대도 시 서울에서 이상기후와 지구 온난화로 인한 식량난 대비 차원의 안전한 먹을거리 확보・환경문제 해소와 도시열섬 현상 등의 문제를 해결하는 등 도시생태계 복원의 일환으로 도시농업의 역할이 강조되고 있다. 이러한 흐름에 발맞춰 2011년 ｢도시농업의 육성 및 지원에 관한 법률(이하 ‘도시 농업법’)｣이 제정되면서 국가와 지방자치단체는 도시농업 을 위한 토지·공간의 확보와 기반 조성 등 다양한 정책사업 을 진행하고 있다. 서울시 역시 2012년 ｢서울특별시 도시농 업의 육성 및 지원에 관한 조례(제5374호)｣를 제정하였고, 2012년을 도시농업 원년으로 선포하면서 농업의 다원적 기 능 확대를 위해 서울시 중·장기 도시농업 마스터플랜 계획 을 2013년 12월에 수립하여 도시 기능적, 경제적 동향, 그리 고 일자리 창출 등 다양한 사업을 추진하고 있다. 또한, 도시 농업이 확대되면서 도시농업 관련 다양한 사회적 경제1)를 중심으로 일자리가 늘어나고 있는 추세이다. 현재 서울시 지자체에 등록된 협동조합의 수는 885개(2013년 11월 기 준, 서울시 사회적경제 홈페이지 http://se.seoul.go.kr/)이다. 하지만 협동조합의 수는 계속 증가하는 추세지만 이와 관련 한 연구 및 기초자료는 미비한 실정이다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 다양한 도시농업 관련 협동조합의 유형 중 생활밀착형 물품판매를 중심으로 서울시민의 이용 빈도가 높은 ‘소비자생활협동조합’으로 한정하였다. 그 중 용산구 효창동에 위치하여 서울의 중심부에 위치하고, 소비 자생활협동조합의 대표사례 중 한 곳이라 판단되어 ‘행복중 심 용산소비자생활협동조합’(이후 ‘용산생협’)을 연구대상 지로 선정하였다. 용산생협의 사례를 객관적으로 분석하여 용산생협의 활성화 전략을 마련하고, 향후 정부와 지자체의 도시농업 관련 사회적 경제의 활성화와 관련된 정책을 시행 을 위한 기초자료 제공을 위한 목적으로 수행되었다. 연구방법으로 국내․외 문헌과 선행연구를 고찰하여 협동 조합 관련 법률, 정책, 사례를 비교 분석하였다. 또한, 조합 원 현황 및 인식 설문조사를 2013년 10월 15일부터 11월 30일까지 45일간 시행하였다. 설문지 작성은 질문지법으로 실시하였다. 수거한 질문지 중 유효한 100부를 SPSS 17.0 을 활용하여 일반 특성과 조합원의 인식에 관한 빈도분석을 실시하였다. 설문지 문항은 관련문헌과 선행 연구 자료를 참고하여 작성하였으며, 문항의 내용은 가입경로와 이용현 황, 용산생협 활성화 방안에 대한 인식, 조합원의 일반사항 등 총 27개의 세부문항으로 구성하였다. 또한, 가입경로 추 적을 통한 지도상의 조합원 주소를 표출시켜 조합원들의 확대방향을 확인하였다. 기초자료는 현장조사를 통해 조합 원 및 매장 활동가의 인터뷰, 조합원의 설문 결과 자료와 용산생협 내부 통계자료를 활용하였다. 조합원의 거주 특성 은 조합원 가입 시기를 월별․분기별로 코딩하여 GIS를 이용 하여 서울시 지도에 표출하였다. 그리고 실제 매출액을 조 합원의 거주 위치에 따라 지역별로 구분하여 표출하여 분석 하였다. 그리고 서울시 통계자료 홈페이지(http://stat.seoul. go.kr/) 와 용산구청의 통계자료를 활용하여 가구 수, 거주 자 수 등과 비교분석하였다. 용산생협은 2011년 3월에 조직된 ‘용산 경의선 도시농업 공원 추진위원회’가 주축이 되어 본격적인 창립준비를 시작 하였다. 그리고 2011년 가을 용산 도시농업공원 추진위는 서울시 ‘마을기업’ 사업에 선정되면서 용산생협은 마을기업 사업의 일환으로 지원을 받으면서 설립준비가 본격화되 었으며, 2012년 2월에는 회원 305명을 모여 창립하였다. 용산생협의 설립 이후 ‘여성민우회 생협(현 행복중심 생협 연합회)’의 지원을 받아 용산구 효창동에 ‘효창물꼬매장’을 개장하였다. 용산조합 회원은 매월 평균 약 30명 씩 순 증가 하고 있으며, 총 누적 조합원은 2013년 12월 현재 1,027명 이다. 추진사업으로 조합원 확대사업(거리 집중홍보, 생활재 할인 이벤트행사, 등), 도농교류 사업(횡성여성농민회와 서 울환경연합, 언니네텃밭 오산공동체와 토종 씨앗을 지키기 위한 채종포밭 가꾸기 사업), 매장 판매촉진 사업(매장판매 외에 시식회, 알뜰시장 생활재 홍보, 소식지 이용 등)을 진행하였다. 또한, 교육/문화위원회, 생활재위원회, 마을모 임위원회, 탈핵 대안에너지위원회 등의 활동을 통해 마을공 동체 교육과 홍보 활동을 진행하고 있다. 조합원 대상 설문조사 결과 조합원 가구 구성원 수는 4인 가구 구성이 49%로 가장 많은 비중을 차지하고 있었고, 부 부와 유아기 자녀 혹은 학령기 자녀를 둔 형태가 66%로 가장 많은 비율을 차지하였다. 성별은 여성의 비율이 83% 로 많았고, 이들은 대부분 30대~40대(83%) 비율이 높았다. 주거형태는 다가구․다세대 주택 52%, 아파트 25%, 단독주 택이 21%의 순으로 높게 나타났다. 조합원 가구당 월 소득 은 300만 원 이상에서 400만 원 미만의 비율이 가장 높게 나타났다. 조합원들의 가입경로를 추적한 결과 이웃의 소개 로 라는 답변이 54%로 나타났다. 매장을 이용하는 이유로 먹거리 문제에 대한 안전성이 34.5%로 가장 높게 나타났다. 또한 자녀의 건강 증진에 대한 응답이 20.7%로 나타났다. 이밖에도 공동체 활성화에 대한 관심(13.0%), 환경문제에 대한 정보공유(10.9%)로 나타났다. 조합원들은 용산생협의 활성화에 대해 대부분 긍정적 인식(96%)을 가지고 있었으 며, 조합원의 주 구매물품은 식료품(86%), 생필품(10%), 화 장품(2%), 아기용품(2%)로 나타났다. 조합원의 공동체 의 식 활성화 방안에 대한 설문으로 월별 공동구매 품목 지정 구매(17.4%), 모바일 홈페이지 개설 및 상품 홍보 강화 (16.0%), 제철 꾸러미 홍보 및 직거래 농촌 방문(15.0%), 각 위원회 활동 강화(10.5%) 등으로 나타났다. 용산생협 사례를 면밀히 분석해 본 결과 조합원의 가입경 로가 대부분 이웃의 소개인 구전(口傳)이었으며, 조합원의 거주 지역도 매장 주변으로 반경 500m이내에서 가장 많았 던 점이 특징적이었다. 즉, 지역이라는 속성을 강점으로 이 와 관련된 홍보 전략(매달 조합원 만남의 날을 정하고 SNS 상의 모바일 기기 등을 활용하여 상시적으로 만나고 소통할 수 있는 장소 제공, 지역주민의 공동구매를 통하여 상호관 심을 유도하고 경제적 이익을 공유할 수 있는 방안 등)이 필요하다. 또한, 용산구라는 지역 안에서의 고객관리, ‘산지(産地) 에서 바로 온 물품’ 이라는 믿을 수 있는 정보교환, 마을공 동체 중심의 위원회의 교육 활동 등이 생협이 가지고 있는 타 할인매장과 다른 장점으로 분석되었다. 따라서 향후 서울시에서는 도시농업의 활성화를 통해 생 겨나는 협동조합 등 사회적 경제 단체들이 각 지역을 중심 으로 거점이 되고 양적 성장뿐만 아니라 질적 향상에도 도 움이 될 수 있도록 하는 지원 정책이 필요할 것으로 판단된 다. 이를 통해 청년층과 노년층의 신규 도시농업 일자리를 마련하고, 마을기업의 육성을 기대할 수 있다. 마지막으로 사회적 경제 포럼과 같은 방식으로 정기적인 모임이 확대 운영된다면 사회적 경제 주체들이 실질적으로 운영상 필요한 교육, 홍보방법, 커뮤니티 운영과 자금 및 인력확보 방안, 경영노하우 등을 서로 공유할 수 있는 기회 가 마련되어 사회적 경제 활성화의 대안이 될 수 있을 것으 로 판단된다.

Asthma deaths in Seoul peaked on the third, fifth, and second days after the PM concentration exceeded the daily average concentration standard. We classified the synoptic meteorological conditions, based on the days involving such cases, into three categories. Type 1 included the meteorological condition likely to cause high air pollution concentrations in the leeward region, the dominant wind direction of which is the northwest. Type 2 included the meteorological condition likely to cause high air pollution concentrations due to the weak wind velocity under stable atmospheric conditions. Type 3 was when the passage low atmospheric pressure and the expansion of high atmospheric pressure occurred at the rear, indicating a meteorological condition likely to cause high air pollution, in certain regions. Type 1 occurred 11 times, with high concentrations of over 100㎍/m³ being observed in the southeastern part of Seoul. Type 2 occurred 24 times, often accompanied by a PM concentration of 100~400 ㎍/m³. Type 3 occurred 11 times, and was accompanied by several days of yellow dust that accounted for the highest concentrations.

Average concentration of PM in Seoul metropolitan area satisfied the Korean air quality standard in 2010. Furthermore, concentration of PM in all boroughs across Seoul met the air environment standard in 2012. PM10 concentration was relatively higher in center of Seoul in comparison to the rest, while PM2.5 concentration showed exactly the contrary result. We analyzed the effect that PM emissions from vehicles would have on PM concentrations across Seoul. The results showed that average annual PM concentration recently decreased in Seoul although the number of vehicles registered annually continued its upward trend. By contrast, average fine dust concentrations in Seoul showed a decline which suggested that correlation between annual average PM concentrations and number of registered vehicles remained low. However, year-on-year vehicle registration rate recently showed a declining tendency in the same way as the trend of changes in average PM concentrations. Particularly, the upward trend in annual average PM concentrations in 2002 and 2007 was consistent with the increase in vehicle registration rate, suggesting that vehicle registration rate was closely associated with changes in PM concentrations.

The production of highly concentrated PM10 is in the spotlight as a social issue, and it increases the attack rate of Asthma. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of concentration and distribution for PM10 from 2000 to 2011, and investigate its correlation with the death from Asthma. Furthermore, this study was designed to analyze it by dividing into two cases like including Asian dust and excluding Asian dust because it presented the high concentration when Asian dust was occurred in the spring. This study has found that the annual average concentration distribution of PM10 in Seoul was higher in the central area than the peripheral area. The annual average concentration of PM10 and death from asthma displayed the tendency to gradually decrease. The correlation coefficient for all period was 0.92(p=0.000), and the correlation was 0.84(p=0.001) in case of remove Asian dust. The monthly average concentration of PM10 has increased in the winter and decreased in the summer. The death from Asthma and correlation coefficient for all period was 0.588(p=0.044) and 0.640(p=0.025) in case of removing Asian dust. Although the causes of Asthma had a great diversity, the similar tendency by a factor of PM10 meant that the correlation was high.