Extreme temperatures and precipitations are expected to be more frequently occurring due to the ongoing global warming over the Korean Peninsula. However, few studies have analyzed the synoptic weather patterns associated with extreme events in a warming world. Here, the atmospheric patterns related to future extreme events are first analyzed using the HadGEM3-RA regional climate model. Simulations showed that the variability of temperature and precipitation will increase in the future (2051-2100) compared to the present (1981-2005), accompanying the more frequent occurrence of extreme events. Warm advection from East China and lower latitudes, a stagnant anticyclone, and local foehn wind are responsible for the extreme temperature (daily T>38 o C) episodes in Korea. The extreme precipitation cases (>500 mm day−1 ) were mainly caused by mid-latitude cyclones approaching the Korean Peninsula, along with the enhanced Changma front by supplying water vapor into the East China Sea. These future synoptic-scale features are similar to those of present extreme events. Therefore, our results suggest that, in order to accurately understand future extreme events, we should consider not only the effects of anthropogenic greenhouse gases or aerosol increases, but also small-scale topographic conditions and the internal variations of climate systems.

4차 산업혁명의 지능화된 기술들은 지금까지 우리가 살아왔던 삶의 패턴을 바꾸고 새로운 신기술을 통해 우리가 경험해 보지 못한 스마트한 세상, 경제성장, 그리고 노동의 질을 완전히 바꿔 놓을 것이다. 반면, 4차 산업혁명의 신기술들은 심각한 불평등, 부의 편중화, 빈익빈 부익부, 인간소외, 인간 노동력의 상실, 직업의 종말 등과 같은 심각한 갈등 요소들이 나타날 것으로 전망된다. 이런 점을 고려하며 필자는 4차 산업혁명 시대에 한국 선교의 미래 전략과 방향을 몇 가지로 모색해 보았다. 첫째는 현장에 맞는 선교신학을 견고하게 세우는 것이며, 둘째는 선교 플랫폼을 만들어 네트워크를 통해 함께 공유하고, 셋째는 유비쿼터스 선교 시스템을 구축해 전 세계를 하나의 선교지로 연결하는 것이며, 넷째는 소통과 책임 리더십 강화를 통해 보다 효과적인 선교 전략과 방향을 끊임없이 모색하는 일이다. 이런 변화 속에서 한국 선교는 과거 선교 방식을 탈피하고 새롭게 부상하는 기술들을 활용해 지속가능한 선교가 이루어지도록 소통과 공유, 협업과 에큐메니칼적 연대를 통해 선교 생태계를 회복해 가야 할 것이다.

본 논고에서 필자는 미래의 한국의 교육이 고민할 방향을 제시하고 있다고 판단되는 누스바움의 강연 및 저서를 토대로 미래사회에 어떠한 교육이 중요한지 제시하려고 한다. 첫째, 인문학과 예술교육이 필요한 이유를 제시하고, 둘째, 민주시민교육으로 나아가야 할 필요성을 제시할 것이다. 마지막으로 공감 또는 연민(컴패션, compassion)의 교육에 대한 주장을 살펴보려고 한다. 그리하여 최종적으로 공존(co-existence)을 교육의 목표로 제시하는 누스바움의 주장이 우리가 사는 시대에 교육철학이 지향할 바가 될 수 있음을 하나의 안으로 보여주고자 한다. 누스바움은 역사적으로 위대한 교육자와 나라를 세우는 데 앞장선 인물들이 모두 예술과 인문학이 어떤 식으로든 맹목적인 전통적 권위의 힘에 맞서는 지적인 저항과 독립적 행동에 필수적인 능력인 아이들의 비판적 사색 능력을 길러줄 수 있다는 것을 이해하고 있었음을 우리에게 상기시킨다. 예술과 문학을 배우는 학생들은 또한 타인의 상황을 상상하는 법을 배우며, 그 상상력은 민주주의의 성공에 근본적으로 필요한 능력이다. 나아가 세계시민교육의 바탕이 되고 인류가 함께 살아가는 데에 반드시 필요함을 역설한다.

Since the liberalization of gaming industry in 2002, Macau has become the leading destination for gaming, leisure and entertainment in Asia. Recently, few large-scaled integrated resorts (IRs) have been established and opened to public, bringing more diversified destinations for visitors in Macau. These include casino, hotel, food and beverage, retail, entertainment, etc. With this, there is no doubt that IR operators have to understand how consumers behave and respond to value added products in the IRs. Differentiating one IR from another raises the significance of innovating resort products to retain existing consumers and attract new ones. This research has investigated the impact of potential non-gaming value added products at Venetian Macao Resort on consumers’ patronage and has identified what key subitems can be added to stimulate consumers’ feedback and make them revisit the resort, recommend it to others or be interested in visiting it someday. Questionnaire was designed according to the structural equation modeling (SEM). Results proved the importance of potential value added products at Venetian Macao Resort in influencing consumers’ intention. Based on the findings, suggestions were offered to the management group of Venetian Macao Resort for its future implementation of value added products. Moreover, the results will encourage other IRs in Macau to improve further towards the goal of shaping Macau in becoming a world class tourist destination. First time visitors are more likely to consume in the areas of hotel, retail and casino, while multi-time visitors would prefer to spend on hotel, retail and F&B. To some extent, implies that casino does not seem to be the key activity to make the previous guests return. In addition, spending in hotel, retail and F&B are ranked high on visitors’ preferences, indicating that visitors at Venetian Macao Resort are willing to have diversified consumptions in the non-gaming areas. Moreover, the ways of value adding in terms of promotional pricing, new technology application, upgrading of products, customization and rewarding system can be used frequently as references for the future product improvement at the resort.

In today’s highly dynamic tourism and hospitality environment, the role of customer engagement (CE) in customer experience and value is receiving increasing attention from practitioners and academics (Harrigan, Evers, Miles, & Daly, 2017). Despite this interest, scholarly analysis into the concept and its associated elements has been limited to date. For these reasons, the objective of this study is to present a science mapping approach to analysing the thematic evolution of customer engagement, specifically in the tourism/hospitality and marketing industries. The study applies a bibliometric approach combining co-citation analysis with co-word analysis to reveal and visualize the evolution of customer engagement in the hospitality and tourism areas. Specifically, authors use the SciMat software in order to discover the most important research themes and its conceptual evolution. This technique returns a set of clusters, which can be understood as conglomerates of different scientific aspects. They allow researchers the analysis of the research topics’ dynamic evolution by measuring continuance across consecutive sub-periods. Authors followed the ranking of hospitality and tourism journals considered by Gursoy and Sandstrom (2016) and, the marketing journal ranking developed by Hunt Reimann and Schilke (2009) as criteria for journal selection process. This study has considered the Web of Science (WoS) as the main academic database for collecting research contributions. Findings indicate symptoms of a research field in constant evolution that has not yet reached a stage of maturity. Initially, customer engagement was seen as an important element, but its examination was scarce and has gradually come to be recognized as a key goal within organizations to serve as a basis for the development of various study models. The results obtained from this study will enable future authors studying customer engagement to focus their studies more effectively.

Research on service innovation suggests that involving customers in the development of new services is a major contributing factor to the success of new services (e.g. Carbonell et al., 2009; 2012; Melton & Hartline, 2010; 2015; Zhihong et al., 2015). The purpose of this study is to provide an overview of the literature on customer involvement (CI) in new service development (NSD) both offline and online and to identify the major current issues faced by researchers and future research challenges. This paper approaches CI from the perspective of “co-creation for others” (Witell et al., 2011), that is participating in developing services that can benefit other customers. A search was done on three major databases, EBSCO; Emerald, and ScienceDirect, using various keywords (CI; NSD; service innovation; user involvement; co-creation, and customer participation) from 2002 (first CI paper published (Carlborg et al., 2014) to 2016. Relevant studies start with mainly qualitative inquiries whereas in the last 5 years there are more surveys and new types of qualitative research such as netnography and action research. The most important questions addressed are who is involved and how. Various studies investigate the role of different types of customers such as close; lead; ordinary or guided; their characteristics such as proactiveness; knowledge or experience; motives; emotions, or dissatisfaction, and their capabilities such as knowledge absorptive capability or relational capability. Furthermore, the way customers may be involved is analysed from many perspectives including the stages of involvement; the modes and intensity of involvement in each NSD stage (e.g. Melton and Hartline, 2010; Paasi, 2014) as well as the characteristics of effective CI. Moreover, studies in the online environment look at the web based tools for CI such as social media or virtual communities (Ryzhkova, 2012); the nature of customer contributions on social networks (Sigala, 2012); the role of lead users in developing online services (Schuhmacher & Kuester, 2012; Mahr & Lievens, 2012) and the drivers of customer participation in virtual brand communities (Zhilong et al., 2015). Major current issues include which customer or firm actions should be included in each stage and why; what is the role of relationships in effective CI; how we can select customers for NSD and what is the role of virtual environments in CI. Future research challenges include developing guides for customer selection for NSD; analyzing the nature of CI (modes; intensity; types of contributions; customer roles and actions in each stage; communication types and skills); using virtual environments for CI and determining the link of various relationship concepts with CI.

In recent years, there has been increased attention on the portrayal of women in the media. Photoshopped images of unrealistic female forms have been perceived to have negative impacts on the self-esteem of those exposed (Groesz 2002). Based on the idea that seeing unrealistic body images can put undue pressure on women and impact their self-esteem, some governments have gone as far to propose and or pass legislation that ban or require disclosures on such images in advertising. For example, multiple attempts have been made to pass the Truth in Advertising Act in the U.S., which would severely restrict the ability to digitally alter ad (Navamanikkamm 2017). Meanwhile. France passed a law in 2017 mandating that if a model’s physical person has been digitally altered in an ad it must include a disclaimer indicating that the ad has been retouched (Lubitz 2015). Recently, Israel out of concern about eating disorders at a societal level, passed legislation requiring a disclaimer in any ad whether a model is photoshopped to look thinner. The Israeli law also mandates that a threshold body mass index be met for a model to be included in an ad. With the United Kingdom’s Advertising Standards Authority also banning some campaigns due to exaggerated retouching, it is clear that photoshopping of models in advertising is under scrutiny (Sweney 2017). Several companies have also taken a stand on photoshopping of ads. These include Aerie Lingerie, CVS Drugstores, Dove, and Britain’s ASOS, all of whom has committed to having realistic images in their ads and reducing or eliminating retouching (Horwath 2016; Zillman 2017; Bomey 2018). In spite of the increased attention being paid to photoshopping of ads by regulators, companies, and some in the public, research on the topic has been relatively sparse. This paper aims to summarize what is known about the societal and managerial implications of digital retouching and offers future research directions designed to make advances in these areas. To this end, this paper begins by reviewing work in three areas related to photoshopping of ads. The first topic addressed is whether edited images of unrealistic standards have a negative impact on the viewer. Secondly, we examine what is known about the implications of including disclosures and disclaimers on the consumers psyche, (i.e. do these warnings negate the implied negative consequence of the edited images). Finally, the impact such disclosure labels have on ad effectiveness and purchase intention is considered. To ensure the full scope of pertinent material was covered, articles were targeted via databases such as ABI/ Inform, Business Source Premier, EBSCO and Google Scholar. Because of the paucity of articles, no time limitations were placed on the search. A variety of combinations of relevant search terms were used (e.g., retouching, advertising, body image, women, photoshop etc.). As key articles were identified, the sources they cited were also reviewed in relation to the purpose stated above. Our review of the literature finds a virtually universal consensus finds that idealized imagery, often characterized by very thin or “ideal” models is directly correlated to an increased risk of body dissatisfaction (Groesz 2002). Several of these studies draw on social comparison theory (Gulas 2000; Myers 2009) is commonly used as a theoretical explanation underlying this effect, with experimental studies being used to provide empirical evidence. Prior studies have tested several types of disclaimers. These studies have generally found that disclaimer do not mitigate the negative impact that the exposure to idealized image has on the consumer (Cragg 2017) Based on this research, apparently, women feel social pressure to live up to idealized images even if a disclaimer is included in the ad. However, it should be noted that only a limited number of studies have tested this effect, and additional types of disclaimers from different sources need to be tested before drawing firm conclusions. As for advertisement effectiveness, specifically product attitude and purchases intent, studies have found that advertisements using “normally attractive models” in comparison to “highly attractive models” tend to produce better results (Tsai and Chang 2007). Notably, the presence of a disclaimer does not appear to either increase or decrease the effectiveness of ad based on the extant research (Semaan, Gould and Kocher 2012; Schirmer et al., 2018). The literature does raise some questions about the needed prominence of a disclaimer to have an impact, suggesting that often times “fine print messages” are largely unnoticed in relation to a more prominent alternative (Black & Watson 2013). Notably, there is some evidence that including a “retouch-free” versus a “retouched” disclaimer does increase attitudes toward the brand and purchase intention (Cornelis and Peter 2017). The literature reviewed has limitations such as uncorroborated studies, limited sample sizes, and narrowly focused demographics in some studies. While it has generally been established that highly attractive model usage and idealized retouched imagery has a negative effect on consumer body image, there is insufficient research on the implications of disclaimers and disclosers. It is suggested that additional research is needed on the effects of various disclaimer types directly related to various levels of image re-touching (as opposed to product warnings) on consumer buying behavior and ad effectiveness (see Schirmer et al., 2018). There is some evidence that consumers are accepting of minor photoshopping of ads, such as changing the background or “fixing” a blemish, but that more major retouching such as making a model appear to have different facial features, thinner legs, or larger breasts is viewed as problematic. As such, future experimental research should focus on different levels of retouching. There is also a clear need to test different wording of disclaimers as well as disclaimers from different sources (e.g. government vs. non-profit, vs. company itself). Future research should focus on a wide cross-section of women. It should also test multiple product categories, including those beauty related vs. not beauty related.

Export Market Orientation (EMO)- one of the most important strategic orientations of exporting firms- has received much attention in the last two decades within organization and academia alike. EMO has become an emerging issue that benefits the integration of market orientation, internationalization, and export performance literature into coherence. After the introduction of this concept in international business (IB) literature, we observed a surge of research focusing on EMO incorporating scale development for measurement as well as empirical studies that investigate the antecedents to and consequences of EMO along with moderation and mediation. This review systematically examines EMO research, analyzing 31 articles published in 19 leading journals available between 1999 and 2017. What we can conclude from the review is that EMO research is still in its infancy. We attempted to identify some research gaps and suggest some future avenues of research.

The purpose of this project is to seek strategic response for the Korea Expressway Corporation(hereinafter referred to as Public corporation) about the change of the fourth industrial revolution. For this purpose, the project scope has 3 phase. 1. Characteristic of the 4thindustrial revolution and the trend of major change. 2. Prospect of Future Expressway and changes related industry. 3. Publiccorporation’s Short-term strategy and detailed challenges. Also, The Project analyzes the KDF and patterns, which directly/indirectly affect the Public Corporation with change of 4th industrial revolution. As a result, Making a Mid-term and Short-term strategy for respond to future change with Structuring Causal Relationships and Deriving Future Scenarios. Moreover, we focuses on a shift in the number of key changes in the 4th industrial revolution and the first consideration to derive a significant change in the direction of change in the 4th century, focusing on trends that will not change the trend in 10 years, rather than 10 years later. First, The 4th industry revolution is not just point of view that integration of technology such as IOT,AI but Motivation that Creating the innovation in the whole society with huge change of social system. So executing Macroscopic analysis for formation of sympathy. Second, creates core changes drivers individual, businesses, and national level drivers in future trends. And the strategic direction that road's role and function at future society are reflected in the public corporation's strategic tasks. Thrid, For prospect of future expressway, reviewing public corporation's existing research data. As a result, Preventing duplicate researches and enhance research efficiency. Fourth, an analysis of the present situation Through expert review of the 4th industry revolution and future development direction by convergence based on a current road map. Considering the change in the social and social environment, prospect future outlook with Deduction of change drivers that will not changed after 10years. Fifth, focus on human desires and values, technological innovation, solving problems, converging technology culture, solving social issues, and responding to changes in social issues. In order to realize this, it is possible to communicate in storytelling so that ordinary people can easily understand the changes in the area. Based on the scenario, we prepared for the future of the Korea Expressway Corporation by setting up a total of 15 detailed tasks based on the scenario and the fact that 15 different aspects of the project are based on the scenario.

급변하는 환경과 다양한 수요, 격화된 경쟁 등에 효과적으로 대응하기 위하여 학교조직은 관료적이고 권위적인 조직에서, 유연하고 신속하며 전문적인 조직으로의 변화를 요구받고 있다. 그러나 그동안 이루어진 전통적 교육개혁은 하향적 변화전략을 채택함으로써 학교구성원의 변화에 대한 적극성을 이끌어내지 못했으며, 구성원 간 협력, 잠재력 개발, 학습 성과 등에 유의미한 변화를 가져오지 못해 왔다. 이러한 맥락에서 본 연구는 전통적 교육개혁의 대안으로, 학교조직에 ‘조직개발’이 어떻게 적용되고 있으며 그 의의는 무엇인지를 탐색하고 향후 발전방향과 과제를 제안하는 데에 목적이 있다. 학교조직에 주로 적용된 조직개발 개입방법으로 ‘총체적질관리’, ‘학습조직’, ‘전문가학습공동체’를 제시하였고 계획적 변화의 모델로서 ‘학교컨설팅’ 및 ‘긍정적 탐색’을 설명하였다. 향후 발전방향으로, 1) 독립된 경영단위 체제로서의 학교조직의 역할과 권한 부여, 2) 학교조직 개발 개입방법의 다양화 모색, 3) 학생들의 인지적, 정서적, 행동적 성과에 대한 관심, 4) 계획적 변화 모델의 엄격한 적용, 5) 학교조직의 독자적인 조직개발 개입방법 마련, 6) 학교 행정가의 조직개발 역량 구축, 7) 국가차원의 조직개발의 필요성을 제시하고 있다.

오리엔탈과실파리는 동남아시아에서 유래한 주요 검역해충으로써 북쪽으로 중국 본토, 인도의 고위도 지역 및 중국남부의 고지대까지 그 범위가 확산되고 있다. 우리는 오리엔탈과실파리의 알려진 분포와 계절적 발생동향, 확산경로로부터 오리엔탈과실파리가 월동가능한 상한선을 결정하였다. 이 상한선으로부터 CLIMEX의 종 매개변수를 결정하고 RCP8.5 기후변화 시나리오를 따르는 국내 미래 기후도를 이용하여 오리엔탈과실파리에 대한 향후 우리나라 의 기후적합성을 검정하였다. 국내에서의 기후적합성의 검토는 이 해충의 잠재적인 정착능력과 영향에 대한 중요한 정보를 제공한다.

최근 기후변화로 인하여 다양한 산림곤충들이 대면적으로 발생하여 산림수목에 큰 피해를 주고 있다. 그러나 산림해충의 정확한 발생모니터링이 이루어지고 있지 않으며 대부분의 방제 또한 유기합성농약에 의존하고 있다. 페로몬은 해충의 정확한 발생 모니터링뿐 아니라 대량포획 및 교미교란에 의한 친환경 방제방법으로 널리 활용 될 수 있다. 특히 산림은 다양한 생태계로 구성되어 있기 때문에 유기합성농약을 줄이거나 대체 할 수 있는 방제방법이 시급한 실정이다. 본 발표에서는 주요 산림해충인 천공성 해충류, 곰솔의 주요 해충인 솔껍질깍지벌레, 나비목 해충류에 대한 근래 연구동향에 대해 소개하고 미래의 산림해충 화학생태학의 연구 방향에 대한 제언을 하고자 한다.

농학(농업곤충)과 공중위생학(위생곤충) 뿐만 아니라 최근 기초생명과학 분야에서 중요하게 여겨지는 곤충학 전공은 분류학, 생태학, 생리학, 독성학, 생명공학 등을 아우르는 종합 응용학문이라 판단된다. 이러한 다양한 연구 분야를 포함하는 곤충학 전공 학생들의 장래 직업선택에 있어서도 다양한 선택지가 있을 것이다. 대학원생에게 진로 선택은 크게 수학의 연장과 취업으로 구분될 수 있다. 수학 연장의 경우에는 국내 및 외국으로의 박사과정 혹은 박사후과정으로의 진학이 가능하며, 취업의 경우에는 공공분야(국가 연구소), 기업 및 대학 연구원으로의 지원이 가능할 것이다. 특히 박사학위 취득 후에는 추가로 교수직 지원 또한 가능하게 된다. 성공적인 진학 또는 취업을 위한 정보의 획득과 전략의 수립은 각각의 진로 방향성에 맞게 특화되어야 할 것으로 판단되며, 본 심포지엄에서 는 공공기관, 기업, 해외 및 국내교수직에 종사하고 있는 여러 선배 곤충학자들을 통해 그들의 경험과 정보를 공유하고, 성공적인 취업 준비에 대한 논의를 하고자 한다. 뿐만 아니라 해외 박사과정 및 박사후과정을 마친 선배들을 통해 해외로의 진학을 위한 구체적 정보, 일정 및 전락에 대해서도 논의하고자 한다.

This study examines whether or not the national technical qualification provides value to the examinee despite the environmental change through the KANO's dual questionnaire method for applicants who apply for the national technical qualification. So, We analyze the three functions of qualification and the incentive function, which is the characteristic of customer value, and evaluate what is the shortest part of the value of the qualification that the current customer feels and present the improvement plan. In general, the survey method has structural analysis and probabilistic analysis on the process and the result, but it does not exclude the convenience of the questionnaire itself. This study aims to demonstrate the difference between the results of the survey and the results of general surveys based on the potential weight of the subjects. Eventually, Many examinee speak to the national technical qualification non-value but Why they takes the national technical qualification? How change the Methods or theory of the national Qualification?. We would find to way for an accurate method and direction for the development of national qualification

해양환경의 보호 및 보전에 관하여 해양법협약은 제12장에 별도의 조항을 가지고 있으나 세부적인 규칙에 관한 내용보다는 일반적인 권리와 의무에 관한 내용을 중심으로 규정되어 있다. 국제해사기구는 해상안전, 해양오염방지 등에 있어 사실상(de facto)의 규범적 관할권을 가지고 있으며, 이 가운데 선박이 복원성을 확보하기 위하여 주입하는 평형수가 다른 지역에서 배출될 경우 유해수 중생물 및 병원균의 이동과 유입을 유발하여 생물다양성의 보존과 친환경적인 이용을 위협할 수 있다는 우려를 방지하고자 선박평형수관리협약을 채택하였다. 이는 해양법협약의 목표를 구체적으로 이행하는데 중요한 역할을 할 것으로 기대하고 있다. 그러나 동 협약이 2004년 채택 이후 장기간 회원국의 노력 끝에 2017년 발효 되면서 궁극적으로 D-2규칙에 따른 배출수 처리방식의 불안정성, 형식승인의 기준 변경에 따른 이해당사자의 부담이 증가하고 있을 뿐만 아니라 여전히 많 은 국가들이 동 협약을 수용하지 않고 별도의 규정을 제시함으로써 선박 운항 상의 통일된 업무를 수행하지 못하는 문제점이 제기되고 있다. 이 논문에서는 환경협약 특성상 법률과 기술의 개발 사의의 상호연관성에 따른 협약의 불필요한 지연으로 인한 이해관계자의 피해방지 조치, 협약채택 이후 발효시기까지의 장기간의 시간적 간극을 해소하기 위한 조치의 필요성, 항만국통제관의 통제능력 강화조치 및 선박평형수관리협약의 강행법규로서 지위확보의 필요성등을 대안으로 제시한다.

Currently, satellite images act as essential and important data in water resources, environment, and ecology as well as information of geographic information system. In this paper, we will investigate basic characteristics of satellite images, especially application examples in water resources. In recent years, researches on spatial and temporal characteristics of large-scale regions utilizing the advantages of satellite imagery have been actively conducted for fundamental hydrological components such as evapotranspiration, soil moisture and natural disasters such as drought, flood, and heavy snow. Furthermore, it is possible to analyze temporal and spatial characteristics such as vegetation characteristics, plant production, net primary production, turbidity of water bodies, chlorophyll concentration, and water quality by using various image information utilizing various sensor information of satellites. Korea is planning to launch a satellite for water resources and environment in the near future, so various researches are expected to be activated on this field.