알루미늄은 낮은 비중을 가지는 금속으로 철에 비하여 상대적으로 가볍고 비강도가 크므로 건축물의 외장 재료로 많이 사용되고 있다. 알루미늄의 경우 다른 금속에 비해 산화되기 어렵고 낮은 융점으로 인해 사용이 끝난 알루미늄 재료의 경우 녹여서 재활용이 가능하다. 건축물 외장 재료로 사용되는 복합 패널의 경우 철, 동, 강 등의 금속과 알루미늄이 결합된 구조로 되어 있고 알루미늄을 분리할 경우 쉽게 재활용이 가능한 장점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 복합 패널에서 사용되고 있는 알루미늄을 재활용하기 위해서는 결합된 소재들을 분리하는 단계가 필요하다. 알루미늄 복합 패널은 건축물 철거 시 발생하는 폐자재로 일정한 형태가 없고 크기가 다르므로 일반적인 재활용 장비에서 처리하기에는 어려운 상황이다. 일반적으로 대부분의 재활용 업체에서는 가열하거나 수작업을 통해 알루미늄을 분리하고 있지만 가열방식에서는 유해가스 배출로 인한 환경 문제와 수작업을 통한 높은 인건비 비용에 대한 문제점이 나타나고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 다양한 형태의 복합 패널 폐자재(스크랩)를 효율적으로 재활용할 수 있는 설비 및 방법을 개발하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 개발된 장비를 통해 복합 패널을 일정한 크기로 분쇄하고 파쇄된 복합물에서 알루미늄과 폴리에틸렌을 분리하여 최종적으로 분리된 알루미늄을 일정한 크기의 그래뉼 입자로 만들었다. 구조해석을 통해 장비의 안전성을 검증하고 일정한 크기 및 순도를 가진 알루미늄 그래뉼 입자가 생성되는지를 확인하였다. 최종적으로 생산된 알루미늄 그래뉼 입자의 순도 및 크기를 분석하여 건축용 복합 패널 스크랩의 알루미늄 재활용성에 대한 평가를 분석하였다.

Due to recent climate changes, damage to the soundproof wall due to typhoons and strong winds is on the rise. This study determine the fragility curve of aluminum frame, which is a weak member of the soundproofing wall, due to strong wind. The fragility was analyzed in term of aluminum frame thickness variation. Finite element analysis of the wall was performed with ABAQUS, a commercial program. Random wind loads applied to the structures were generated using the Monte Carlo simulation technique. Also, the limit state was set based on the analysis results. The fragility curves were developed with consideration of three influential factors which are installation location, wind exposure and thickness aluminium frame of soundproof wall.

The Electrocoagulation-Flotation (ECF) process has great potential in wastewater treatment. ECF technology is effective in the removal of colloidal particles, oil-water emulsion, organic pollutants such as microalgae, and heavy metals. Numerous studies have been conducted on ECF; however, many of them used a conventional plate-type aluminum anode. In this study, we determined the effect of changing operational parameters such as power supply time, applied current, NaCl concentration, and pH on the turbidity removal efficiency of kaoline. We also determined the effects of different electrolyte types (NaCl, MgSO4, CaCl2, Na2SO4, and tap water), as well as the differences caused by using a plate-type and mesh-type aluminum anode, on the turbidity removal efficiency. The results showed that the optimal values of ECF time, applied current, NaCl concentration, and pH were 5 min, 0.35 A, 0.4 g/L NaCl in distilled water, and pH 7, respectively. The results also revealed that the turbidity removal efficiency of kaoline in different electrolytes decreased in the following sequence, given the same conductivity: tap water > CaCl2 > MgSO4 > NaCl > Na2SO4. The turbidity removal efficiency of the mesh-type aluminum anode was significantly greater than the plate-type aluminum anode.

Generally, metal working fluids (MWFs) are used to reduce friction in metalworking processes. In addition to mineral oils, MWFs contain many chemical substances, such as anticorrosive agents, extreme-pressure additives, and stabilizers, as well as high concentrations of organics and ammonia nitrogen. Accordingly, MWFs must be managed to advanced treatment for hydro-ecological conservation. This study investigated the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen from MWFs according to operating time, applied voltage, distance between electrodes, and NaCl concentration using aluminum in a batch-type reactor. The experimental results were as follows: First, without NaCl, removal efficiencies of ammonia nitrogen were 69.6%, 37.9%, and 22.7%, when the distance between electrodes was adjusted to 1, 4, and 7 cm, respectively, at 15 V for 60 min. Secondly, without NaCl, removal efficiencies of ammonia nitrogen were 49.5 and 90.9% when the voltage was adjusted to 5 V and 10 V, respectively, for 60 min and 94.6% at 15 V for 40 min. Lastly, with the addition of NaCl 10 mM, the removal efficiency of ammonia nitrogen was 40.3% and 11.5% greater than that of no addition of NaCl at 5 V for 60 min and at 10 V for 30 min.

In this study, we tried to review the potential of commercialization of the developed product of aerated concrete and floor mortar used in the construction of residential buildings such as apartment buildings. As a result, it was analyzed that the difference was negligent in terms of the depth of subsidence, though the developed product was good enough in terms of compressive strength and economic efficiency.

This study is to investigate the ultimate strength and curling influence of single shear two bolted connection with 7075-T6 aluminum alloys. The validation of element analysis was verified through the comparison between test result and finite element analysis prediction and strength reduction rate by curling was estimated quantitatively. Moreover, additional parametric analysis with extended variables was conducted and the conditions of curling occurrence according to end distance and edge distance were proposed.

In water treatment facilities, cover having a various joint is applied to prevent the bad smell. In this study, each joint type of the aluminum cover that is applied to the sewage treatment facility, it was evaluated air tightness. As a result, it showed to be higher flat type better than stick out type.

Aluminum can is one of the common and economically valuable recycling items in municipal waste streams. In this study, the reduction rate of the greenhouse gas emission and energy savings were estimated when aluminum cans are recycled by using material flow analysis, US EPA WARM method, and EU Prognos method. Based on the results, approximately 16,630 ton of aluminum in 2010 was recovered as ingot, while 10,873 ton of aluminum can to can recycling occurred in the same year. The reduction rate of aluminum recycling was estimated to be 240,986 tCO2eq/yr by US EPA WARM method, while about 305,283 tCO2eq/yr was found by the recycling using EU Prognos method. The difference resulted partly from the different system boundary and the loss rate during aluminum recycling process. The results of the energy savings and greenhouse gas reduction rate would be valuable for waste management policy makers to estimate the potential reduction rate of greenhouse gas by aluminum can recycling and accelerate recycling infrastructure of waste streams. This study also implies that the applications and results of both methods to estimate greenhouse gas reduction rates by aluminum can recycling should be carefully reviewed and acknowledged before the use of the method due to the different assumptions and results that are anticipated.

This study investigates the ultimate strength and curling influence in single shear bolted connection with 7075-T6 aluminum alloys using numerical approach. The applicability of finite element analysis was validated through the comparison between existing test results and numerical predictions. Curling was observed in some specimens with a relatively long end distance and reduced the ultimate strength of bolted connection. Strength reduction ratio by curling was estimated quantitatively and it is known that curling caused the strength reduction by maximum 21%.

This study was conducted to determine the effects of mixed Korean red ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate on gas concentration and volatile fatty acid (VFA) in poultry litter during 4 weeks in terms of livestock and environment managements. A total of 240 broiler chicks were randomly allocated to four treatments in four replications and 15 birds per replicate. The four treatments was mixed to rice hull under each pen at 0, 10 g or 20 g red ginseng marc + 90g aluminum sulfate, and 100g aluminum sulfate per kg poultry litter (rice hulls). Carbon dioxide, methane, acetic acid, and propionic acids were measured weekly. The results that could be available include: First, during the experimental period, carbon dioxide emissions were not remarkably different among treatments. Second, no differences were observed among treatments in methane emissions at 2 weeks through 4 weeks, but at 1 week, the reduction in methane emissions was in following order: 100 g aluminum sulfate > 20 g red ginseng marc + 90 g aluminum sulfate > 10 g red ginseng marc + 90 g aluminum sulfate > control. Third, in spite of statistically differences, treatment with 10 g or 20 g red ginseng marc + 90g aluminum sulfate, and 100g aluminum sulfate reduced acetic acid and propionic acid as a function of time, except acetic acid in aluminum sulfate treatment at 2 and 4 weeks. In conclusion, the results indicated that like aluminum sulfate, using 10 g or 20 g red ginseng marc with aluminum sulfate was effective in decreasing methane and propionic acid released from poultry litter.

This study investigates the ultimate strength and curling influence in single shear bolted connection with aluminum alloys(6061-T6) using finite element analysis. The applicability of numerical modeling was validated through the comparison of existing test results. Main variables are end distance and edge distance. Strength reduction ratio by curling was estimated quantatively and it is known that the curling reduced the ultimate strength by maximum 26%.

Extensive land subsidence and submergence occurred in the coal mining areas (Huainan and Huaibei) in Anhui Province, China. As a result, lots of subsided lakes have been formed due to their unique geological features. Four typical lakes were selected to evaluate the internal phosphorus (P) releasing risk based on the specification of P, Fe and Al from the sediments. Sediment P, Fe and Al in the top 5 cm were extracted sequentially, aiming at obtained fractionation for environmental indicators. Experiments of P isothermal adsorption were conducted to characterize P sorption ability. The results suggested that P internal loading potential was related to Al and Fe compounds in sedimentary environments of soil inundation, primarily determined by regional soil properties. Internal P releasing risk was mainly controlled by the properties of calcareous soils in the Huaibei; whereas controlled by Fe and Al in the Huainan. Overall, the obtained results fit well with the model proposed by Kopáček et al.(2005), which predicted low P flux as molar ratio of [NH4Cl-Al + BD-Al + NaOH-Al] : [NH4Cl-Fe + BD-Fe] >3 or [NaOH-Al] : [NH4Cl-P + BD-P] >25 from sediments when anoxia is developed. However, this threshold has site-specific flexibility, with its lower limit approaching 20:1 applicable for the three lakes in Huainan. Higher loads of external input organic matters or enriched Fe oxides bound P tend to change this limit and lead to internal loading risk with environmental anoxia.

The purpose of this study is to identify the materials flow of aluminum cans from its production, manufacturing, distribution, consumption to its discarding, while finding problems in the materials flow diagram in carrying out recycling, and to present improvement measures for relevant systems and policies. Through various statistics, it was found that the actual amount of aluminum ingots distributed in Korea is 1,808,597 tons. From this 381,802 tons of aluminum plates were used for domestic uses, 75,070 tons were used to produce cans, and it was found that 50,073 tons of can products were produced and distributed in Korea. The 50,073 tons of wastes for separate collection was 96% and recycling was 76% for a total of 38,297 tons for recycling. Upon examining the recycling path, it was found that can-to-can was 35% equivalent to 13,403 tons, while 14,100 tons were melted for alloys and 10,794 tons were used as deoxidizing agents for blast furnaces. According to such studies, a materials flow diagram was drafted and the problems in recycling for each stage were reviewed. In result, plans to improve packaging materials and structures in the production stage, plans to restrict inclusion of foreign particles in the discard and selection stage, plans to provide different support in funding and granting quality ratings in the sorting and compression stages, and plans to apply as recycling designated business systems for high-value recycling in the resourcing stage were proposed.

This paper describes the creep results of experimental testing of GFRP / Aluminum composite beam strengthened RC beams under the two different sustained loads. Specimens have been designed and fabricated to reflect the most common RC beams used in school buildings.

The pilot plant experiment was performed to investigate phosphorus and nitrogen removal from domestic wastewater by MLE process combined with aluminum corrosion reactor. When operating 0.5Q and 1Q to internal recycle and sludge recycle in the MLE process, the effluent CODMn concentration of internal recycle 0.5Q were higher than internal recycle 1Q, the removal efficiency rates of NH3-N in the internal recycle 0.5Q were was higher than internal recycle 1Q. Denitrification rates were about 86.8% in internal recycle and sludge recycle 0.5Q. When operating 0.5Q to internal recycle and sludge recycle in the MLE process, the removal efficiency rates of total nitrogen was the highest. The removal efficiency rates of total phosphorus was about 91.5% in the aluminum corrosion reactor.

치매유발제인 알루미늄(aluminum, Al)에 대한 세포독성과 이에 대한 쇠비름(Portulaca oleracea L., PO)추출물의 영향을 배양 신경교종세포(C6 glioma)를 재료로 항산화 측면에서 조사하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 본 연구에서 염화알루미늄(AlCl3)을 배양 C6 glioma세포에 처리한 결과 처리 농도에 비례하여 세포생존율을 유의하게 감소시킴으로서 세포독성을 나타냈으며 XTT50값이 100uM 이상으로 나타남으로서 중간독성(mid-toxic)인 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 항산화제인 vitamin E는 AlCl3에 의하여 감소된 세포생존율을 유의하게 증가시킴으로서 AlCl3에 의한 세포독성을 방어하였다. 한편, AlCl3의 세포독성에 대한 PO추출물의 영향에 있어서, PO추출물은 AlCl3에 의하여 감소된 세포생존율을 유의하게 증가시킴으로서 AlCl3에 의한 세포독성을 방어하였으며, 또한 superoxide dismutase (SOD)-유사활성(SOD-like activity)과 지질과산화(lipid peroxidation, LP)억제능 및 lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)활성 감소를 나타냈다. 이상의 결과에서 AlCl3의 세포독성에 산화적 손상이 관여하고 있으며 PO추출물은 AlCl3에 의한 세포독성을 항산화 측면에서 유효하게 방어하였다. 따라서 PO와 같은 천연추출물은 산화적 손상에 의하여 매개되는 치매와 같은 병변의 예방이나 치유를 위한 소재로서의 활용성이 클 것으로 생각된다.

Aluminum angles are widely used as tension members with bolted connection in buildings. In current design specification for net tensile capacity, reduction factor (U) is usually used to account for the effects of shear lag and bending induced from load eccentricity. In this paper, an investigation on reduction factor (U) of bolted angle connections was conducted and focused on net section efficiency according to the change of plate thickness and bolt arrangement. Exception to some specimens with short end distance and 1x1 bolt arrangement, all most specimens failed by net tensile fracture accompanied by curling at outstanding leg. The value of curling deformation has increased with increase of end distance (e) and the curling influenced the fracture mode of bolted angle connection. Also, net section efficiency has tended to increase according to the increase of bolt number and plate thickness.

In this work, lightweight brick was prepared from aluminum dross, MS and MBA. Aluminum dross is discharged as by-product through the process of aluminum smelting. It can be used as foaming agent, because it produces hydrogen gas due to the reaction with alkali activator. In this study, the specific gravity and compressive strength of prepared brick was discussed with the addition of aluminum dross. Compressive strength, flexural strength and specific gravity was 36 MPa, 2.6 MPa and 1.48 at mixing ratio of 0.9wt% aluminum dross, respectively. The physical property of brick was debased with the addition of aluminum dross. Because the pore size was bigger in accordance with the addition of aluminum dross.

Recently, study on the application of sustainable materials to building and civil structure fields has been increased. Especially, the usage of aluminum alloys can improve durability of structures due to it’s high corrosion resistance. In this study, to investigate the ultimate behaviors such as ultimate strength and fracture mode of single shear bolted connections with aluminum alloys (7075-T6), experiments were conducted. Main variables are bolt arrangement and end distance parallel to the direction of load. As a result, the specimens failed by shear out fracture and block shear fracture and also the specimens with long end distance were accompanied by curling (out of plane deformation). The curling led to reduction of ultimate strength or rigidity. Futhermore, pattern of strain distribution was investigated according to curling occurrence.