In a previous study, it was reported that enzymatic hydrolysis under pressurization could be a new method which could produce arginine dipeptide and free amino acid in anchovy hydrolysate as salty enhancer at optimal condition. Powder is more efficient than liquid in terms of transport and storage stability. For the purpose of producing spray dried powder of various salt contents was investigated the effect of different salt concentration of anchovy hydrolysate on spray dried powder properties. The anchovy hydrolysate of various salt contents(in the range of approximately 0.7- 19.8% w/w) prepared adding the fish sauce (Dae-Young fish market) at inlet drying air temperatures of 120°C and 140°C. The process yield and physicochemical properties such as moisture content, bulk density, hygroscopicity and the morphology (EDS, XPS, XRD) of the anchovy hydrolysate powder was measured. The glass transition temperatures (Tg) of the powders equilibrated under various water activities were determined using a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC). Different drying conditions and salt concentration could generate anchovy hydrolysate powders with different process yield, bulk density and moisture content. The spray-dried anchovy hydrolysate powder was confirmed by XRD to be a mixture of an amorphous substances and crystalline salts. The energy dispersive X-ray spectrometer (EDS) and X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) analysis demonstrated that the surface NaCl concentration of the powders increased with an increasing drying air temperature. Increasing moisture adsorption of the anchovy hydrolysate powders resulted in a Tg reduction. It is suggested that producing spray dried anchovy hydrolysate for the industrial use is the use of the feed salt concentration of not lower than % w/w and inlet air temperature at 120°C, 140°C

In this study, we performed preparation and characterization of cellulosic hollow fiber membrane for the application of pressure retarded osmosis(PRO). We used high temperature nonsolvent induced phase separation (HT-NIPS) method to prepare robust hollow fiber membranes with cellulosic polymer blends at high concentration. Prepared hollow fiber membranes showed effective skin layer formation and sponge-like pore structure. In addition, the effects of pore-forming agents with different molecular weight and bore liquid composition on PRO performance were studied. The prepared membranes showed stable water flux and power density under the hydraulic pressure upto 10 bar. The highest power density of the membrane module was 5 W/m2 at 12 bar.

Polymer electrolyte membrane (PEM) is one of key elements to determine both electrochemical performances and lifetimes of fuel cell electric vehicles (FCEVs). PEM is exposed to a variety of dynamic stimuli (e.g., temperature, humidity, pressure, fuel gases and so on) under their operation conditions and meets unavoidable mechanical damages derived from unequal pressure difference between anode and cathode feed gases. Even though there have been approaches to evaluate the mechanical strength of PEM materials, most of the trials could provide static information on their mechanical strength. In this study, a pressure-loaded blister hybrid system connected with gas chromatography was developed to disclose the efficacy of the system as an evaluation tool of dynamic PEM strength under realistic FCEV operation conditions.

Background: Shoulder external rotation exercises are commonly used to improve the stabilizing ability of the infraspinatus. Although the side-lying wiper exercise (SWE) is the most effective shoulder external rotation exercise to maximize infraspinatus activity, the effect of adduction force on the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid has not been demonstrated. Objects: This study was conducted to investigate whether horizontal adduction force increases infraspinatus activity and decreases posterior deltoid activity. Methods: Twenty-eight healthy subjects (male: 21, female: 7; age=23.5±1.8 years; height=170.1±7.4 ㎝; weight=69.4±9.6 ㎏) were recruited. Subjects were asked to perform the SWE under two conditions: (1) general SWE and (2) SWE with adduction force using pressure biofeedback. Surface electromyography (EMG) signals of the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid were recorded during SWE. Paired t-tests were used to compare the EMG activity of the infraspinatus and posterior deltoid between the two conditions. Results: Posterior deltoid muscle activity was significantly decreased following SWE with adduction force (7.53±4.52%) relative to general SWE (11.68±8.42%) (p<.05). However, there was no significant difference in the infraspinatus muscle activity between the SWE with adduction force (28.33±12.16%) and the general SWE (26.54±13.69%) (p>.05). Conclusion: Horizontal adduction force while performing SWE is effective at decreasing posterior deltoid activity.

The objective of this study was to investigate the non-thermal sterilization effect of methods such as high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) and UV-irradiation (specifically with regard to the storage stability and shelf-life of carrot juice. The microbial counts of the non-sterilized product increased from 5.51 to 7.34 log CFU/mL up to the fifth day, and then decreased to 5.46 log CFU/mL at six days. UV-irradiation was increased from 2.37 to 4.92 log CFU/mL. HHP was maintained under the 3 log CFU/mL. The pH of UV-irradiation and HHP was maintained withing the range of 6.29~6.30 and 6.20~6.22 during storage. However, the pH arising from non-sterilization decreased from 6.31 to 4.49. The color of non-sterilization changed significantly during storage, but UV-irradiation and HHP were similar during storage. The β- carotene content of non-sterilization was noted to have decreased from 269.45 to 65.19 μg/mL during storage. The UV- irradiation and HHP decreased from 263.46 and 268.35~281.16 μg/mL to 243.42 and 244.09~269.29 μg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, these findings suggest that HHP can be used for the pasteurization, or sterilization, of carrot juice and the optimal condition is two minutes.

This study aims to identify the effects of extracorporeal shock wave therapy and stretching technique on flexibility, muscle tone and pressure pain threshold of a shortened hamstring. A total of 40 patients with hamstring shortening was randomly assigned to either the extracorporeal shock wave therapy group (n=20) or extracorporeal shock wave therapy with stretching technique group (n=20) to identify the effects of the two different forms of physical therapy intervention. All the participants underwent extracorporeal shockwave therapy twice a week for 3 weeks, and the extracorporeal shockwave therapy with stretching technique group performed stretching techniques with the same frequency for 3 weeks. To measure hamstring flexibility before and after intervention, the passive straight leg raising test was performed, and muscle tone and pressure pain threshold were assessed. The flexibility of the hamstrings significantly improved, while the pressure pain threshold increased in both groups. These findings suggest that the effective in improving hamstring flexibility, reducing muscle tone, and increasing pressure pain threshold in adults with hamstring shortening.

This study aimed to identify the effects of modified low-dye taping and foot intrinsic muscle strengthening exercise on foot pressure in people with flat feet. The subjects were 12 participants with flat feet in their 20s. They were randomly divided into two groups: taping and strengthening exercise. They performed the interventions twice a week for six weeks. The taping group was applied the modified low-dye taping. The exercise group was performed foot intrinsic muscle strengthening exercise for 30 minutes. The data were measured by Foot Pressure Measurement. There was no significant difference in plantar pressure between taping group and exercise group. There was also no significant difference in all variables before and after intervention in all groups. The present study suggests that taping and exercise can change the foot pressure in patients with flat-footed.

Locomotion can be investigated using visual locomotion scoring or computer-assisted techniques such as force plates or pressure plates. Although visual locomotion scoring is inexpensive, it is subjective and depends on observers. Conversely, computer-assisted techniques are objective and more sensitive than visual assessment. Many studies of gait in large breed dogs have been conducted using these techniques; however, there have been few investigations of small to toy breed dogs. Therefore, the purpose of the present study is to conduct gait analysis in small to toy breed dogs and to suggest normal reference ranges for clinical application. Twenty healthy dogs with no lameness or orthopedic pain weighing from 2 kg to 12 kg were used. The dogs were divided into two groups according to their weight, after which gait analysis was conducted using a pressure plate. The pressure force ratio between the forelimb and hindlimb was significantly lower in group 2 (mean 4.2 kg) than group 1 (mean 10.4 kg), while the stance time ratio between the forelimb and hindlimb tended to increase in group 2, but there was no significant difference. Other numerical values in group 2 tended to decrease, with some significant differences being observed. Overall, the results suggest that there are different gait features in small to toy breed dogs when compared with middle and large breed dogs.

Background: The active knee extension (AKE) test commonly used to assess the flexibility of the hamstring muscles. Many researchers have tested the reliability of the AKE test; however, no published studies have examined the intrarater and interrater reliability of the AKE test using a PBU. Objects: The purpose of this study was to determine the intrarater and interrater reliability of the AKE test performed with a pressure biofeedback unit (PBU) on healthy subjects. Methods: Sixteen healthy male participants volunteered and gave informed consent to participate in this study. Two raters conducted AKE tests independently with a PBU. Each knee was measured twice, and the AKE testing was repeated one week after the first round of testing. Results: The interrater reliability’s intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC2,1) were .887∼.986 for the right knees and .915∼.988 for the left knees. In addition, the intrarater (test-retest) reliability (ICC3,1) values ranged between .820∼.915 and .820∼.884 for Raters 1 and 2, respectively. The values for the standard error of mesurement were low for all tests (.81∼2.97˚); the calculated minimum detectable change was 2.24∼8.21˚. Conclusion: These findings suggest that the AKE test performed with a PBU had excellent interrater and intrarater reliability for assessing hamstring flexibility in healthy young males.

Synthesized monocrystalline nanodiamond (nD) particles are heat-treated at various temperatures to produce highly structured diamond crystals. The heat-treated nDs show different weight loss ratios during thermogravimetric analysis. The crystallinities of the heat-treated nDs are analyzed using Raman spectroscopy. The average particle sizes of the heat-treated nDs are measured by a dynamic light scattering (DLS) system and direct imaging observation methods. Moreover, individual dispersion behaviors of the heat-treated nD particles are investigated based on ultrasonic dispersion methods. The average particle sizes of the dispersed nDs according to the two different measurement methods show very similar size distributions. Thus, it is possible to produce highly crystallized nD powder particles by a heattreatment process, and the nD particles are relatively easy to disperse individually without any dispersant. The heattreated nDs can lead to potential applications such as in nanocomposites, quantum dots, and biomedical materials.

중공사형 정밀여과(MF)와 한외여과(UF)를 포함한 가압식 막여과 시스템은 높은 수준의 병원균 제거 효율로 인해 음용수 처리에 점점 더 많이 사용되고 있다. 그러나 가압식 막여과 시스템에서 분리막의 손상으로 인한 막완결성의 문제가 발생 시 병원체가 유출될 수 있으므로, 효과적인 온라인 또는 오프라인 방식의 막 완결성 모니터링 방법을 통해 수질의 안정성을 보장하여야 한다. 최근 막 완결성 시험 중 하나 인 압력손실시험(pressure decay test, PDT)이 가압식 분리막 모듈을 이용한 음용수 처리 시설에 적용되고 있다. 이 논문에서는 PDT의 기체 주입방법에 따른 세 가지 조건으로 원수 측, 여과수 측, 원수 여과수 양 뱡향 측 세 가지 조건을 선정 후 이에 따른 감지감도를 이론값과 실험값을 적용하여 비교하였다. 실험결과 가압되는 측의 부피와 감도는 반비례함을 확인하였고, 주입부의 반대방향에 부압을 형성 시에도 감도가 증가함을 확인할 수 있다. 즉 막 손상의 감 지감도는 주입되는 부분의 체적이 작아질수록, 분리막을 경계로 유입과 여과 측의 압력차가 클수록 높아짐을 알 수 있었다.