To investigate skin-whitening effect of Adenophora triphylla var. japonica sprout extract, antioxidant activity, inhibitory effect on tyrosinase and melanin synthesis in B16/F10 melanoma cell were examined. Total phenolic content (246.25 ㎎ GAE/g) and total flavonoid content (303.94 ㎎ RE/g) of ethyl acetate fraction from Adenophora triphylla sprout (EFAT) showed the highest contents than other fractions (n-hexane, chloroform and distilled water). Antioxidant activities of EFAT has been evaluated using ABTS, DPPH radical scavenging activities, FRAP and inhibitory effect of lipid peroxidation. EFAT showed excellent radical scavenging activity and inhibitory effect on MDA production. Inhibitory effect of tyrosinase as a major enzyme of melanin synthesis was also measured. In these results, EFAT showed higher inhibitory effect against L-DOPA (51.27%) than L-tyrosine. IC50 value on α-glucosidase was 41.93 ㎍/㎖. In B16/F10 melanoma cells, EFAT inhibited melanin synthesis at 200 ㎍/㎖ concentration (about 42% decrease). Finally, main physiological compounds of EFAT were identified as a rutin and a chlorogenic acid using high performance liquid chromatography.

This research was performed to develop mass propagation method of Alpine modest primrose (Primula modesta var. hannasanensis T.Yamaz.) for improving the conservation and utilization of the species. Seeds were collected on August 2011 in Jeju-city and well-selected seeds were dry-stored at 4 ± 1.0℃. Seed size ranged 0.44 ± 0.07 × 0.61 ± 0.04 ㎜, and weight of 1,000 seeds was 51.78 ± 0.021 ㎎. Thus the seed was classified as ‘dwarf seeds’. As the result of dormancy characteristics, moisture content of freshly matured seeds increased rapidly by water-soaking treatment and seeds did not germinate at 20℃ for 4 weeks under the light condition. Therefore, seeds were estimated to have physiological dormancy. Germination conditions of dry-stored seeds were found to be 20℃ and light condition, and seeds did not germinated under dark condition regardless of all temperature regimes. Therefore, Alpine modest primrose seed was considered as photoblastic type. Percent germination (PG) and germination energy (GE) were greatly improved by soaking the seeds in GA3 and kinetin for 24 hours. Especially, 200~500 ㎎/L GA3 treatment resulted in the highest PG (95.5%) and GE (98.3%). So, chemical treatment such as GA3 was thought to be a useful method for raising seedling uniformly.

Spiraea prunifolia Sieb. et Zucc. var. simpliciflora Nakai (SSN) has been used for the anti-inflammation in traditional folk medicine. To compare water and methanol extracts of SSN, we analyzed major components using LC IT TOF MS. The major components of hot water extract were identified as caffeic acid and p-coumaric acid, but methanol extract was not well established. However, methanol extract was detected with less polarity compounds compared to hot water extract. Next, we investigated the inhibitory effects of SSN water extract on the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammatory response or H2O2-induced oxidative stress in Raw 264.7 macrophage cells. SSN strongly suppressed the production of nitric oxide in LPS-induced inflammatory response without cytotoxcity. The SSN possessed free radical scavenging activities such as DPPH (IC50=320.2 ㎍/㎖), ABTS (IC50=124.0 ㎍/㎖), and superoxide anion radical (IC50=122.6 ㎍/㎖). The total phenol and flavonoid content of SSN was 56.7 ㎎/g, and 15.1 ㎎/g, respectively. Furthermore, SSN decreased the H2O2-induced cytotoxicity by enhancing the cell viability, and SSN significantly reduced the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level. Therefore, SSN may be recommended as an effective strategy to prevent and/or treat various inflammation and ROS-induced diseases.

Background: This study were performed to determine the effect of root pruning of Zizyphus jujuba var. inermis (Bunge) Rehder. Root cutting inhibit vegetative growth and promote reproductive growth as temporarily reducing growth, net assimilation, water potential of leaf and cytokinin level. Methods and Results: The root pruning was treated of the root cutting widths 50, and 80㎝ and the root cutting depths 10, and 20㎝. The amount of root pruning and the number of suckers were the highest in the root-pruning treatment at a width of 50㎝ and a depth of 20㎝. The blooming time was from June 18 to 20, and no difference was observed in the blooming time among the rootpruning treatments. The number of flowers was rather higher in the root-pruning treatment at a width of 50㎝ and a depth of 20㎝ and at a width of 80㎝ and a depth of 20㎝. The percentage of fruit setting was higher in the plants whose roots were pruned at a depth of 20㎝ than in the untreated plants. The fruit size, fruit weight, and sugar content showed no difference among the root-pruning treatments. Conclusions: The results showed that percentage of fruit setting increased with root pruning, while no difference was observed in the growth and fruit quality of plants.

본 연구에서는 서리태 발효추출물의 모발보호효과를 확인하기 위한 연구를 수행하였다. 화학적 산화를 통해 손상된 모발을 준비한 뒤 서리태 발효추출물을 처리하였을 때 모발의 형태학적 특성, 인장강도, 구성성분의 변화를 분석하여 비교하였다. 그 결과 모발에 산화제를 처리하였을 때, 표피의 큐티클 층이 손상되고 모발의 인 장강도가 14.32 ± 0.83 g/cm2에서 12.32 ± 0.79 g/cm2로 감소되었음을 확인하였다. FT-IR 분석결과 산화 제를 처리한 모발은 버진 헤어에 비하여 1,077, 1,041, 801 cm-1에 해당하는 피크가 증가하였으며, 이를 통해 케라틴 단백질 간의 이황화 결합에 필수적인 시스테인이 산화되는 것을 확인하였다. 반면, 손상된 모발에 서리태 발효추출물을 처리한 경우에는 표피의 큐티클 층의 틈이 메워지고, 인장강도가 14.27 ± 0.96 g/cm2로 회복되 었으며, 모발의 성분 중 시스테인의 산화물 비율이 감소하는 것으로 분석되었다. 이러한 결과들을 통해 발효 서 리태 추출물은 산화제에 의해 손상된 모발의 보호 소재로 연구될 가치가 있는 것으로 기대된다.

Background : To select plant resources of the possibility of development as a natural antioxidant, the antioxidant activities including total polyphenol content (TPC), 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid (ABTS), 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazil (DPPH), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and reducing power (RP) of perilla accessions collected from South Korea were conducted. Method and Results : A total of 18 perilla accessions by regions were selected. Two grams of dried perilla leaves were extracted with 85% ethanol and used for analysis of antioxidant activity. Antioxidant activity value was measured in a spectrophotometer. Perilla extracts showed variation in TPC ranging from 30.87 to 92.66 ㎍ GAE ㎎-1 dw. ABTS, DPPH, FRAP and RP ranged from 6.83 to 38.64 ㎍ Trolox ㎎-1 dw, 0.63 to 8.62 ㎍ ASC ㎎-1 dw, 5.05 to 17.57 ㎍ ASC ㎎-1 dw, and 4.52 to 35.69 ㎍ ASC ㎎-1 dw, respectively. TPC was high in perilla leaves of Gyeongsang-do, but other antioxidant activities were high in perilla leaves of Chungcheong-do. Cluster analysis based on antioxidant acitivities of 18 perilla accessions consist of group Ⅰ (3 accessions), Ⅱ (2 accessions), Ⅲ (5 accessions) and Ⅳ (8 accessions). Group Ⅱ characterized as higher antioxidant activities than other groups. Principal component analysis (PCA) based on antioxidant data revealed that the first two principal components (PC1 and PC2) together explained 97.78 % total variation. Conclusion : IT242410 and IT235354 of group Ⅱ showed high antioxidant activity. These resources will be useful for developing natural antioxidants.

Background : This study aimed to determine the use of proper organic fertilizer through side dressing application in the environmental cultivation of Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara. to improve farming income. Methods and Results : In the cultivation of eco-friendly and environmental medicinal plant like Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara., it is necessary to use organic instead of chemical fertilizer. Organic fertilizers such as HL, CK, OK were applied three (3) times during the last ten days of July, August, and September. There was no significant difference between CF and NT, in terms of the number of rooting per 1㎡ which was 12.1 -12.9. There were also no significant differences in plant length, leaf length, leaf width and dry weight. The root length was 19.9 ㎝, which was the longest in CK, and 16.8 ㎝, the shortest in ST, but described as no significant difference. The root width was 14.8 – 5.5 ㎜, and the number of rootlet was 5.7 - 7.1, but was considered not a significant difference. The dry weight was 16.6 g in HL, 16.3 g in CK and ST, and 15.6 g in OK, but still there were no significant differences observed. However, it was 14.6 g in NT, which was considered the lowest, thus there was a significant difference. The number of dry root per 10 a was 149 ㎏ which is considered the most in HL, 141 ㎏ in CK, 140 ㎏ in ST, and 138kg in OK yet there were no significant differences observed. While NT only had 123 ㎏ hence, there was a significant difference on the number of dry root per 10a as compared with the group applied with the three organic fertilizers. Conclusion : In conclusion, it is proper to use Organic Fertilizer HL and CK through side dressing application in growing Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara.

Background : This project was conducted to determine proper seed harvest time and seed storage methods of Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara. Methods and Results : When Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara. transplanted this year, seeding can only be done the following year. Therefore, the seeds harvested in the interval of ten (10) days were investigated for seed harvest amount, germination rate, seed storage temperature and storing on container, between the period late August and mid-October. It is when the seed fructification started and ended. The seeds harvested from the first ten (10) days of October to mid October were 87.9% in whole seeds. The proper seed harvesting time was mid October which has a germination rate of 75% in whole seed harvest time. The lowest germination rate of 27.3% was at the germination temperature of 15℃. As the temperature rises, the germination rate increases. In 29℃, the germination rate was at 79% which is the highest; and from 30℃, the germination rate decreased to 71%. When the storage temperature was at 0℃ after storage of 5 months, the germination rate was at 83%. However, after storage of 12 months, it decreased by 7% that was 76%. When in 4℃, after storage of 5 months the germination rate was at 85%. However, after storage of 12 months it decreased by 8% which was 77%. In room temperature after storage of 5 months, germination rate was at 77%, but after storage of 12 months it decreased by 22% which was 55%. When seeds were stored in vinyl container, it was observed that the germination rate was at 86% after 5 months of storage, which was 9% higher than seed stored in paper which was 77%. After 12 months storage, seed in vinyl container had a germination rate of 71%, which was 3% higher than seed in paper at 68%. Conclusion : It is concluded that the proper time of seed gathering of Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara. is during the first ten (10) days of October to mid-October. When the long time storage is needed, below zero temperature with vinyl container is more appropriate.

Background : Adenophora triphylla var. japonica (Regel) H. Hara shows vegetative growth by radical leaf until 1 year after sowing and shows reproductive growth during the second year and there is a characteristic of bolting by turning into cauline leaf. In addition, the phenotypes of plants varies even though they are belonging to the same species. For this reason, there is a limit for the classification of the species by the method of visual examination. Methods and Results : Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were developed based on the genomic sequence of A. triphylla using next generation sequencing to prepare the basis of molecular breeding and analyze the genetic diversity. Ninety-five primer sets including tri-, tetra- and penta-nucleotide motif types were randomly selected and they were applied to mixed genomic DNA and finally 39 primer sets showing from two to four bands were selected and used for genetic relationship analysis. Conclusions : Using the next generation sequencing, 39 polymorphic SSR markers were developed.

본 연구에서 마삭줄(Trachelospermum asiaticum var. intermedium Nakai)을 용매별과 ethanol 농도별로 추출한 결과, 용매별 추출에서 ethanol 추출물이 20.8 mg/g으로 가장 높은 phenolic compounds 용출량을 보였고, 농도별 추출에서 70% ethanol 추출물이 38.1 mg/g으로 가장 높았다. 물 추출물은 16.8 mg/g의 phenolic compounds 용출량을 보였다. 마삭줄을 물과 ethanol을 추출용매로 사용하여 항산화 효과와 항통풍 및 항당뇨 효과를 확인하여 건강 기능성 식품으로의 가능성을 증명 하고자 하였다. DPPH radical 소거능 측정 결과, 100 μg/mL phenolic compounds의 농도에서 물 추출물은 80.9%, 70% ethanol 추출물은 83.1%의 활성을 나타내었다. ABTS radical 소거능 측정 결과 200 μg/mL phenolic compounds의 농도에서 물 추출물은 95.0%, 70% ethanol 추출물은 95.8%의 소거능력을 나타내었다. PF 측정결과, 100 μg/mL phenolic compounds의 농도에서 물 추출물은 2.43 PF, 70% ethanol 추출물에서는 2.45 PF를 나타내었다. TBARs 측정 결과, 200 μg/mL phenolic compounds의 농도에서 물과 70% ethanol 추출물에서 89.9%와 89.3%의 활성을 나타내었다. 통풍 억제 효과 측정 결과, 200 μg/mL phenolic compounds의 농도에서 물 추출물은 33.3%, 70% ethanol 추출물은 50.5%의 저해 효과를 나타내었다. α-glucosidase 저해 효과 측정 결과, 물 추출물에는 저해 효과가 나타나지 않았고, 70% ethanol 추출물에서는 200 μg/mL phenolic compounds의 농도에서 92.6%의 저해 효과를 나타내었다. 이러한 결과들로 미루어 보았을 때 마삭줄 추출물은 항산화 작용과 건강 기능성 식품으로 활용 가능성을 확인할 수 있었다.

본 연구에서는 긴병꽃풀의 항산화 효과와 기능성을 활용한 양갱을 제조하여 기계적 특성을 측정하고, 관능적 기호도 평가를 실시하였다. 생리활성 물질의 양을 측정하기 위하여 페놀성 화합물 정량을 실시한 결과 긴병꽃풀 열수추출물에서 12.99±0.30 mg/g, 70% ethanol 추출물에서 3.14±0.07 mg/g으로 나타내었다. 50-200 μg/mL의 농도에서 항산화 효과를 측정한 결과, 전자공여능은 열수추출물과 70% ethanol 추출물에서 각각 77.16-78.24%, 73.04-77.00%로 나타내었으며, ABTS는 84.35-99.75%, 83.74-99.55%로 나타내었다. Antioxidant protection factor(PF)는 1.54-1.62, 1.62-2.09 PF를 나타내었으며, TBARs는 42.93-94.09%, 91.05-95.19%로 나타내었다. 긴병꽃풀 추출물의 열수추출물과 70% ethanol 추출물은 거의 비슷한 항산화 효과를 나타내었으나, PF와 TBARs에서는 70% ethanol 추출물에서 더 우수한 항산화 효과를 나타내었다. Tyrosinase 저해활성은 열수추출물에서는 효과가 나타나지 않았으며, 70% ethanol 추출물에서는 30.32-40.56%의 저해활성을 나타내었다. Hyaluronidase 저해활성은 14.23-40.93%, 57.45-72.88%로 70% ethanol 추출물이 더 우수한 저해활성을 나타내었으며, 50-100 μg/mL의 저농도에서는 positive control로 사용한 PDTC보다 우수한 저해활성을 나타내었다. 색도는 긴병꽃풀 분말의 첨가량이 증가할수록 L 값과 a 값은 감소하는 경향을 나타내었고 b 값은 일정하게 나타내었다. 기계적 조직감은 경도와 탄력성에서 긴병꽃풀 분말의 첨가량이 증가할수록 감소하는 경향을 나타내었고, 응집성은 첨가량과 관계없이 일정한 값을 나타내었다. 씹힘성은 2.0%에서 가장 높은 수치를 나타내었으나 대조군과 첨가군 간의 유의적 차이는 나타나지 않았고, 긴병꽃풀 분말이 양갱의 기계적 조직감에 영향을 준다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 긴병꽃풀 분말 첨가 양갱의 관능적 기호도는 점도, 경도, 씹힘성, 탄력성, 맛, 향, 전반적인 기호도 항목에서 대조군을 제외하고 1.0% 이하 첨가군에서 기호도가 높게 나타내었으며 2.0% 첨가군은 모든 항목에서 가장 낮은 기호도를 나타내었다. 위 결과에 따라 긴병꽃풀 분말을 이용한 양갱 제조에는 1.0% 이하의 농도를 사용하여 제조하는 것이 가장 적합하다고 판단되었다.

Purpose – In this article, a dynamic model like a VAR is an appropriate choice for estimating the possible interrelationship between ownership structure and firm performance as a dynamic process. Research design, data, and methodology – Data of this work are collected from Chinese stock exchange including 350 Chinese-listed firms during the period of 1999-2012. We hypothesize that this interrelationship dynamically exists between ownership structure and firm performance. To examine the correlation, a panel Vector Auto-regression (PVAR) approach generated by GMM method is utilized to test the possible dynamic relation embedded in corporate governance. Another two dynamic analysis solutions such as orthogonalized impulse-response function and variance decomposition are also used simultaneously. Results – Findings of this study indicate the evidence that dynamically endogenous relationship exists between ownership structure and firm performance. Further, there is a dynamical correlation between investment and performance. Impulse response and variance decomposition illustrate that impact of a shock to variables themselves is the main source for their variability. Conclusions – The conclusion in this study is that there is a bidirectional and inter-temporal effect between proportion of ownership and corporate performance for a long run in accordance with impulse response function. Overall, our results suggest that corporate governance in China is more market oriented.

Research has found that the management of the host plant is essential to mistletoe cultivation. A Trunk injection test on the host plant that contained a mixture of indole-3-butryc acid (IBA) and liquid fertilizer was conducted with respect to the improvement of the one year survival rate of mistletoe. As a result, the trunk injection experiments showed the effect of the IBA and liquid fertilizer mixture in all treatments. This mixture was effective to increase the survival rate of mistletoe by 20% with the IBA at 100 ㎎/L and Hyponex at 100 ㎎/L. The examination proved that the host plant fertilizer effect was the most effective treatment for organic fertilizer with 60% added NPK (4-2-1). Its effects were higher compared to the control at the length and diameter of one-years-old branches in the host plant, even when the parasitic mistletoe improved its growth in length, diameter, and number of branches. Comparing the control and host plant fertilizer, the latter was the most effective way to process 20 ㎏ per a treatment effect in the experimental site and to process at any time after the inoculation. This treatment is effective to improve the growth of mistletoe by watering the host plant three times per week. Therefore, the management of the host plant is an essential element in the successful cultivation of mistletoe, not only to supply fertilizer and plant hormones to the host plant in the initial inoculation time but also to provide organic fertilizer and irrigation for the host plant.

본 연구에서는 좁은잎천선과 잎 추출물 및 극성별 용매 분획물의 항산화 활성을 검색하고 유효성분을 분리하여 화학구조를 규명하였다. 좁은잎천선과 잎 추출물 및 용매 분획물의 DPPH 및 ABTS+ 라디칼 소거 활 성을 측정한 결과 에틸아세테이트 분획물에서 우수한 라디칼 소거 활성을 확인하였다. 활성이 좋은 에틸아세테 이트 분획물에서 유효성분을 찾고자 vacuum liquid chromatography (VLC), silica gel column chromatography를 실시하였으며, 분리된 화합물은 1H 및 13C NMR 데이터 분석 및 문헌치 비교를 통하여 총 5개의 화합 물을 동정하였다. 분리된 화합물은 monoolein (1), oleic acid (2), lutein (3), afzelechin (4), catechin (5)으 로 확인되었으며 이들은 모두 좁은잎천선과에서 처음으로 분리된 화합물이다. 분리된 화합물에 대한 DPPH 및 ABTS+ 라디칼 소거 활성 실험 결과 afzelechin (4) 및 catechin (5)에서 활성이 우수하게 나타났으며 특히 catechin (5)의 경우 대조군인 비타민 C보다 더 좋은 라디칼 소거 활성이 있음을 확인하였다. 또한 HPLC 분석 을 통해 좁은잎천선과 잎에서 분리된 catechin의 함량을 확인한 결과 추출물에서 3.8 mg/g, 에틸아세테이트 분획물에서 20.8 mg/g이 함유되어 있는 것으로 확인되었다. 이상의 연구 결과로부터 좁은잎천선과 잎을 이용한 천연 항산화 소재로의 개발이 가능할 것이라 사료된다

This study was carried out to determine the descriptive sensory profile of oriental melon. The sensory profile of oriental melons (cultivated in Seonju, Kyungsangbuk-do) were used quantitative descriptive analyses and twelve trained panel developed the total forty sensory attributes related appearance, aroma, texture etc. Six appearances attributes and two aromas attributes were derived from whole oriental melon with skin. Five aromas, six tastes and six textures were derived from the mesocarp of oriental melon. And also, oriental melons were analyzed for pH, titratable acidity, solid soluble contents and weight. The weight, titratable acidity and soluble solid content of oriental melons showed significant differences according to samples. And also, in the sensory attributes of these samples by trained panel and consumer test, there were significant differences between organic cultivated samples and conventional cultivated samples. Based on principal component analysis of sensory attributes data by trained panel and consumer, oriental melons were primary separated along the first principal component, which accounted for 27.73% (trained panel test) and 19.82% (consumer test) of total variance (trained panel test; 58.36%, consumer test; 46.18%) between the samples farm, cultivation method, total acidity, sweet aroma, bitterness, etc. Generally, whole oriental melon with skin showed significant differences in the sensory attributes according to cultivation method and farms. But, the mesocarp and endocarp part showed not certainly differences in the sensory attributes between organic cultivated samples except conventional cultivated samples.

Background : Oxidative stress condition refers as disturbed homeostasis between the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and the antioxidant system that results in severe pathological conditions. To balance such an oxidative stress condition external antioxidant sources are required. Methods and Results : In view of the above, present study was carried out to investigate the cytoprotective role of the strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa var. Seolhyang) root extract (SRE) against oxidative stress condition stimulated by H2O2 in murine macrophages Raw 264.7 cells and further evaluation of intracellular ROS level, lipid peroxidation and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity as oxidative stress markers. Cytoprotective effect of SRE was evaluated by quantifying survival of macrophages challenged by H2O2 in presence and absence of SRE. Finding suggest a 60.1 ± 7.5% cell survival in H2O2 treated cells as compare to 100% survival in control cells. However, a significant increase in cell survival with 62.7 ± 2.9, 74.2 ± 5.2 and 81.3 ± 3.3% were observed in the cells treated with 2.5, 5, 10 μg/ml of SRE respectively. A reduced ROS level together with inhibition of the lipid peroxidation and MPO activity was observed in the cells treated with SRE as compare to only H2O2 treated cells. Conclusion : Our results signify the potency of SRE to protect the cells from oxidative stress implied by H2O2 and can be used as a source of antioxidant for health benefits.

Background : Ixeris genus has been used in traditional medicines as stomachics, sedatives, and diuretics. Ixeris dentata var albiflora is a kind of perennial herbaceous plant and one of the plants of the genus Ixeris (Asteraceae). It is well-known for edible wild vegetable in Korea, China, Japan, and Mongolia. Specially, Korean has its root and young leaf with appetizing vegetable due to bitter taste. Methods and Results : We isolated 8 genes that are involved in carotenoid biosynthesis using the Illumina/Solexa HiSeq2000 platform. In this study, a full-length cDNA clone encoding phytoene synthase (IdPSY), phytoene desaturase (IdPDS), ξ-carotene desaturase (IdZDS), lycopene β-cyclase (IdLCYB), and zeaxanthin epoxidase (IdZEP) and partial-length cDNA clones encoding lycopene ε-cyclase (IdLCYE), ε-ring carotene hydroxylase (IdCHXE), and β-ring carotene hydroxylase (IdCHXB2) were identified in I. dentata. The theoretical molecular weight (MW) and isoelectric point values of 8 genes were investigated. Sequence analyses revealed that these proteins shared high identity and conserved domains with their orthologous genes. IdPSY, IdPDS, IdZDS, IdLCYB, IdCHXB2, and IdZEP were constitutively expressed in the roots, stems, leaves, and flowers of I. dentata. Conclusion : Our study on the biosynthesis of carotenoids in I. dentata will provide basic data for elucidating the contribution of carotenoids to the considerable medicinal properties of I. dentata.

Background : Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara. is one of the important oriental medicinal herbs being used to cure lung/respiratory diseases. It belongs to the five Sam (ginseng) including Panax ginseng, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Sophora flavescens, and Scrophularia buergeriana. In 2015, Korea produced 72 tons of medicinal herbs in a 14-hectare area and imported 24 tons valued at US$95,000. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of several biopesticides to control leaf spot of A. triphylla var. japonica Hara. Methods and Results : One year plants at the Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA were used. The treatments used biopesticides such as plant extracts (BP), microbial agent (DM), microbial agent (PJ), sulfur powder (HS), and controlled chemicals (ST), while non treatment (NT) was used as control. After the early part of disease outbreak, the plants were treated four times with 7 days interval. The incidence of leaf spot, efficacy, phytotoxicity and control value were investigated. Based on the efficacy test, incidence of leaf spot is lowest at 15.6% in plant extracts (BP). Other biopesticides showed higher incidence - 16.7% for microbial agent (DM), 17.8% for microbial agent (PJ), 18.9% for sulfur powder (HS) and 71.1% for non treatment (NT), compared with 11.1% in controlled chemicals (ST). The microbial agent (PJ), sulfur powder (HS), plant extracts (BP) and microbial agent (DM) were not damaged in the phytotoxicity test. In the test of application dose, time and methods, the control value was highest in plant extracts (BP) at 78.1%, followed by microbial agent (DM) at 76.6%, microbial agent (PJ) at 75.0%, and sulfur powder (HS) at 73.4% , compared with controlled chemicals (ST) at 84.4%. Conclusion : It is possible to use biopesticides at the proper time to prevent leaf spot in Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara.

Background : Adenophora triphylla var. japonica Hara. is used to cure respiratory/ lung diseases, which makes it an important oriental medicinal herb. It is one of the five Sam (ginseng), which includes Panax ginseng, Salvia miltiorrhiza, Sophora flavescens, and Scrophularia buergeriana. In 2015, Korea imported 24 tons of medicinal herbs worth US$95,000. This study was carried out to investigate the effect of several mulching materials on the growth and root yield of A. triphylla var. japonica using organic fertilizer. Methods and Result : Seeds of A. triphylla var. japonica were collected at the nursery of the Department of Herbal Crop Research, NIHHS, RDA in 2015. Mulching materials used are black plastic, black woven fabric, and biodegradable plastic. Hand weeding was done to serve as control. The soil was fertilized two months before planting. Seeds of A. triphylla var. japonica were sowed in tray in early March and were allowed to grow for two months. It was planted in early May with planting density of 30 ㎝ x 15 ㎝ and was covered with various mulching materials. Parameters investigated are survival rate, aerial part and root growth characteristics, and yield at harvest time. Results showed that biodegradable plastic is most favorable for plant growth with height of 17.2cm, leaf length of 13.4cm and leaf width of 5.6 ㎝. Dry plant weight was heaviest in biodegradable plastic treatment at 2.8 g, and lightest at 2.5 g when planted without mulch. Biodegradable plastic has the highest dry root weight of 19.3 g, followed by black vinyl (18.4 g), woven fabric (18.3 g) and without mulch (17.9 g). The yield obtained per 10 a was highest in biodegradable plastic treatment at 174 ㎏, while black vinyl and woven fabric treatments produced 169 ㎏ and 160 ㎏, respectively. Plants without mulch had the lowest yield of 157 ㎏. Conclusion : In the above results, biodegradable plastic and woven fabric are considered suitable mulching materials for the cultivation of A. triphylla var. japonica.

This study was carried out to develop an effective seed propagation method for Thalictrum rochebrunianum var. grandisepalum (H. Lev.) Nakai by analyzing seed dormancy types and germination characteristics. Seeds were collected between September to October at Gangwon province, and well-selected seeds were used while being dry-stored at 4±1℃. The seed size ranged 4.52 × 1.58 ㎜ and the weight of thousand seeds were 1,603.5 ± 0.02 ㎎. The moisture content was 7.2%. Seeds were achene type, and morphology characters showed an elliptical shape and rough texture, and light brown in color. Moist-chilling treatment was conducted for dormancy breaking because the seeds had an undeveloped embryo of liner type. The embryo had developed during a moist-chilling period, constantly, and fully developed in 10 weeks. Consequently, it seemed to be non-deep complex or intermediate complex type of morphophysiological dormancy, and embryo dormancy was broken by wet-chilling for 10 weeks. After 10 weeks of wet-chilling treatment, seed germination began. Germination percentage was higher in dark condition raher than light condition and recorded the maximum at 25℃ in the dark (16.3%). A pre-soaking treatment with a combined plant growth hormones promoted germination and shortened T50. Specifically, seed germination of 84.5% was achieved by pre-soaking of seeds with a combined solution of 500 ㎎/L GA3 and 10 ㎎/L kinetin for 24 h after a wet-chilling treatment for 10 weeks. Thus the effect of plant growth hormones coupled with chilling temperature on seed breaking dormancy provide asubsequent growth of seedlings for successful plantation.