This study was performed to compare the host preference, survivorship and feeding behavior using EPG against ggot-mae-mi, Lycorma delicatula against seven plants such as Ailanthus altissima, Vitis vinifera, Malus pumila, Pyrus calleryana, Hibiscus syriacus, and Pinus densiflora. In host preference. L. delicatula was most preferred the Ailanthus altissima, Vitis vinifera and was not preferred the other plants. Survival rate of 3rd Nymph was recorded from Ailanthus altissima, Vitis vinifera as 15.0, and 15.4 days, respectively, it showed longest period. However, Malus pumila, Pyrus calleryana, Hibiscus syriacus, were survived within 6 days and Pinus densiflora was within 5 days. Moreover, L. delicatula was survived within 2 days to the three kinds of fruits. Ecdysis rate from 3rd to 4th nymph also high from Ailanthus altissima, Vitis vinifera as 63.3, 63.0 % and the order was followed as Malus pumila(17.7%) > Pyrus calleryana(9.3%) > Hibiscus syriacus(7.8%) > Pinus densiflora(5.9%). Especially, ecdysis rate was recorded 0% to the three kinds of fruits. Feeding behavior was analyzed using EPG and compared the differences their waveform from seven kinds of plants and three kinds of fruits. Non-probing time was short in host plants, reversely, Phloem-feeding time was recorded longer in Ailanthus altissima, Vitis vinifera as 45.7 and 13.7 min, respectively. And other plants and fruits were not showed feeding behavior.

This study was performed to investigate the correlation between changes of feeding behavior of green peach aphid, Myzus persicae and residual effect of an insecticide, Pyrifluzuinazon, using EPG technique. Pyrifluquinazon was showed the insecticidal activity until three days (72h) after treatment, and the activity was high in nymph than adult of GPA. There was no difference among treatment methods. Lethal sign was observed the slimed the abdomen of GPA after 3 days that rises the insecticidal activity, and dieㅇ as being sticked and/or pulled out the needle. Residual efficacy from 1, 3, 5, 7 to 20 days after treatment, insecticidal activity was showed 70% in 50 ppm, recommended concentration, until 5 days. And waveforms relating to non-probe time and phloem phase time using EPA, feeding inhibition efficacy was showed during 5 days after treatment, but showed similar level with control after 13 days. These results show that the change of feeding behavior of GPA is correlated with the change of residual effect of pyrifluzuinazon.

For the comparing of mortality of the resistance and susceptible population of Myzus persicae, etofenprox was treated in the recommended concentration of 200ppm. Mortalities of resistance population were 16.7 and 36.7%, and susceptible population were 86.7 and 86.7% after 24 and 48 hours treatment, respectively. For the detect of cross resistance to other pyrethroids, 6 pyrethroids were examined. Mortalities of susceptible and resistance populations were 90 and 31% to deltamethrin, 92 and 23% to lambda cyhalothrin, 81 and 14% to cypermethrin, 70 and 20% to α-cypermethrin, 29 and 28% to fenpropathrin, 84 and 29% to fenvalerate, respectively. It was showed that resistance populations were generally resistive to other pyrethroids. On the other hands, for recognized ecological characteristic of M. persicae susceptible and resistance populations life table was tested on the pepper leaves in the petri dish and on the plant in the pot. This results were showed that intrinsic rate of increase (r<SUB>m</SUB>), net reproduction number (R₀) and generation time in day (T<SUB>c</SUB>) were significantly different between two population in both tested. However, life span and reproduction period were slightly different between them. Otherwise, feeding behaviors were tested using EPG technique with non- and treated etofenprox. First potential drop time of susceptible and resistance population was 73.5 and 257.9 sec with non-treated and 93.3 and 1076.2 sec after treated, respectively. Electrical probing signals were 8.2 and 48.8 times with susceptible and resistance individuals after treated etofenprox, respectively. It was supposed that the resistance is more probings than susceptible population. After treated, total feeding time have more 6,728.9 sec on resistance than 965.5 sec on susceptible population. So, total non penetration time of susceptible population was 3,000 sec longer than resistance population.

This study was carried out between November 2007 and October 2008 in the experimental farm of Chunnam National University to investigate the effect of feeding of whole crop barley silage on the reproductive performance of Hanwoo heifers and cows. Two diets, rice straw or whole crop barley silage separately from concentrate were fed 11 Hanwoo heifers and 26 Hanwoo cows. In control group (=CON), heifers (n=6) and cows (n=13) were fed 7 kg (/head) rice straw and 4 kg (/head) commercial diet. In whole crop barley silage group (=WBG), heifers (n=5) and cows (n=13) were fed 8 kg (/head) whole crop barley silage and 1 kg (/head) commercial diet. 1. Conception rates for first service in CON or WBG heifers were 66.7% (4/6) and 60.0% (3/5), respectively, and the services per conception cows were 1.5±0.2 for CON and 1.4±0.2 for WBG group. 2. Days to post-partum insemination were 106.6±26.3 days for CON and 85.6±12.6 days for WBG group, and days to post-partum conception in CON or WBG were 128.4±27.1 and 96.8±16.8 days, respectively. 3. Post-partum conception rates for first service in CON or WBG were 76.9% (10/13) and 84.6% (11/13), respectively, and caving interval was 418.1±50.7 days for CON and 392.8±20.7 days for WBG group.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate growth performance in dairy goats (Saanen) fed total mixed ration (TMR) of different nutrition levels. Twenty four growing female goats of 8 months of age were randomly assigned to one of four TMRs; low energy-low crude protein (CP) TMR (control), high energy-low CP TMR (T1), low energy-high CP TMR (T3) and high energy-high CP TMR (T4). The content of total digestible nutrients (TDN) and CP in the control diet were 64% and 12%. The TDN content of the high energy TMR was 72% and the CP content of the high CP TMR was 14%. Feed intakes were 1,194g, 1,060g and 1,124g for T1, T2 and T3, respectively, being higher than control (1,039g). Average daily gain was also numerically higher for T1 (170.2g), T2 (114.5g) and T3 (154.9g) than for control (109.0g). The difference of average daily gain between T1 and control was statistically significant (P＜0.05). Although there were no significant differences in feed intake (% of body weight) between treatments, feed conversion ratios showed different responses; T1 (7.01) and T3 (7.26) being higher than T2 (9.26) and control (9.53). The increases of heart girth were 11.8㎝, 10.0㎝ and 11.4㎝ for T1, T2 and T3, respectively, being higher than control (8.1㎝).

Nymphal development of the B and Q biotypes of Bemisia tabaci was normal on all seven tomato varieties tested. However, their nymphal development was different on red pepper varieties. B biotype was not normally developed on nine red pepper varieties tested. On the contrary, Q biotype was normally developed, but its adult emergence rate was very low in Nokkwang variety than in other eight varieties. The EPG analysis of the feeding behavior of Bemisia tabaci showed that B and Q biotypes had different duration of phloem phases on red pepper. Q biotype showed longer phloem phases than B biotype. On Nokkwang variety, Q biotype had short phloem phases and did not prefer to feed on Nokkwang variety. Interestingly, Q biotype was found to have long duration of phloem phases on eight red pepper varieties, but B biotype did not prefer to feed on red pepper varieties. However, both biotypes did not show any difference in feeding time on tomato varieties.

The changes of feeding pattern and the amount of insecticide penetrated into the leaf were monitored for 420 min after treatment of three concentrations of dinotefuran. At about 30 min after treatment of insecticide, the overall feeding pattern in EPG (Electrical Penetration Graph) monitoring was started to change, and there was significant difference in proportions of NP (non-penetration), PA (pathway activity), and phloem-feeding patterns among the different concentrations of dinotefuran treatment. Especially, as the amount of insecticide penetrated into a leaf increased, the reactive behaviors against this insecticide such as withdrawal of proboscis and movements of stylet of aphid were more quickly exhibited. And also, total time at which the proboscis of the aphids did not penetrate the plant was getting longer. The amount of dinotefuran penetrated into a leaf was monitored with HPLC. When the recommended concentration (100 ㎎/L) of the insecticide was treated, 5.24~7.24 ㎎/L of the insecticide was detected from the leaf, and the proboscis of the aphids was apparently withdrawn from the leaf at approximately 60 minutes after treatment of this insecticide.

A glucose-regulated protein 78 (grp78) gene, which is belongs to a heat shock cognate 70 (hsc70) subfamily, was cloned from Indian meal moth, Plodia interpunctella. Its full length cDNA was 2679 bp and contains a 1980 bp open reading frame. The translated amino acid sequence consists of 660 residues with a calculated molecular mass of 72,975 Da and an isoelectronic point (pI) of 5.27. It contains several highly conserved functional motifs of the Hsp70 family and, particularly, C-terminal motif of KDEL that is characteristic for endoplasmic reticulum (ER) hsc70. Its deduced amino acid sequence shows a high identity (83-94%) with Hsc70s of other insects and grouped with Hsc70-3 among 5 Hsc70 members of Drosophila melanogaster. During development the grp78 transcript level was high in egg, feeding larval and adult stages but low in molting and wandering larval and pupal stages. Particularly its level was higher in the gut than integument and fat body of fifth instars. Furthermore its level was greatly decreased when fifth instar larvae were starved for 48 hrs but recovered at 3-6 hrs after re-fed diet. Our data suggests that grp78 is a member of hsc70 gene that belongs to ER and may have a role for energy metabolism at cellular level.

두루미류의 취식무리 크기 및 구성과 도로 유형별, 취식무리 규모에 따른 분포거리 연구를 월동기인 2005년 12월에서 2006년 2월까지 총 8회 실시하였다. 두루미와 재두루미의 취식무리는 주로 2~4개체로 구성된 무리였다. 두루미와 재두루미 모두 혼종무리 보다는 단일종의 취식무리가 많았다. 두루미와 재두루미간 취식무리 크기별 비율은 유의한 차이가 있었다. 두루미의 포장도로(PR)와의 평균거 리는 비포장농로(UPR), 포장농로(PFR), 비포장농로(UPFR) 도로와의 거리에 비하여 멀었다. 재두루미의 경우 도로로부터의 이격거리는 농로로부터의 거리와 차이가 있었다. 두루미와 재두루미 종간 도로유형별 이격거리는 포장도로에서만 유의미한 차이가 있었다. 이 결과는, 두루미류가 차량 출입이 잦은 도로를 차량 출입이 낮은 농로에 비하여 선호하지 않는 것을 보여준다. 포장도로에서 5개체 이상의 두루미 취식무리는 전체 취식무리와 5개체 미만의 취식무리에 비하여 도로로부터 이격거리가 멀었다. 재두루미는 5개체 이상의 취식무리가 5개체 미만의 취식무리에 비하여 포장도로 및 포장농로와 비포장농로에서 이격거리가 멀었으며, 비포장도로에서는 무리크기에 따른 이격거리의 차이가 없었다. 결과적으로, 무리의 크기가 큰 경우 방해요인에 대한 영향이 일부 더 크게 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 두루미류의 큰 취식무리가 주변을 감시하는 효율이 무리크기가 작은 경우보다 높은 것과 관련이 있을 것으로 보인다.

After treatment with imidacloprid, there were clear differences in the time to the first reaction of Myzus persicae among the concentrations treated. The time taken for the proboscis of the aphids to penetrate, during the recording plants increased as the imidacloprid concentration increased. Imidacloprid concentration inflow into a leaf was investigated using high-performance liquid chromatography, and the residues of the imidacloprid varied slightly with the different concentrations treated. However, the inflow rates of this insecticide into a leaf increased as the dipping times increased. Furthermore, it was shown that there was no relationship in inflow concentration between the concentrations and times of treatment. However, the concentration in the leaf differed according to the dipping time. Judging from the fact that the first reaction behavior against imidacloprid displayed at an inflow concentration of 0.32-0.35 ㎎/L, we concluded that inflow concentrations causing the first reaction of the aphids to the insecticide were much lower than the concentration treated. The general feeding characteristics of the aphids indicated that xylem and/or phloem feeding behavior continued after a series of probing behaviors and stylet activity during the first 3 h from the start of EPG recording. After 90 min treatment with imidacloprid, feeding behavior over the next 30 min indicated a significant increase in the withdrawal of the stylet from the plant at all treated concentrations. Xylem and/or phloem feeding patterns were significantly decreased during this time. In particular, the proportion of xylem feeding differed according to the concentration of imidacloprid.

본 시험은 흑염소의 효율적인 사양관리체계의 확립에 기여하기 위하여, 재래흑염소 10두(male)와 교잡흑염소(재래흑염소호주야생염소 교잡종; 50:50%) 10두(male)를 공시하여, 시판 배합사료와 조사료를 급여하는 관행사료와 TMR 사료를 각각 급여하였을 때, 흑염소의 사료섭취량, 영양소소화율, 질소축적율 및 혈액성상에 미치는 영향을 조사하였으며, 실험기간은 사료 적응기간 14일 예비기간 10일을 거친 후, 14일간의 본 실험 기간을 두어 총 38일

비단가리비 치패의 수온(24, 27, 30℃)과 염분(24, 27, 30%o)에 따른 먹이 섭취 활동(여수율과 소화율)및 체조성의 변화를 조사한 결과 수온과 염분 변화에 의하여 일간 먹이량, 여수율, 소화율 및 체성분이 영향을 받는 것으로 나타났다. 수온과 염분에 따른 비단가리비의 여수율과 소화율은 수온 24℃의 30%o실험구에서 각각 8.88 L h-1 g-1과 25.42×107

In a cultivated field of Salicornia europae in the Jeonam Province, Korea, Scrobipalpa salinella (Lepidoptera, Gelechiidae) which feeds and leads to a serious damage was found. The discovery of this species is to reconfirm its distribution in Korea because the first report by Park and Ponomarenko (2006) was based on a single female and it was collected in a montane area far from seaside where its host plants, halophytes, are planted. For identification, photos of imago and genitalia are given, and the damage by larvae on Salicornia europae are noted.

Biotype Q of Sweetpotato whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) was raised in seven tomatoes and eight red pepper varieties; however, biotype B did not grow in red pepper varieties. Rokkusanmaru variety of tomato and Cheongpungdaegun variety of red pepper showed the highest susceptibility to biotype B and Q. HPLC (ELSD Detector) analysis showed that the presence of sugars such as erythritol, xylose, xylitol, fructose, glucose, mannitol, and sucrose in red pepper varieties; erythritol, xylose, fructose, glucose, and mannitol was in tomato varieties. Tomato varieties lacks xylitol and sucrose, which were present in the red pepper varieties. Subsequent bioassay with these two sugars, sucrose did not show significant difference between two biotypes; however, xylitol was showed only repellent effect against B biotype. Therefore, it seems that xylitol may play a key role in the selection of host plant by biotype B of sweetpotato whitefly.

Pine sawyer beetle, Monochamus saltuarius preferred the feed on fresh twig of Korean white pine trees (Pinus koraiensis) than one-year old and two-year twig. It means that the current twig is appropriate to increase the lifespan and reproduction of this insect. In a bioassay after fractionated the hexane layer from the water layer, the hexane layer did not show feeding response; however, the water layer was preferred in the order of fresh twig>one-year twig>two-year old twig. By HPLC analysis, we identified three kinds of sugar, namely, fructose, sucrose, glucose. The quantity of fructose was the highest in fresh twig followed by one-year and two-year old twig. In the preference test using each standard sample, the order was fructose>sucrose>glucose at 10, 30 μg/filterpaper, and fructose>sucrose >glucose at 50μg/filterpaper. From the above result, fructose plays an important role as a feeding stimulant for pine sawyer adult.

A phytoseiid mite, Neoseiulus californicus was newly found from Jeju citrus orchards in Korea and it is a polyphagous predator of mite and small insect pests as well as plant pollens. Recently in Korean apple orchards, Tetranychus urticae and Panonychus ulmi are imposing similar pest pressure. Even with ample information of this predator interacting with T. urticae, little is known on the interaction with P. ulmi. We investigated temperature effects on life history parameters of N. californicus when feeding on P. ulmi as prey in the laboratory condition to check the possibility to use this predatory mite in apple mite biological control. So, the development, survivorship and life-table parameters of the predator were studied by given mixed stages of P. ulmi as prey under the range of temperatures (15-34°C), RH 75±10%, and photoperiod 16L:8D to determine the effects of temperature. Temperature had a significant effect on mean development time from hatching to adult emergence and other life-history parameters. The results specified that the developmental time is decreased with increasing temperature between 15 and 30oC. Female development times were shorter at 25, 30 and 34°C (3.83±0.07, 3.37±0.24 and 3.53±0.11d, respectively) and were longest at 15°C (15.61±0.22d). Male developmental times were shorter than females ones at each temperature. The highest adult female life span (70.42±3.06d) and oviposition period (35.83±1.43d) observed at 15oC whereas the shortest at 34oC (13.06±1.03 and 7.3±0.94d, respectively). At 25oC, females laid maximum number of eggs (63.94±2) while minimum (16.59±0.98) was at 34oC. In sex ratio, utmost number of females (0.77±0.01) was counted at 25oC and lowest (0.67±0.01) at 34oC. Survivorship during immature development varied from 78.78 to 93.75% with the lowest value recorded at 20 and 34oC. From life table analysis, the shortest generation time (T=10.7d) resulted at 34oC. The highest net reproductive rate (R0=44.31; expected progeny per female) was found at 25oC. The intrinsic rate of natural increase (rm=0.29) and the finite rate of increase (λ=1.33) per day was estimated highest at 30oC. From this study, we found that N. californicus could successfully develop and oviposit vital eggs. Based on these results, we cautiously expect that N. californicus could be used as a biocontrol agent of spider mites in apple orchards when P. ulmi or T. urticae occurs singly or mutually.