목적 : 본 연구는 작업치료 중심의 복합 인지재활이 경도 치매 환자의 인지기능에 미치는 영향을 분석하고 자 시행하였다. 연구방법 : 경도 치매 환자 40명을 실험군 20명과 대조군 20명으로 무작위 배정하였다. 실험군에는 작업치 료 중심의 복합 인지재활, 대조군에는 인지자극과 인지훈련의 전통적 방식의 중재를 시행하였다. 중재는 실험군과 대조군에 주 2회, 1회기에 2시간, 총 14회기를 진행하였다. 인지기능 검사 도구인 인지 수준 판별검사(Allen Cognitive Level Screen; ACLS), 한국형 간이정신 상태검사(Korean version of Mini-Mental State Examination; K-MMSE), 길만들기 검사-A(Trail Making Test-A; TMT-A) 를 이용하여 사전검사 및 사후검사를 시행하였다. 결과 : 작업치료 중심의 복합 인지재활과 인지자극과 인지훈련의 전통적 방식의 중재를 비교하면 고위 인지 기능을 판별하는 ACLS에서 실험군의 결과가 대조군보다 통계적으로 유의하게 향상된 것으로 나타났다 (p<0.05). MMSE-K, TMT-A는 실험군의 향상이 대조군보다 컸지만 통계적으로 유의하지는 않았다 (p>0.05). 결론 : 작업치료 중심의 복합 인지재활이 경도 치매 환자의 고위 인지기능을 증가시키는 데 효과가 있는 것 으로 확인되었다.

목적 : 과제 기반의 거울치료가 뇌졸중 환자의 상지 운동 기능과 일상생활 상지사용 회복에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 한다. 연구방법 : 본 연구에서 사용된 연구 설계는 사전-사후 대조군 설계이다. 연구의 대상자는 뇌졸중 편마비 진 단을 받은 실험군 8명, 대조군 10명으로 이루어져 있다. 모든 대상자는 중재 기간 동안 동일한 수준의 일반 적 재활치료를 받았고 실험군은 과제 기반의 거울치료를 추가로 적용받았다. 과제 기반의 거울치료는 4주 간, 주 5회, 1회 30분씩 총 20회기로 구성되었다. 결과 분석은 기술 통계와 피셔 정확검정(Fisher's exact test), 윌콕슨 부호순위 검정(Wilcoxon signed-rank test), 만-휘트니 U검정(Mann-Whitney U test) 시행하였다. 결과 : 사전 평가에서의 집단 간 차이는 나타나지 않았다. 중재 후, 과제 기반의 거울치료를 적용한 실험군에 서는 Fugl-Meyer Motor Assessment(FMA), Action Research Arm Test(ARAT), Motor Activity Log(MAL), 팔꿈치 관절 움직임의 순발력, 부드러움에서 매우 유의한 효과를 나타내었다. 일반적 재활치료 만 받은 대조군에서는 실험군과 마찬가지로 ARAT와 MAL의 점수 증가를 보였으나, FMA 점수와 팔꿈치 관절 움직임에서의 질적 향상은 나타나지 않았다. 집단 간 비교에서는 FMA, ARAT, MAL, 팔꿈치 관절 움직임의 순발력, 부드러움에서 유의한 차이를 보였다. 결론 : 과제 기반의 거울치료를 이용한 중재가 뇌졸중 환자의 상지 운동 기능과 일상생활상지사용 회복에 효과가 있음을 확인하였다.

The widely accepted understanding that a Chinese character has three factors, i.e., form, sound and meaning, takes sound and meaning into the account of the Chinese Graphology; this has too broad a scope. On the other hand, the view that “Chinese Graphology is in essence the study of the graphic shape” is too narrow. From my observation, Chinese characters have three properties of their own: shape, constitution and function. To start from here may in necessity attain three branches of it, that is, the study of Chinese graphic constitution and the study of Chinese graphic functions, each forming a system of its own. These three systems do not stand in parallel, nor in layers, but three independent and not severed planes of the noumenon of Chinese characters. In other words, they constitute what the Chinese Graphology should concern. This may be termed “the Three-Plane Theory of Chinese Graphology”. A dozen years of researches of ours have proved that this theory, and the study of Chinese graphic function in particular, have both important theoretical and wide-reaching practical values.

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of respiratory exercise on cardiopulmonary function and muscle activity of rectus abdominis in smokers and non-smokers with elderly people. All the participants were older than 65 years, and twenty non-smokers, and twenty smokers participated. Non-smokers and smokers were randomly divined into 10 feedback breathing exercises (FBE) and a balloonblowing exercise (BBE) group. The FBE and the BBE were performed three times a week for four weeks. Forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume at one second (FEV1), forced expiratory volume at one second/forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and vital capacity (VC) were measured as pulmonary function. EMG was used to measure the activity of the rectus abdominis. In the FBE and BBE groups, FEV1 was significantly lower in non-smokers compared to smokers at two and four weeks (p<.05), FEV1/FVC, PEF and VC were significantly lower in non-smokers compared to smokers to pre-test, two weeks, four weeks and six weeks (p<.05). Muscle activity of rectus abdominis was significantly difference in the BBE group at pre-test, two weeks, four weeks, and six weeks (p<.05). These results suggest that respiratory exercise was effective in improving pulmonary function and rectus muscle activity.

Regarding the Forty-eight Poems of Soswaewon by Haseo Kim In-Hu, this study examines the soundscape's sound source type and receiver setting at the time of Soswaewon Garden landscaping and how the function and meaning of garden sounds are produced and expressed through literature and on-site survey. The main results of the analysis are as follows. Regarding the soundscape’s main receiver setting in Soswaewon Garden, area at stream garden, Chojeong, Jewol Pavilion, and Gwangpung Pavilion and a display stand were identified, and a combination of various forms of water sounds and artificial sounds around the mountain stream and musical panorama of nature are the sources of sound. Diversity Soswaewon’s soundscape acts as an important landscape resource for playing, sightseeing, and appreciating Soswaewon Garden. In the Forty-eight Poems of Soswaewon, the methods of enjoying the landscape were the act in which the scholars’ view of life and nature are contained at the time of garden landscaping. Therefore, it is of great significance. The Forty-eight Poems of Soswaewon is a textbook about old scenery in which real landscape and semantic landscape are substituted by connecting various sceneries of the season to scholars’ experience of taste for the arts through borrowed scenery and borrowed sound. The soundscape in the Forty-eight Poems of Soswaewon intactly contains the taste of entertainment in appreciation of the garden’s scenery of the season and scholars’ self-cultivational practice for mind and body called self-projection and reflection by having the flow of the mountain stream as the focal point of the garden. The fact that Soswaewon’s soundscape was of as great importance as visual landscape implies that it has significant implications for modern landscape design.

Probiotics may be defined as microbial agents that can benefit humans and have been used primarily by mankind in fermented foods. A representative of probiotics is lactic acid bacteria (LAB), which has received attention recently due to its perceived health benefits. We reviewed research papers about Bifidobacerium and Lactobacillus, which are two of the most known of the LAB. Bifidobacerium alleviates diarrhea from various causes by improving intestinal microflora, and it has been reported that it reduces Helicobacter pylori bacteria known as the cause of gastric ulcer and stomach cancer. Bifidobacerium has also reported to be effective on immunization and allergy, reduce blood cholesterol, cancer, lactose intolerance. Lactobacillus alleviates diarrhea but has not fully demonstrated its effectiveness relative to other health issues. Several lactic acid bacteria and yeast are expected to act as probiotics, so, in the future, more research on the health benefits of lactic acid bacteria is needed.

목적 :본 연구의 목적은 뇌졸중 환자의 실행기능을 일상적인 과제수행에 기반 하여 평가하는 한글 번역판 실행기능 수행검사의 내용타당도와 임상적 유용성을 확인하는 것이다.연구방법 :뇌졸중 분야 전문가집단으로 구성된 29명을 대상으로 한글 번역판 실행기능 수행검사에 대한 내용타당도와 임상적 유용성에 대한 설문을 실시하였다. 내용타당도 검증을 위해 수정된 과제 적합성을 조사하였고 수정된 과제별 세부항목 적합성에 대한 설문을 시행하였다. 응답은 빈도분석과 기술통계를 사용하여 분석하였으며 내용타당도 지수(Content Validity Index: CVI)도 산출하여 내용타당도를 확인 하였다.결과 :내용타당도는 각 과제에 따른 평균 CVI가 .67로 나타나 대체로 타당한 것으로 평가되었으며 과제에 따라 내용타당도 지수는 .58~.75로 조금씩 상이하게 나타났다. 임상적 유용성은 각 문항의 산술평균 분 포가 2.69~4.03이었으며 ‘보통이다’ 이상의 응답이 44.8~100.0%로 나타나 양호한 것으로 나타났다.결론 :본 연구결과를 기반으로 한글 번역판 실행기능 수행검사(Executive Function Performance Test Korean translation)는 실행기능을 보다 면밀히 평가하고 필요한 도움의 유형을 밝히는데 유용한 도구 임을 알 수 있다. 또한 전문가 집단을 통한 내용타당도 검증을 통해 임상현장에서의 활용가능성에 대해 시사하는 바가 크며 관련 교육 및 연구가 추후 지속적으로 이루어질 필요가 있다.

With relevance theory and coherence theory as the theoretical basis, this paper studies the pragmatic function of Chinese-Utterance final particles: a, ba and ne and claims that the discourse function of ne is stronger than a and ba. In other words, the modality meaning of a and ba is stronger than ne. This paper also studies the reason why a, ba and ne have different pragmatic functions and concludes that the meaning of ne is mainly the meaning of mood, ne has a longer history and the grammaticalization of ne is more complete while a and ba have obvious modality meaning; they have a shorter history than ne as mood particles and their grammaticalization still continues.

목적 :본 연구는 자폐 범주성 장애 아동ᆞ청소년을 대상으로 한 실행기능에 대한 중재 동향과 적용된 접근 법을 분석하여 작업치료 임상에서 접근할 수 있는 근거중심의 중재 기반을 마련하고자 한다.연구방법 :2006년 1월부터 2016년 12월까지 해외 학회지에 개제된 연구를 대상으로 MEDLINE, Scopus, PubMed, ProQuest, Cochrane Library 데이터베이스에서 검색하였다. 검색 키워드는 “Autism or ASD AND Executive function AND Intervention or therapy or approach or treatment or training” 이 었고 최종 21편의 연구를 선정하였다.결과 :선정된 연구는 연구의 질적수준, 연구 참여자의 특성, 중재종류, 종속변인으로 측정된 실행기능 영역, 실행기능과 함께 측정된 종속변인, 측정도구 중심으로 분석하였다. 근거수준은 수준Ⅰ에 해당하는 무작 위 대조연구가 8편(38.1%)으로 가장 많았고 19편의 연구가 고기능 자폐 아동을 대상으로 하였다. 실행 기능에 대한 중재의 종류는 총 11가지로 응용행동분석, 인지행동 접근, 보완 대체요법을 사용한 중재가 가장 많았다. 종속변인으로 많이 사용된 실행기능 영역은 인지적 유연성이었고 실행기능과 함께 측정된 종속변인은 사회적 기술과 행동문제가 가장 큰 비중을 차지하였다. 각 영역별 측정도구는 매우 다양하게 나타났는데 대표적으로 많이 사용하는 도구로는 스트롭 검사, 숫자 외우기 검사, 선로 잇기 검사, 런던타 워 검사, 실행기능행동평정척도가 있었다.결론 :연구를 통해 자폐 범주성 장애 아동ᆞ청소년의 실행기능 중재에 대한 동향 및 다양한 중재법, 평가 도구를 알 수 있었다. 실행기능 중재에 대한 연구는 꾸준히 이루어지고 있으나 평가도구가 다양하고 혼 재되어 있으며 실행기능 중재에 초점을 둔 연구는 여전히 제한적이다. 실행기능 결함이 자폐 범주성 장 애의 주요 특징으로 나타나고 중요성이 커지고 있는 만큼 작업치료 분야에서도 실행기능에 관심을 가지 고 평가도구 및 중재와 관련된 다양한 연구들이 활발하게 이루어져야 할 것이다.

Background:Research efforts to improve the pulmonary function of people with limited chest function have focused on the diaphragmatic ability to control breathing pattern. Real-time ultrasonography is appropriate to demonstrate diaphragmatic mechanism during breathing.Objective:The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of diaphragmatic breathing training using real-time ultrasonographic imaging (RUSI) on the chest function of young females with limited chest mobility.Methods:Twenty-six subjects with limited chest mobility were randomly allocated to the experimental group (EG) and control group (CG) depending on the use of RUSI during diaphragmatic breathing training, with 13 subjects in each group. For both groups, diaphragmatic breathing training was performed for 30-min, including three 10-min sets with a 1-min rest interval. An extra option for the EG was the use of the RUSI during the training. Outcome measures comprised the diaphragmatic excursion range during quiet and deep breathing, pulmonary function (forced vital capacity; FVC, forced expiratory volume in 1-sec; FEV1, tidal volume; TV, and maximal voluntary ventilation; MVV), and chest circumferences at upper, middle, and lower levels.Results:The between-group comparison revealed that the diaphragmatic excursion range during deep breathing, FVC, and middle and lower chest circumferences were greater at post-test and that the changes between the pretest and post-test values were greater in the EG than in the CG (p<.05). In addition, the subjects in the EG showed increased post-test values for all the variables compared with the pretest values, except for TV and MVV (p<.05). In contrast, the subjects in the CG showed significant improvements for the diaphragmatic excursion range during quiet and deep breathings, FVC, FEV1, and middle and lower chest circumferences after the intervention (p<.05).Conclusion:These results indicate that using RUSI during diaphragmatic breathing training might be more beneficial for people with limited chest mobility than when diaphragmatic breathing training is used alone.

Recently, many computer-based programs for cognitive function training are being developed. However, they are not sufficient for voluntary training with interest and immersion since most of the programs developed so far have been developed for therapeutic purposes. In this paper, the contents were implemented by applying visual element based design which can provide interest and immersion for the elderly. It is important to note that this approach may be more effective in cognitive rehabilitation training. In the future study, it will be necessary to verify how much the visual design elements based on the elderly are effective for cognitive function rehabilitation.

We present the mid-infrared (MIR) luminosity function (LF) of local (z < 0.3) star-forming (SF) galaxies in the North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) field. This work is based on the NEP-Wide point source catalogue and the spectroscopic redshift (z) data for  1700 galaxies obtained by the optical follow-up survey with MMT/Hectospec and WIYN/Hydra. The AKARI's continuous 2 - 24 μm coverage and the spectroscopic redshifts enable us to determine the spectral energy distribution (SED) in the mid-infrared and derive the luminosity functions of galaxies. Our 8 μm LF finds good agreements with the results from SWIRE field over the wide luminosity range, while showing signicant difference from the NOAO deep data in the faint end. The comparison with higher-z sample shows significant luminosity evolution from z > 0.3 to local universe. 12 μm LF also shows a clear indication of luminosity evolution.

This study aims to present a strategic direction in revitalizing tourist destinations using the concept of “functional adaptation” and applying it to the Yedang National Tourism Resort located in Yesan-gun in Chungcheungnam-do, which is losing its functionality as a tourist attraction. The term “functional adaptation” as used in this study refers to applying an intervention to natural changes while maintaining the existing functions, adapting them to changing tourism marketing paradigms. First, problems and potential functions were derived from relevant literature, on-site surveys, and in-depth interviews with insiders from the target resort. Indicators of revitalizing tourist destinations were then preselected from the reviewed literature data, and the final function-adaptive activation indicators were developed after subjecting the preselected preliminary indicators to reliability testing through a Likert-scale questionnaire survey with experts. Finally, the analytic hierarchy process (AHP) was employed for an importance-analysis of individual elements of the developed indicators. The analyses revealed the tourism resort’s “storytelling development” as having the highest importance, followed by “transport connectivity”, and “amusement/leisure programs offered”. The function-adaptive activation indicators developed in this study were applied to the Yedang National Tourism Resort for the importance-analysis of its functions, but the generalizability in applying the proposed indicators to other tourist sites has not yet been established. The findings of this study are expected to serve as an input for setting up strategies for tourist site revitalization in future in-depth research.

Lee, Jee Won. 2017. “The Use and Discourse-Pragmatic Function of wo buzhidao in Naturally Occurring Mandarin Chinese Conversation”. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 25(1). 167~192. This study investigates several aspects of Chinese (wo) buzhidao using both qualitative and quantitative methods, including its distributional properties and discourse-pragmatic functions in conversational contexts. This study has found that (wo) buzhidao occurs in conversational environments other than in reply to information questions and carries more interactive and social implications than had been previously proposed by previous studies. First, (wo) buzhidao marks the speaker’s uncertainty and concerns about the truth of the proposition expressed. Second, (wo) buzhidao constructs the speaker’s neutral position by disattending opinions, assessments, or troubles. Third, (wo) buzhidao avoids an explicit disagreement. The use of (wo) buzhidao as a stance marker allows the speaker to convey his/her consideration for the hearer’s face, and it can help to achieve a range of interactional goals. Native speakers of Mandarin Chinese employ (wo) buzhidao in conjunction with other interactive strategies to organize their speech via their recipient enabling mutual intersubjectivity.

Machines are physically or chemically degenerated by continuous usage. One of the results of this degeneration is the process mean shift. Under the process mean shift, production cost, failure cost and quality loss function cost are increasing continuously. Therefore a periodic preventive resetting the process is necessary. We suppose that the wear level is observable. In this case, process mean shift problem has similar characteristics to the maintenance policy model. In the previous studies, process mean shift problem has been studied in several fields such as ‘Tool wear limit’, ‘Canning Process’ and ‘Quality Loss Function’ separately or partially integrated form. This paper proposes an integrated cost model which involves production cost by the material, failure cost by the nonconforming items, quality loss function cost by the deviation between the quality characteristics from the target value and resetting the process cost. We expand this process mean shift problem a little more by dealing the process variance as a function, not a constant value. We suggested a multiplier function model to the process variance according to the analysis result with practical data. We adopted two-side specification to our model. The initial process mean is generally set somewhat above the lower specification. The objective function is total integrated costs per unit wear and independent variables are wear limit and initial setting process mean. The optimum is derived from numerical analysis because the integral form of the objective function is not possible. A numerical example is presented.

목적 : 신체활동, 인지활동, 사회적 상호작용, 놀이 및 수공예 등의 목적있는 활동 및 사회적 상호작용을 포 함한 집단 복합 중재가 초기치매 노인의 인지기능과 우울에 미치는 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 유사 실험연구로써 단일 집단 사전-사후 설계(one group pretest-posttest design)로 중재는 회당 90분, 주 1회, 8회기 동안 실시하였다. 중재 전과 후의 인지기능과 우울 수준의 변화를 비교하기 위 해 치매 선별용 간이정신상태검사(Mini-Mental State Examination-Dementia Screening; MMSE-DS) 와 단축형 한국어판 노인우울척도(Korean Version of Short Form Geriatric Depression Scale; SGDS-K) 를 사용하였다. 결과 : 초기치매 노인에게 집단 복합중재 후의 인지기능은 통계적으로 유의미한 향상이 있었고(p<0.01), 우울 수준은 통계적으로 유의미한 감소가 있었다(p<0.05). 우울증 의심에 해당되는 대상자 6명은 모두 정상범주로 분류되었다. 결론 : 신체활동, 인지활동, 사회적 상호작용, 놀이 및 수공예 등의 목적 있는 활동을 포함한 집단 복합 중 재는 초기 치매 노인의 인지기능의 퇴행을 늦추고 우울수준을 감소시키는데 유의한 효과가 있다. 향후 연구결과의 확증이 필요하며 치료사의 태도나 역량 등 중재의 정확한 전달에 필요한 질적인 내용을 포 함하는 연구가 이루어져야 할 것이다.

Process quality control, which prevents problems and risks that may occur in products and processes, has been recognized as an important issue, and SPC techniques have been used for this purpose. Process Capability Index (PCI) is useful Statistical Process Control (SPC) tool that is measure of process diagnostic and assessment tools widely use in industrial field. It has advantage of easy to calculate and easy to use in the field. Cp and Cpk are traditional PCIs. These traditional Cp and Cpk were used only as a measure of process capability, taking into account the quality variance or the bias of the process mean. These are not given information about the characteristic value does not match the target value of the process and this has the disadvantage that it is difficult to assess the economic losses that may arise in the enterprise. Studies of this process capability index by many scholars actively for supplement of its disadvantage. These studies to evaluate the capability of situation of various field has presented a new process capability index. Cpm is considers both the process variation and the process deviation from target value. And Cpm + is considers economic loss for the process deviation from target value. In this paper we developed an improved Expected Loss Capability Index using Reflected Normal Loss Function of Spring. This has the advantage that it is easy to realistically reflect the loss when the specification is asymmetric around the target value. And check the correlation between existing traditional process capability index (Cpk) and new one. Finally, we propose the criteria for classification about developed process capability index.

목적 : 본 연구는 과제지향적 직업재활 프로그램을 적용하여 지적장애인의 손 기능 및 직무능력, 일반화에 미치는 효과를 규명하고자 하였다. 연구방법 : 연구기간은 2016년 4월 4일부터 6월 24일까지로 하였고, 연구 대상은 G광역시 E복지관을 이용 하는 성인 지적장애인 4명으로 하였다. 연구 설계는 개별대상연구 중 행동간 복수간헐 기초선으로 하였 다. 중재는 대상자들이 선택한 직무에 따라 기초능력, 직무능력, 일반화 과정으로 나누어 단계별로 시행 하였고, 12주 동안 주 2회 실시하였다. 매 회기의 과정이 끝날 때마다 기초능력에서는 파악력, 기민성, 양손조작력을 직무능력에서는 스트링 조립 완성 개수와 정확도를 일반화에서는 팔찌 만들기 완성 개수 와 시간, 정확도를 측정하였다. 결과 : 과제지향적 직업재활 프로그램은 대상자들의 직무에 필요한 기초능력으로 손 기능을 증진시켰고, 직 무분석을 통한 과제를 반복 훈련함으로써 직업을 획득하고 유지하는데 요구되는 직무능력과 일반화를 향상시켰다. 결론 : 본 연구의 프로그램은 직무에 영향을 미치는 손 기능 및 직무능력, 일반화에 효과적으로 작용하였기 에 직업재활 프로그램으로서의 사용을 제안하는 바이다.