Since he was a leading figure in nineteenth century architecture, Viollet-le-Duc's architectural theory is crucial to the foundation of modern architecture. He has been called a Gothic Revivalist, a Structural Rationalist and a Positivist. The first title was perhaps due to his vigorous restoration of Gothic works such as $N\hat{o}tre$ Dame, but he did not adore the Gothic style just for itself. Rather, he hoped to deduce some principles from the style. So how did he manage this? In his book "Entretiens sur l'Architecture (Lectures on Architecture), published between 1864 and 1872, he mentions using Descartes' four rules for reaching architectural certainty in contrast with the chaotic situation during that modernising period. Furthermore Viollet-le-Duc's theory can be seen as a serious attempt to translates Descartes' philosophical rules into systems of architectural speculation. Descartes' four rules of doubt are anchored in mathematical propositions, and without mathematical distinctions, none of these rules are valid. In other word, mathematics for Viollet is the yardstick of judgement between distinctness and indistinctness. Many architectural problems arise from this view. In this paper, the validities of applying Descartes' method of doubt to architectural discourse will be discussed in order to address the question:-Did Viollet-le-Duc clearly grasp Cartesian method by which memory was erased from the world?

Triacylglycerols of the seeds of Ginkgo biloba have been resolved by high-performace liquid chromatography(HPLC in the silver-ion and reverse-phase modes. The fatty acids were identified by a combination of capillary gas chromatography and gas-chromatography /mass spectrometry as the methyl and /or picolinyl ester. The main components are C18:2Ω6(39.0mol%), C18:1Ω7(asclepic acid 21.5mol%), and C18:1Ω9(oleic acid, 13.8mol%). Considerable amounts of unusual acid such as C20:3δ5,11,14 (5.7mol%), C18:2δ5,9(2.8mol%), and C18:3δ5,9,12(1.6mol%), were checked. In addition, an anteiso-branched fatty acid, 14-methylhexadecanoic acid, was also present as a minor component(0.9 mol%). The triacylglycerols were separated into 17 fractions by reverse-phase HPLC, and the fractionation was achieved according to the partition numnber(PN) in which a δ5-non methylene interrupted double bond(5-NMDB) showed different behaviour from a methylene interrupted double bond in a molecule with a given cahinlength. Silver-ion HPLC exhibited excellent resolution in which fractions(23 fractions) were resolved on the basis of the number and configuration of double bonds. In this instance, the strength of interaction of a δ5-NMDB system with silver ions seemed to be weaker than a methylene interrupted double bond system. The principal triacylglycerol species are as follows ; (C18:2Ω6)2/C18:1Ω7, C18:1Ω9/C18:1Ω7/C18:2Ω6, (C18:1Ω7)2/C18:2Ω6, C16:1Ω7/C18:1Ω9/C20:3δ5,11,14, C16:1Ω7/C18:1Ω7/C20:3δ5,11,14, C18:1Ω9/C18:1Ω7/C18:2Ω6, C18:1Ω9/C18:2δ5,5/C20:3δ5,11,14, (C18:1Ω7)2/C18:2Ω6 and (C18:1Ω9)2/C18:2Ω6, while simple triacylglycerols without C18:2Ω6)3 were not present. Stereospecific analysis showed that fatty acids with δ5-NMDB system and saturated chains were predominantly located at the site of sn-3 carbon of glycerol backbones. It is evident that there is asymmetry in the distribution of fatty acids in the TG molecules of Ginkgo nut oils.

silica의 precursor로 TMOS를 사용하여 autoclave 내에서 supersritical drying으로 투명한 TiO2-SiO2 이성분계 aerogle을 얻을 수 있었다. 반응성이 뛰어난 titanium alkoxide의 중축합반응을 억제할 수 있는 강한 산성 영역에서 투명한 Aerogel을 얻을 수 있었으며, 물을 직접 첨가하지 않고 silicon alkoxide의 축합반응의 부산물인 물을 이용하여 titanium alkoxide의 반응성을 제어했을 때 투명성이 더욱 증진되었다.

1-naphthol-2-sulfonic acid and 1-naphthol-4-sulfonic acid were synthesized under the dissolution of 1-naphthol in 2-nitrotoluene with stirring 98.08-90％ sulfuric acid at 5-95℃ for 1-5 hours. As the reaction temperatures and the reaction time were raised, the yield of 2-sulfonate was decreased, while that of 4-sulfonate was increased. But we could not observe the tendency to the various reaction concentrations of sulfuric acids. The mixtures of two isomeric 1-naphtholulfonic acids in excess concentrated sulfuric acids was quantitatively determinded by using multicomponent spectrophotomeric analysis method on the basis of the ultraviolet absorption peak of the sulfonic acids. The standard deviation in this method was ± 2.6, and the above method seem to be rapid and accurate.

The adsorption characteristics of Sr ions and Cs ions in single and binary solution by zeolite A were investigated in batch experiment. The adsorption rate of Sr ions and Cs ions by zeolite A obeyed pseudo-second-order kinetic model in single and binary solution. The initial adsorption rates (h) and adsorption capacities of both ions obtained from pseudo-second-order kinetic model, and the values were decreased with increasing concentration of the competitive ions (0~1.5 mM). Also, adsorption isotherm data in binary solution were well fitted to the extended Langmuir model, the maximum adsorption capacities of Sr and Cs calculated from the model were 1.78 mmol/g and 1.64 mmol/g, respectively. The adsorption of Sr and Cs ions by zeolite A was carried out in the presence of other cations such as Na+, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. The results showed that the zeolite A can maintain a relatively high adsorption capacity for Sr and Cs ions and exhibits a high selectivity in the presence of competitive cations. The effect of competition had an order of Ca2+>K+>Mg2+>Na+ for Sr ions and K+>Ca2+>Na+>Mg2+ for Cs ions at the same cation concentration.

Poly(lactide)s(PLA) is an attractive material to solve the problem of waste plastic accumulation in nature because of its biodegradability. The lactide exists in three stereoisomeric configurations: L-lactide, D-lactide, and meso-lactide. PLA stereocomplexes, formed by the mixing of two enantiomers, poly(L-lactide)(PLLA) and poly(D-lactide)(PDLA), have many favorable characteristics because the stereocomplex showed 50°C higher melting point than each enantiomeric polymer and the resistance toward degradation increased. In this study, we investigated the influence of the composition and the optical purity of each component on the formation of stereocomplexes. Also, the nanofibers of stereochemical PLA and their blends were prepared by electrospinning method. The properties of the obtained fibers were analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry and scanning electron microscopy. The results showed that a degree of stereocomplex was controlled by change of optical purity of each component. The enzymatic degradation of the fibers were strongly dependent on the stereocomplex.

루터파 정통주의와 아리스토텔레스 철학으로 훈련을 받은 크리스티안 토마시우스는 위대한 계몽주의 철학자요 법학자로서 그 명성을 떨친 인물이다. 또한 그는 라이프치히 대학을 거쳐 할레 대학에서 교수직을 맡아 강의하면서 계몽주의와 경건주의의 관계를 잘 보여주는 한편 제도적 교회와 대중신심에 자리 잡고 있던 미신과 무신론적 성향에 맞서 투쟁했던 인물이다. 특히 그의 “도덕론 입문”과 “도덕론 실행”은 당시의 비이성적 종교생활에 대한 답변으로서 토마시우스는 참된 종교란 내적인 예배와 신앙에 기인하는 것이며, 음욕과 명예욕 그리고 물욕이라는 부정적인 격정(정감)이 이성적인 사랑과 예배를 왜곡시킨다고 보았다. 따라서 미신과 우상 그리고 무신론은 이성과 신앙을 통해 극복되어야 할 과제이며, 참된 경건은 바로 이 점에 달려있다고 보았던 것이다. 세속화와 탈세속화라는 양극화를 걷고 있는 한국교회도 무신론과 미신이라는 도전 앞에서 토마시우스의 태도를 음미하는 것이 필요하리라 본다.