2015년 ‘파리협정’ 및 2021년 ‘기후위기 대응을 위한 탄소중립·녹색성장 기본법’ 제정에 따라 2030년 국가 온 실가스 감축목표(NDC, 2018년 대비 40% 감축) 달성을 위해서는 지자체별 적절한 온실가스 감축 목표 설정과 이행 노 력이 필수적이다. 이에 이 연구에서는 충청북도 지역을 중심으로 1990-2018년 까지 온실가스 배출 현황을 시계열로 분석하였고, 2030년 국가 온실가스 감축목표와 시나리오를 바탕으로 충청북도의 2030년 온실가스 감축 목표를 제안하였 다. 또한 감축 목표 달성을 위해 BAU 대비 장래 배출량을 고려한 2030년까지의 감축 잠재량을 추정하였다. 그 결과, 첫째, 우리나라와 충북의 온실가스 배출량은 1990년 이래 인구 및 경제 성장에 따라 증가해온 것으로 나타났으며, 2018년 국가 대비 충북의 온실가스 배출량은 3.9%로 매우 낮은 편이였고, 시멘트 및 석회 생산, 제조업 및 건설업, 수 송업 등 연료연소에 의한 배출이 주를 이루는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 2030년 NDC 및 2050 탄소중립 시나리오를 반 영한 2030년 충청북도 온실가스 감축 목표는 2018년 대비 40.2%로 설정하였다. 이에 장래 배출량을 고려할 경우 목표 달성을 위한 감축 잠재량은 2018년 대비 46.8%인 것으로 추정되었다. 상기 결과는 국가 및 지자체의 온실가스 감축 목표 달성을 위해서는 분야별 온실가스 감축 수단을 통한 감축 잠재량을 충족하는 것이 중요하다는 것을 의미한다. 또 한 2030년 NDC 및 2050 탄소중립 시나리오 달성을 위해 충북을 포함한 국가 및 각 지자체는 온실가스 장래 배출량 을 연도별로 추정하여 매년 감축 목표와 감축 잠재량을 구하고 이를 삭감할 수 있는 구체적인 감축 수단을 마련할 필 요가 있음을 말해준다.

본 연구는 국내 항구도시 인천, 목포, 광양, 부산, 울산의 대기오염물질 배출특성, 대형선박 배기가스 배출량 및 사회적 비 용을 산정하여 배출가스 저감방안의 필요성을 제시하였다. 부산은 선박 입항수가 많고 목포는 선박 입항수는 적지만 선박 배기가스에 의한 배출기여도는 두 항구도시 모두 높았다. 울산은 세계적 수준의 중화학공업, 광양은 제철소, 인천은 제조업과 선박 입항수가 목포 보다 많았지만 배출기여도는 낮았다. 선박 배기가스 배출량 산정 결과, CO2의 배출량이 가장 많고 다음으로는 NOx, SOx으로 배출량이 많았다. 선종별로는 부산, 울산, 인천은 유조선, 광양은 일반화물선, 목포는 여객선에서 각각 많았다. 사회적 비용 결과, 부산은 배출량 이 많은 영향으로 사회적 비용이 높았으며, 항목별로는 PM이 높았다. 저황유 사용으로 PM, SOx 배출량을 직접적으로 줄이고, NOx의 배출량을 간접적으로 줄 일수 있다. 하지만 선박 배기가스 중 가장 많은 배출량을 보인 CO2를 저감하기 위해서는 저황유의 보급만으 로는 부족하다. CO2 배출량 감축을 위해서는 육상전원공급장치(Alternative Maritime Power)를 사용하는 등 화석연료를 사용하지 않는 저 감방안 수립의 필요성을 제기하였다.

The concern on the greenhouse gas emission is strongly increasing globally. In fishery industry section, the greenhouse gas emissions are an important issue according to The Paris Climate Change Accord in 2015. The Korean government has a plan to reduce the GHG emissions as 4.8% compared to the BAU in fisheries until 2020. Furthermore, the Korean government has also declared to achieve the carbon neutrality in 2050 at the Climate Adaptation Summit 2021. However, the investigation on the GHG emissions from Korean fisheries did not carry out extensively. Most studies on GHG emissions from Korean fishery have dealt with the GHG emissions by fishery classification so far. However, follow-up studies related to GHG emissions from fisheries need to evaluate the GHG emission level by species to prepare the adoption of environmental labels and declarations (ISO 14020). The purpose of this research is to investigate which degree of GHG emitted to produce the species (hairtail and small yellow croaker) from various fisheries. Here, we calculated the GHG emission to produce the species from the fisheries using the Life Cycle Assessment method. The system boundary and input parameters for each process level are defined for the LCA analysis. The fuel use coefficients of the fisheries for the species are also calculated according to the fuel type. The GHG emissions from sea activities by the fisheries will be dealt with. Furthermore, the GHG emissions for producing the unit weight species and annual production are calculated by fishery classification. The results will be helpful to understand the circumstances of GHG emissions from Korean fisheries.

This study is a basic study to improve fuel economy and reduce harmful emissions from passenger cars. This study is a basic study to evaluate the performance of fuel oil additives. The performance may vary depending on the type of engine, the region of use, and the driving habits of the user. Therefore, there are many difficulties in carrying out the test analysis by the objective experimental method while maintaining the same conditions. Therefore, this study intends to examine in terms of securing objectivity as a comparative study by the measurement of single user for a long time. As a result, in the case of cars using gasoline engines, the fuel economy tended to a little decrease as the distance-age increased. However, in the analysis of diesel vehicles by year, it increased gradually after the 5th year and the distance-age of 60,000km. And a comparison of the last three years, an increase of about 3.1% from 12.44km /ℓ to 12.82km /ℓ.

The correlation among gaseous air pollutants (odorous compounds, greenhouse gases) and meteorological parameters was analyzed in-depth using measurement data at a barn and ambient in a naturally ventilated dairy farm. Both concentration and emission data (loading rate and emission rate), which more accurately express the actual pollutant emissions, were used in the correlation analysis. Gaseous air pollutants (ammonia, hydrogen sulfide, carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide, methane) and meteorological factors (relative humidity, temperature, wind speed, solar strength) were measured for one week in July 2013. The upper and lower outliers of measured data by inducing 1.5 times the interquartile range (IQR) were eliminated. After eliminating the outliers and grouping according to data magnitude, the correlation analysis among gaseous compounds and meteorological factors was conducted using the average values of each group. In the correlation analysis, data for the emission rate (barn) and the loading rate (ambient) showed a better correlation than concentration data. Gaseous air pollutants except for hydrogen sulfide in the barn showed a good correlation. Hydrogen sulfide might not be produced from manure or animal origin. Rather, the compound may be produced by flushing water, which was flushed at periodical times (every six hours). Ammonia emissions increased with increasing temperature, and this increase can be affected from greater exertion of feces by frequent water drinking in a high-temperature condition. In the ambient, the correlation for all gaseous air pollutants was better than that in the barn, because those air pollutants from manure, animals, and flushing water origins were sufficiently mixed in the atmosphere. Wind speed also showed a good correlation with all gaseous air pollutants.

2020년 1월 1일부터 전세계 배출통제구역을 제외한 전 해역에서 선박에 사용하는 연료유의 황함유량 기준이 현행 3.5% m/m에서 0.5% m/m이하로 강화됨에 따라 최근 대체기술로 주목을 끌고 있는 것이 배기가스세정장치이다. 배기가스세정장치는 선박의 연소기관을 통과한 배기가스를 주로 수처리를 통해 탈황 처리함으로써 황함유량 0.5% m/m 또는 0.1% m/m 등의 기준치 이하의 배기가스를 대기로 배출하는 기술을 지칭하는데 상대적으로 저렴한 전통적 인 연료유를 지속적으로 사용할 수 있다는 장점 측면에서 적용사례가 증가하고 있다. 그러나 개방형 배기가스세정장치의 경우 배기가스를 처리한 세정수가 곧바로 해양으로 배출되기 때문에 배기가스세정장치 승인에 관한 지침서에 언급된 기준 외 추가적인 중금속 등으로 인한 해양생태계에 대한 영향이 정확하게 파악되지 않았다는 점에서 중국, 싱가폴 등 일부 국가에서는 세정수의 배출금지 를 추진하고 있다. 이는 사전배려의 원칙을 실현하는 조치의 일환으로 충분히 인정할만한 조치라고 판단된다. 국제해사기구가 개발한 지침서에 따라 각국이 승인한 개방형 배기가스세정 장치에 대해 만약 향후 세정수의 유해성이 과학적으로 파악되고 모든 해역에서의 배출금지조치를 고려할 때는 선의의 목적으로 선박에 설치된 개방형 배기가스세정장치에 대해 설치당시 승인기준으로 작용한 지침서에 따라 정상적으로 작동한다는 조건하에 사용할 수 있도록 Grandfathering 조항을 명문화하여야 한다. 그리고 세정수의 유해성을 평가하기 위한 환경영향평가를 조속히 시행하여 필요하다면 배기가스세정장치의 지침서를 개정하여 새롭게 설치되는 배기 가스세정장치에 대해서는 보다 엄격한 기준을 적용하는 것이 타당할 것이다.

The concern on the greenhouse gas emissions is increasing globally. Especially, the greenhouse gas emission from fisheries is an important issue from the Paris Climate Change Accord in 2015. Furthermore, the Korean government has a plan to reduce the GHG emissions as 4.8% compared to the BAU in fisheries until 2020. However, the investigation on the GHG emissions from Korean fisheries rarely carried out consistently. Therefore, the quantitative analysis of GHG emissions from Korean fishery industry is necessary as a first step to find a relevant way to reduce GHG emissions from fisheries. The purpose of this research is to investigate which degree of GHG emitted from the major offshore fisheries such as offshore gillnet fishery, offshore longline fishery, offshore jigging fishery and anchovy drag net fishery. Here, we calculated the GHG emissions from the fisheries using the Life Cycle Assessment method. The system boundary and input parameters for each process level are defined for the LCA analysis. The fuel use coefficients of the fisheries are also calculated according to the fuel type. The GHG emissions from sea activities by the fisheries will be dealt with. Furthermore, the GHG emissions for the unit weight of fishes are calculated with consideration to the different consuming areas as well. The results will be helpful to understand the circumstances of GHG emissions from Korean fisheries

Fossil fuel combustion during fishing activities is a major contributor to climate changes in the fishing industry. The Tier1 methodology calculation and on-site continuous measurements of the greenhouse gas were carried out through the use of fuel by the coastal and offshore gillnet (blue crabs and yellow croaker) and trap (small octopus and red snow crab) fishing boats in Korea. The emission comparison results showed that the field measurements are similar to or slightly higher than the Tier1 estimates for coastal gillnet and trap. In offshore gillnet and trap fisheries, Tier1 estimate of greenhouse gases was about 1,644-13,875 kg CO2/L, which was more than the field measurement value. The CO2 emissions factor based on the fuel usage was 2.49-3.2 kg CO2/L for coastal fisheries and 1.46-2.24 kg CO2/L for offshore fisheries. Furthermore, GHG emissions per unit catch and the ratio of field measurement and Tier1 emission estimate were investigated. Since the total catch of coastal fish was relatively small, the emission per unit catch in coastal fisheries was four to eight times larger. The results of this study could be used to determine the baseline data for responding to changes in fisheries environment and reducing greenhouse gas emission.

The role played by reservoirs in the biogeochemical cycles of elements is a subject of ongoing debate. Recent research has revealed that reservoirs emit significant levels of greenhouse gases. To assess the importance of reservoirs in monsoon climate areas as a source of methane gas into the atmosphere, we investigated variations in organic carbon (OC) input into the reservoir, oxic state changes, and finally the amount of methane emitted (focusing on the ebullition pathway) in Lake Soyang, which is the largest reservoir in South Korea. Total organic carbon (TOC) concentrations were higher during summer after two years of heavy rainfall. The sedimentation rates of particulate organic carbon (POC) and particulate organic nitrogen (PON) were higher in the epilimnion and hypolimnion than the metalimnioin, indicating that autochthonous and allochthonous carbon made separate contributions to the TOC. During stratification, oxygen depletion occurred in the hypolimnion due to the decomposition of organic matter. Under these conditions, H2S and CH4 can be released from sediment. The methane emissions from the reservoir were much higher than from other natural lakes. However, the temporal and spatial variations of methane ebullition were huge, and were clearly dependent on many factors. Therefore, more research via a well-organized field campaign is needed to investigate methane emissions.