The aim of this study is to review the genus Phyllonorycter in Korea. In this study, totally 19species of the genus were recognized from Korea. Among them, four species, Phyllonorycter cretata(Kumata), P. japonica (Kumata), P. rostrispinosa (Kumata) and P. stephanandrae (Kumata) are reportedfor the first from Korea. All the known species were briefly redescribed with illustrations of theadult and genitalic structures. Also, key to the species was provided.

The genus Phyllonorycter is one of the large group, in the family Gracillariidae, comprising 401 described species in the world. In this study, a total of 21 species of the genus Phyllonorycter is recognized. Among them, six newly recorded species were reported for the first time from Korea. All available materials were examined for adult and genitalic characters with known information, including the collecting localities, illustrations of adults and genitalia.

Asitic apple leafminer, Phyllonorycter ringoniella Matsumura, is an important pest in apple orchard, however its reproductive characteristics and seasonal adaption is poorly understood. The longevity and fecundity of P. ringoniella were investigated at seven constant temperatures (13.7, 15.6, 20.5, 23.7, 26.1, 30.2, and 32.3℃), 60-80% RH, and a photoperiod of 14:10 (L:D) h. Female adult longevity increased as the temperature decreased. The highest fecundity was obtained at 15.6℃ (65.2 eggs/female), and the fecundity decreased as temperature increased. The oviposition model were comprised by four components: adult aging rate model, total fecundity model, age-specific oviposition rate model, and age-specific survival rate model. Female adult aging rates were well described by an inverse second-order polynomial function and the total fecundity model was well described by an extreme value function. Age-specific cumulative oviposition rate was well fitted to a three-parameter Weibull function and age-specific survival rate to a sigmoid function, respectively. The model would be useful in developing population model for P. ringoniella and establishing management strategy against P. ringoniella in apple orchards.

This study was aimed to report two newly recorded species of the genus Phyllonorycter, P. japonica and P. rostrispinosa, which have been known to endemic species in Japan to date. All the materials examined for adult and genitalic characters with available information. Also, the collecting localities and illustrations of adults and genitalia are provided.

Caloptilia Hübner, 1825 is one of the largest genera in Gracillariidae. 314 species have been known around the world. To date, 19 species were known from Korea. In the present study, one species, C. acericola (Kumata, 1966), is newly recognized from South Korea. Caloptilia acericola was first described from Japan and it also distribute Russian Far East. The name of this species was derived from the genus name (Acer, Aceraceae) of its host plant. We redescribed with illustrations of adults and genitalic structures to distinguish the species from the congeneric species in South Korea.

Asiatic apple leafminer, Phyllonorycter ringoniella Matsumura (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is an important insect pest in apple orchard, however little is known about its demography and relationship with environmental factors. The effect of five constant temperatures (13.3, 15.3, 20.7, 26.1, and 30.0℃) on the demography of P. ringoniella was examined based on jackknife randomization method in the laboratory. The lowest (34.0%) and highest (63.3%) survivorship of immature stages occurred at 30.0 and 20.7℃, respectively. Sex ratio was estimated to be 0.5 and was unaffected by the temperature. Mean developmental times of immature stage were inversely related to temperature and varied from 25.9 days at 26.1℃ to 76.4 days at 13.3℃. Female adult longevity was longest at 15.3℃ (18.6 ± 0.96 days) and shortest at 30℃ (5.4 ± 0.27 days). The highest (86.24) and lowest (13.59) gross fecundity rate occurred at 15.3 and 30.0℃, respectively, while daily egg production displayed its highest (6.48) and lowest (2.12) values at 26.1 and 30.0℃, respectively. The highest net reproductive rate (R0), intrinsic rate of increase (r), and finite rate of increase (λ) obtained at 20.7℃ were 12.43, 0.064, and 1.067, respectively. Mean generation time (T) decreased with increasing temperatures from 85.24 days at 13.3℃ to 30.48 days at 30.0℃. Doubling time (DT) varied significantly with temperature and the shortest value (10.75 days) was obtained at 20.7℃. The life expectancies of female adult were estimated to be 16.2, 18.6, 10.8, 7.2, and 5.4 days at 13.3, 15.3, 20.7, 26.1, and 30.0℃, respectively. This study was the first time to report demographic biology of P. ringoniella, thus it provide potential direction for future research on P. ringoniella and its natural enemies in apple orchards.

This study was conducted to investigate the seasonal occurrence of Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton (Citrus leafminer; CLM) and parasitoids in Jeju region, where the damage of CLM to the citrus farm has been recently increased. For this study, annual CLM mornitoring using sex pheromone traps were conducted in the citrus farm of Jeju from 2011 to 2015. The mean annual occurrence of CLS was 477,389 and appeared to increase along the temperature.

The genus Phyllonorycter is a small sized moth among the family Gracillariidae, comprising 401 described species in the world (De Prins & De Prins 2005, 2012). In this study, Phyllonorycter styracis Kumata is reported for the first time from Korea. Material examined for this study was collected from Mt. Palgong on October, 2014 in Korea, and it is known to emerge in winter from Japan. Adult and genitalic characters are described, and available information including the distributional ranges and host plants are provided. Also, DNA barcode for the exact identification of the species was conducted in this study.

The genus Phyllocnistis belongs to the family Gracillariidae including 85 described species in the world (De Prins and De Prins 2005). The genus has been placed under the family Phyllocnistidae, which is now the subfamily of the family Gracillariidae. In Korea, only one species of the family, Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton has been listed for the first time by Ko (1969) without the taxonomic information. It was first reported by Heppner (1993) from North America, and it has become to the major pest of Rutaceae, especially damaging on the genus Citrus spp. It has been called as CLM (citrus leafminer) in the world. This study was carried out to identify and monitor CLM easily and correctly with providing the genitalic structures and DNA barcode which is now one of the major insect pest on citrus farm.

Caloptilia Hübner, 1825 is one of the largest group in Gracillariidae. 314 species have been known around the world. To date, 15 species were known from Korea. In the present study, four species of Caloptilia are newly recognized from Korean insect fauna: C. fidella (Reutti), C. hidakensis Kumata, C. illicii Kumata, and C. pulverea Kumata. All of 19 Korean species, including four newly recognized species, are redescribed with illustrations of adults and genitalic structures.

Oecophyllembiinae moths are small leaf mining gracillariid subfamily which is consisting of 34 species in 6 genera on the world, and their wing expanse about only 5-10mm. Since Kumata (1998) redefined subfamily Oecophyllembiinae, and Vari et al. (2002) treated Oecophyllembiinae as a synonym of Phyllocnistinae. Kawahara et al. (2011) analyzed, however, the grouping Oecophyllembiinae together with Phyllocnistinae is supported weakly or not at all, but a sister-group relationship could not be rejected. Also, because of their character distinctions on hind wing venation and the larval thoracic spiracles, we would like to follow Kumata (1998) distinguished Oecophyllembiinae from Phyllocnistinae. In thisstudy, Eumetriochroa hederae Kumata, 1998 feeding on Hedera rhombea SIEB. et ZUCC. (Araliaceae), is reported for the first time from Goheung, Korea. The host plant Hedera rhombea is a species of ivy which is native to coast of East Asia and some islands of East Asia include China, Taiwan, Japan and Korea. Larva makes irregular linear mine on upper side of leaf throughout its whole stage. The mature larva makes an oval pupal chamber within the end of the mine. The figures of the male and female genitalia, mine, pupae in immature stages are provided. The subfamily Oecophyllembiinae Real et Balachowsky (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae) is newly recorded from Korea for the first time.

This study was conducted to see the initial increasing time of population of citrus leafminer(CLM) in spring and early summer seasons in 2007-2011. CLM adults were monitored using sex pheromone trap which is mainly composed of Z,Z-7, 11-hexadecadienal in the 4, 8 and 5 orchards of the east, south and north part in jeju island, respectively during 2007-2011 seasons. The traps and lures were changed at 10 days and 1 month interval, respectively. Though CLMs were captured on traps from March or April, it was 17, 28 and 28 May in 2007, 16, 26 May and 5 June in 2008, 8, 26 and 26 May in 2009, 27 May, 7 and 7 June in 2010 and 25 May, 2, 2 June in the south, east and north part of Jeju Island, respectively that the CLM population rapidly began to increase toward peaking. The accumulated temperature except less than developmental zero, 12.1 Ujiye T 1990). from January was 248.0, 270.5 and 289.7 in 2007, 193.2, 203.8 and 261.4 in 2008, 202.0, 245.5 and 259.9 in 2009, 261.4, 192.2 and 268.3 in 2010 and 243.4, 246.3 and 252.4 in 2011 at that time. After May overwintered CLM adults are little possible to be counted to the number of captured CLM because adult longevity is about 100 in degree days (Lim 2006). CLM populations in the south part of Jeju Island in first CLM adults increasing periods during 2007-2011 is higher than other parts.

Mine and gall makers among Lepidoptera are found in the family Gracillariidae. The genus Borboryctis Kumata et Kuroko, 1988, have 2 species B. euryae Kumata et Kuroko and B. triplaca (Mayrick). B. euryae is known a gall maker of Eurya spp. In this study, Borboryctis euryae Kumata et Kuroko, 1988 feeding on Eurya japonica Thunb. and E. emarginata Makino (Theaceae), is reported for the first time from Is. Jeju and Geoje, Korea. The host plant, Eurya spp. an evergreen tree, is widely distributed in East Asia including Korea. The early instar larva makes linear mine near the surface of the leaves and mature larva makes gall on the leaves of the host plant. Larval frass ejected behaviour were not observed. The mature larva makes a light brown spindle-shape cocoon on the somewhere of the host plant, mainly edge of the leaf. The descriptions and figures of the male and female genitalia, mine, gall, larvae and pupae in immature stages, are provided.

The family Gracillariidae belonging to Gracillarioidea comprises more than 2,000 described species of 75 genera in the world (Davis & Robinson, 1999). The members of the family are mostly small-sized moths, which can be distinguished by a short (2-10mm in length) and lanceolated narrow wing with prominent cilia. The larvae of the family have been known as leaf-miner and hypermetamorphic development in larval stages. In Korea, it has been recorded 39 species of 11 genera by several researchers (Nakayama & Okamoto, 1940; Ko, 1969; Park, 1975; Park et al. 1977; Kumata & Park, 1978; Park, 1983; Kumata et al., 1983; Park & Han, 1986). Recently, Sohn (2007) reported 6 species without descriptions and detail information for the species. However, it is necessary to investigate and review the Korean Gracillarid moths, due to their lack knowledge from Korea to date, comparing with Japanese fauna, which contains 225 known species from Japan (http://www. jpmoth.org/). In this study, three species, Cloptilia heringi Kuroko, Phyllonryeter cavella (Zeller), and P. tritorrhecta (Meyrick), of the family Gracillariidae aree reported for the first time from Korea.

The citrus leafminer (CLM), Phyllocnistis citrella Stainton, is an oligophagous pest of Rutaceae family, especially Citrus spp. occurring in most worldwide citrus-growing areas. This study was conducted to evaluate a sex pheromone chemical of CLM, (Z,Z)-7,1l-hexadecadienal (7Z,11Z-16:AI) in monitoring CLM by trap types, the diel activity and the influence of some weather factors on trap catch. CLM was well attracted on a trap baited 7Z,11Z-16:AI 1㎎. Sticky wing trap was more effective than bucket trap. Most caught CLM were attracted at 2~6 a.m. regardless of season, and activity time of CLM was affected by sunrise time as well as sunset time. The trap catch of CLM was more influenced by wind velocity than temperature for activity time of CLM. The number of caught CLM was fallen at below 13℃, but there was little effect for trap catch at over that temperature. The average wind velocity at over 2.0 m/sec made the number of caught CLM drop down. The precipitation did not affect the number of caught CLM when the average wind velocity was lower than at 2.0 m/sec.

Caloptilia schisandrae Kumata is reported for the first time from Korea, with redescription of adult and illustration of the genitalia of both sexes. Larvae of the species caused damages on young plants of Schisandra chinensis(Turcz.).

우리나라 사과나무 잎의 주요해충인 사과굴나방(Phyllonorycter ringoniella)의 발생예찰을 위한 성페로몬조성을 이해하기 위하여 그들의 인공사료 개발가능성, 생식행동, 성페로몬샘의 구조 및 성페로몬성분을 분석하였다. 사과굴나방 유충을 위한 인공사료를 다각도로 검토하였었지만 거의 돌아다닐 수 없는 1령유충에 인공사료를 어떻게 잘 공급할 수 있느냐 하는 문제와 미생물의 오염을 극복하는 문제가 중요한 과제로 나타났다. 사과굴나방 암컷들의 산란에는 사과잎 추출물이 유인효과가 좋았으며, 산란기질로 사용하는 종이의 재질에 따른 차이는 별로 없었다. 성충들의 유인 행동과 교미는 불이 켜진지 30분 이내에 가장 왕성하였으며, 우화 후 3-4일 된 성충들의 교미율이 가장 높았다. 성페로몬샘은 성충 암컷 복부의 8번째와 9번때 마디 사이에 고리 모양을 이루고 있었으며, 가스 크로마토그래피와 GC-mass spectrometry를 이용한 암컷 복부의 8번째와 9번째 마디 사이에 고리 모양을 이루고 있었으며, 가스 크로마토그래피와 GC-mass spectrometry를 이용해 암컷 복부 추출물을 분석해 본 결과 (E, Z)-4, 10-tetradecadienyl acetate가 성페로몬의 주성분으로 나타났고, 그 외에 (Z)-10-tetradecenyl acetate로 예상되는 물질이 탐지되었으나, 정확하게 확인할 수 는 없었다.

우리나라 주요 녹차재배지에 발생하는 동백가는나방(차굴나방 전가칭. Caloptilia theivora (Walshingham))의 생활사와 발생소장을 조사한 결과는 다음과 같다. 동백가는나방은 야외 사육상 조건에서 년 6세대 경과하였는데, 난에서 우화까지의 평균기간은 봄.가을에는 32.1~38.6일, 여름에는 24.8~32.7일이었으며, 성충수명은 봄.가을에 8.4~14.5일, 여름에는 6.3~8.6일이었고 산란수는 55~71개였다. 유충의 연중 발생소장을 보면, 1992~1993년에는 5월 중순에 발생 peak를 보이기 시작하여 3~4회의 peak가 나타났으나 1994년에는 발생량이 감소하여 초기에는 뚜렷한 발생 peak가 나타나지 않다가 9월 하순~10월 초순에 발생량이 가장 많았으며, 잎에서 용태로 월동하였다. 동백가는나방의 유증기생봉으로는 Stenomesius japonicus (Ashmead). Sympiesis ringoniellae Kamijo, S. dolichogaster Ashmead와 Elasmus sp.등 4종이 채집 동정되었으며, S. dolichogaster가 우점종이다.

최근(最近)까지 필자(筆者)박(朴)등(等)에 의하여 보고(報告)된 우리나라의 굴나방과(科) 및 가는나방과(科)의 종수(種數)는 각각(各各) 8종(種), 30종(種)이었으나 금번 조사결과(調査結果) 아래의 7종(種)(굴나방과(科) 1종(種)과 가는나방과(科) 6종(種)이 우리나라 미기록종(未記錄種)으로 분류동정(分類同定)되었다. 새로 보고(報告)되는 종(種)들은 가는나방과(科)의 물푸레가는나방(Gracillaria ussuriella), 잡싸리가는나방(Liocrobyla kumatai), 신갈가는나방(Phyllonorycter leucocorona), 꼬마신갈가는나방(P. pygmaea), 오리엔트가는나방(P. orientalis), 쑥잎가는나방(Leucospilapteryx omissella)과 굴나방과(科)의 노박덩굴굴나방(Proleucoptera celastrella)으로 각각(各各) 우리말 이름을 명명(命名)하였다. 또한 현재(現在)까지 알려진 기주식물(寄主植物)을 조사(調査)한 결과(結果) 기주식물(寄主植物) 7종(種)을 처음 밝혀 냄과 아울러 28종(種)을 우리나라에서 재확인하여 전체종(全體種)에 대(對)한 기주식물목록(寄主植物目錄)을 작성(作成)하였다.