This study was to examine on the respiratory variables, heart rate and muscle activity between the static recovery and dynamic recovery after progressive resistance exercise to maximal point. Subjects were 15 students enrolled in N University. All were tested two times (static recovery and dynamic recovery) and were requested to perform a walking on a treadmill after progressive resistance exercise to maximal point. Electromyography(EMG) was used to monitor the muscle activity(TA: Tibialis Anterior, MG: Medial Gastrocnemius) during gait. CPEX-1 was used to measure the respiratory variables and heart rate. The dynamic recovery group was shown the significant lower heart rate than that of static recovery group at during gait. Respiratory rate showed statistically a significant difference. Electromyography(RMS, root mean square) showed a non-significant difference. But the dynamic recovery group of muscle activity was found highly in TA and MG. This study indicated that the dynamic recovery method evidenced more faster than the static recovery method. And this type of dynamic rest by walking can be a help of recovery after exercise.

The purpose of this study was to compare the trunk and lower extremity muscle activity induced by six different conditions floor, intensity 0, 1, 3, 5 of whole body vibration (WBV), and Swiss ball during bridging exercise. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to measure trunk and lower extremity muscles activity. Ten elderly women were recruited from Hong-sung Senior Citizen Welfare Center. The collected EMG data were normalized using reference contraction (during floor bridging) and expressed as a percentage of reference voluntary contraction (%RVC). To analyze the differences in EMG data, the repeated one-way analysis of variance was used. A Bonferroni's correction was used for multiple comparisons. The study showed that EMG activity of the rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, erector spinae and rectus abdominis muscles were not significantly different between six different conditions of during bridging exercise (p>.05). However, there were significantly increased EMG activity of the rectus femoris (p=.034) in the WBV intensity 0, 1, 3, and 5 conditions compared with the floor bridging condition. EMG activity of the medial gastrocnemius were significantly increased in the WBV intensity 0, 1, 3, 5 and Swiss ball conditions compared with the floor bridging condition. Future studies are required the dynamic instability condition such as one leg lifting in bridging.

Background: This study investigated effective posture for gluteus medius rehabilitation training and effects of isometric muscle activity by electrophysiology through EMG while performing dynamic isotonic behavior of weight placed differently on upper limbs. Method: 16 healthy male subjects 20 to 29 years of age volunteered for the study. Lateral stabilizer right gluteus medius activity was assessed using EMG while the right lower extremity maintains single limb support, and the left upper extremity elevation movement maintains 5 seconds without load, 1RM to 1 repetition, 5RM to 5 times, 10RM to 10 times, 5RM and 10RM maintain 5sec. Results: Comparison of the mean value of EMG data showed a statistically more significant difference in upper extremity elevation movement on opposite upper extremity added weight than one that was not added on a single limb weight bearing posture(p>.05). Weight supported side gluteus medius activity for 1RM, 5RM, 10RM weight difference and movement repetition did not differ(p>.05). Comparison in maximum value showed statistically significant differences in not adding weight on upper limb elevation exercise and 1RM, 5RM, 10RM repeated behavior. Elevation behavior and repetition appeared over 70% of MVIC. Conclusion: Unilateral weight bearing stance added weight in the opposite upper limb elevation movement was an indirect exercise to effectively stimulate gluteus medius activity. Applying various added weight will have effective exercise on the early stages of rehabilitation because activity gluteus medius did not differ through added weight.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of supporting surface instability to trunk and lower extremity muscle activities during bridging exercise combined with core-stabilization exercise. Thirty young healthy adults (15 males and 15 females) voluntarily participated in this study. Each subject was asked to perform bridging exercise combined with core-stabilization exercise on three different supporting surfaces (stable ground surface, the wooden balancing board, and the air cushion). The muscle activities were measured using surface electromyography (EMG) during performing exercise. To test statistical significance, one-way ANOVA with repeated measures was used with the significance level of .05. The findings of this study are summarized as follows. (1) There were significant differences in muscle activities on internal oblique, external oblique, gluteus medius, semitendinosus, biceps femoris, medial gastrocnemius and lateral gastrocnemius during exercise (p<.05). (2) The biceps femoris and lateral gastrocnemius showed significantly higher muscle activity on the wooden balancing board rather than on the ground, and semitendinosus, biceps femoris, medial gastrocnemius and lateral gastrocnemius showed significantly higher muscle activity on the air cushion rather than on the ground (p<.05). Therefore, it is concluded that muscle activities in the trunk and the lower limbs during bridging exercise combined with core-stabilization exercise was affected with instability of supporting surface. Further researches are needed to investigate the long term effect of bridging exercise on muscle activity with patient group.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the trunk and lower extremity muscle activity induced by three different intensity conditions (intensity 1, 3, 5) of whole body vibration (WBV) during bridging exercise. Surface electromyography (EMG) was used to measure trunk and lower extremity muscles activity. Eleven healthy young subjects (6 males, 5 females) were recruited from university students. The collected EMG data were normalized using reference contraction (no vibration during bridging) and expressed as a percentage of reference voluntary contraction. To analyze the differences in EMG data, the repeated one-way analysis of variance was used. A Bonferroni's correction was used for multiple comparisons. The study showed that EMG activity of the rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique, erector spinae and rectus femoris muscles was not significantly different among three intensity conditions of WBV during bridging exercise (p>.05). However, there were significantly increased EMG activity of the medial hamstring muscle (p=.001) and medial gastrocnemius muscle (p=.027) in the intensity 3 condition compared with the intensity 1 condition. This result can be interpreted that vibration was absorbed through the distal muscles, plantar flexor and knee flexor.

An abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) with a pressure biofeedback unit can be used to prevent excessive lumbar lordosis during bridging exercise. Therefore, in this research, the effects of an ADIM on lumbar lordosis and lower extremity muscle activity during bridging exercise were investigated in thirty healthy adults. Surface electromyography (EMG) and VICON system were used to collect kinematic data and muscle activity, respectively. A paired t-test was used to determine a statistical significance. The results showed as follows: (1) When performing bridging exercise with an ADIM, the height of the anterior superior iliac spine and greater trochanter decreased significantly (p<.05). (2) When performing bridging exercise with an ADIM, the trunk extension angle and pelvic angle increased significantly (p<.05). (3) When performing bridging exercise with an ADIM, the EMG signal amplitude increased significantly in the rectus abdominis, internal oblique abdominis, external oblique abdominis, medial hamstring, and lateral hamstring (p<.05). (4) When performing bridging exercise with an ADIM, the EMG signal amplitude decreased significantly in the erector spinae (p<.05). From the result of this research, an ADIM trained with pressure biofeedback unit during bridging exercise is effective to prevent excessive contraction of erector spinae, to limit excessive motion of pelvis from sagittal plane and to increase muscle activity of abdominal muscles and hamstring muscle.

Pressure sores are painful and needless complications of critical illness. and manifest as a localized area of ischemic necrosis of tissue caused by pressure. This study analyzed the bed-backrest elevation system combined with hip and knee flexion for lower extremity lower pressure reduction. Eight healthy adults aged 21 to 26 years were recruited. The Body Pressure Measurement Mat of the TekScan system was used to measure the location and magnitude of the peak pressures on the body bed interface. The SPSS statistical package was used to analyze the significance of differences between the general bed-backrest elevation system and the bed-backrest elevation system combined with hip and knee flexion using the paired t-test. The result showed that the body-pressure of the lower extremity was more significantly reduced for the bed-backrest elevation system combined with hip and knee flexion (26.6±4.3 mmHg) than a general bed-backrest elevation system (37.3±5.2 mmHg) (p<.05).

This study investigated gait characteristics, kinematics, and kinetics in the lower extremities between two different shoe conditions (high heeled shoes (7 cm), and high heeled shoes with a total contact insert (TCI)) after lower extremity muscle fatigue. Although TCI shave been applied in high heeled shoes to increase comfort and to decrease foot pressure, no study has attempted to identify the effects of TCI in fatigue conditions. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of walking in high heeled shoes with TCI after lower extremity muscle fatigue was induced. This study was carried out in a motion analysis laboratory at Hanseo University. A volunteer sample of 14 healthy female subjects participated. All in fatigue conditions, the subjects were divided into two groups. The muscle fatigue was induced by 40 voluntary dorsi- and plantar-flexion exercises and 40 heel-rise exercises of the dominant foot. Surface electromyography was used to confirm the localized muscle fatigue using power spectral analysis of three muscles (tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius medialis and lateralis). The results were as follows: (1) In muscle fatigue conditions, the use of TCI decreased the peak flexion angle of the hip joint significantly in the early stance phase (p<.05) and increased the peak hip flexion moment in the terminal stance phase (p<.05). (2) In muscle fatigue conditions, the application of TCI also increased peak hip power generation in the early stance phase and peak hip power absorption in the terminal stance phase (p<.05). (3) In muscle fatigue conditions, the use of TCI reduced the impact force significantly and increased the secondary peak vertical GRF. These findings suggest that the TCI may provide beneficial effects when muscle fatigue occurs for a high heeled shoe gait. Future research employing the patient population and various types of TCI materials are required to clarify the effects of TCI.

The purpose of this study was to assess the influence of spine orthosis and sit-to-stand motor strategies on ground reaction force (GRF) and lower extremity muscle activity. Twenty healthy adult men participated, and subjects randomly performed sit-to-stand motions in three different conditions: Momentum-transfer strategy (MTS); MTS with spine orthosis; and zero-momentum strategy (ZMS) with spine orthosis. GRF data, onset time, and muscle activity were determined and compared using force plate and electromyography. Data were statistically analyzed by the SPSS version 13.0. One-way repeated analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the statistical significance, and least significant difference was used as a post hoc test. The level of significance was .05. The results of this study were as follows: 1. Peak GRF and relative time to peak GRF were not significantly different in the three different conditions (p>.05). 2. Onset time of four muscles, tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, biceps femoris and rectus femoris, in the three different conditions were significantly different (p<.05). 3. The tibialis anterior and rectus femoris muscle activity before hip-off and tibialis anterior, gastrocnemius, and rectus fermoris muscle activity after hip-off were significantly different in the three different conditions (p<.05).

This study was designed to determine the effects of different widths in the base of support (BOS) on trunk and lower extremity muscle activation during upper extremity exercise. Twenty-seven healthy male subjects volunteered for this study. Exercises were performed for a total of 10 trials with a load of 10 repetitions maximum (10 RM) for each of the various widths of BOS (10 cm, 32 cm, 45 cm). The width of a BOS is the distance between each medial malleoli when a subject was in a comfortable standing position. Electromyography was used to determine muscle activation. Surface bipolar electrodes were applied over the tibialis anterior, medial gastrocnemius, biceps femoris, rectus femoris, gluteus maximus, upper rectus abdominis, and elector spinae muscle. Electromyographic (EMG) root mean square (RMS) signal intensity was normalized to 5 seconds of EMG obtained with a maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC). The data were analyzed by atwo-factor analysis of variance (ANOVA) with repeated-measures () and Bonferroni post hoc test. The results were as follows: (1) There were significant differences in the width of the BOS (p=.006). (2) The post hoc test showed significant differences with the BOS between 10 cm and 32 cm, between 10 cm and 45 cm and between 32 cm and 35 cm (p=.008, p=.003, p=.011). (3) There was no interaction with the BOS and muscle. (p=.438) There were no significant differences in the muscle activation (p=.215).

Most exercise for Patellofemoral pain syndrome (PFPS) has focused on selectively strengthening the vastus medialis oblique muscle (VMO). Although open chain knee extension exercises are effective for increasing overall quadriceps strength, they are not always indicated for PFPS rehabilitation. This study was designed to identify the effect of combined posture of lower extremity on Electromyographic (EMG) activity of the vastus lateralis muscle (VL) and VMO during static squat exercises. The subjects were twenty young adult males who had not experienced any knee injury and their Q-angle was within a normal range. They were asked to perform static squat exercises in five various postures using their lower extremities. The EMG activity of the VL and VMO were recorded in five exercises by surface electrodes and normalized by %MVC values derived from seated, isometric knee extensions. The normalized EMG activity levels (%MVC) of the VL and VMO for the five postures of the lower extremities were compared using one way ANOVA with repeated measures. Results of repeated measures of ANOVA's revealed that exercise 3 and exercise 5 produced significantly greater EMG activity of VMO/VL ratios than exercise 1 (p<.05). When the static squat exercise was combined with hip adduction and toes pointed outwardly, the EMG activity of VMO/VL rates was increased. The EMG activity of VMO/VL ratio was highest during static squat exercises performed on a decline squat. These results haveimportant implications for progressive and selective VMO muscle strengthening exercises in PFPS patients.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of backrests of varying degrees (, , ) on three abdominal muscles (upper rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique) and back extensor activation during lower extremity exercise. The three different conditions during bilateral knee extention exercise were: (1) leaning on a chair with a backrest, (2) leaning on a chair with a backrest, (3) leaning on a chair with a backrest. Fifteen healthy muscle subjects (mean age=24.2 years [SD=2.96], mean height=175.6 cm [SD=7.46], mean weight=69.1 kg [SD=7.36]) with no history of neuromusculoskeletal disease voluntarily participated in this study. Electromyography was used to collect muscle activation, and the muscle activation was expressed as a percentage of maximal voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC). Repeated one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the statistical significance. The results were as follows: (1) upper rectus abdominis, external oblique, internal oblique activation measured significantly lower. (2) measured significantly lower when lower degree.

이 연구의 목적은 발목에 테이핑을 한 후 40 cm의 높이에서 한 발로 수직착지를 할 때 발목관절에서의 테이핑 효과를 분석하는 것이었다. 대상자는 20대의 건강한 성인 14명(남자 4명, 여자 10명) 이었다. 대상자에게 적용한 조건은 테이핑 전, 테이핑 적용, 30분 동안 트레드밀에서 걷기, 테이핑 제거상태 이었고 맥리플렉스(MacReflex)를 이용하여 발끝이 지면에 닿은 상태에서 발목이 최대 배측굴곡(dorsiflexion) 되기까지 걸린 시간,

회전(turning)은 보행 중 방향을 바꾸는 운동 기술(motor skill)이고, 회전 전략(turning strategy)은 회전을 완수하는데 사용되는 일반적 행동 전형(generalized movement pattern)이다. 회전에 대한 보행속도의 영향은 분명하지 않다. 이 연구의 목적은 보행속도의 돌기 전략에 대한 영향을 분석하고 보행속도의 하지 내외 회전(internal and external rotation)에 대한 영향을 분석하는 것이다

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of pelvic and lower extremity exercise on the gait in 25 patients(11 men, 14 women) with hemiplegia. Their mean age was 65.2 years and the mean post-onset duration was 8.7 months. Each participant received a total of 15 sessions of PNF(five times per week), and each session lasted 40 minutes and consisted of 2 procedures(20 minutes each). The first procedure was pelvic anterior elevation and posterior depression pattern. And the second procedure was lower extremity flexion-adduction with knee flexion pattern. Results showed significant progressive improvement in gait speed and cadence after each 5 session period(5th, 10th, 15th session) compared with pre-treatment data(P<0.05). Furthermore improvements were noted in stride length.

하지 혈관조영검사에서 움직임을 줄이기 위한 방법으로 재질별 하드보드지, 포맥스, 폴리카보네이트, 아크릴을 사용하여 고정용 보조기구를 제작하였고, 제작된 재질별 Phantom의 정량적 화질평가를 위해 마스크 영상, DSA 영상, Roadmap 영상을 SNR과 CNR로 분석하여 보조기구의 유용성을 알아보고자 하였다. DSA 기법으로 하지 Phantom 만을 사용하여 촬영한 마스크 영상과 보조기구 위에 하지 Phantom을 올려 놓고 촬영한 마스크 영상의 SNR과 CNR을 비교한 결과 SNR은 약 0~0.06(0~10%), CNR은 약 0~0.003(0~5.3 6%)정도의 낮은 차이를 확인 하였다. DSA 기법으로 혈관모형의 Water Phantom 만을 사용하여 촬영한 영상과 보조기구 위에 Water Phantom을 올려놓고 촬영한 영상의 SNR과 CNR을 비교한 결과 SNR은 약 0.11~0.3 5(0.78~2.47%), CNR은 약 0.016~0.031(0.18~2.85%) 정도의 낮은 차이를 확인 하였다. Roadmap 기법으로 Wat er Phantom 만을 사용하여 촬영한 영상과 보조기구(하드보드지, 포맥스, 폴리카보네이트, 아크릴) 위에 wate r Phantom을 올려놓고 촬영한 영상의 SNR과 CNR을 비교한 결과 SNR은 0.02~0.05(0.54~1.38%), CNR은 0.0 02~0.004(1.96~3.70%) 정도의 낮은 차이를 확인 하였다. 결과적으로 보조기구를 사용하지 않았을 때와 보조기구(하드보드지, 포맥스, 폴리카보네이트, 아크릴)을 사용하였을 때를 비교 했을때 SNR과 CNR의 차이가 낮아 보조기구의 사용이 화질의 미치는 영향이 적다고 판단된다. 환자 고정을 위한 보조기구의 사용은 움직임에 따른 조영제 사용량 감소, 시간적 측면 감소, 방사선 피폭 감소, 위험요소의 제거 등에 유용하게 사용할 수 있으며, 보조기구 제작에 대한 각각재료들의 장점은 많으나 본 연구에서 하드보드지 경우 다른 재료에 비해 가격이 저렴하고, 가공이 쉬운 장점을 가지고 있어 검사 및 시술에서 쉽게 적용이 가능할 것으로 판단된다. 검사자가 보조기구를 제작하여 사용 할 때 각 검사의 목적 및 방법에 맞게 재질의 특성, 경제성을 고려하여 사용하는 것이 유용할 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구는 펜싱의 플레쉬 동작 시 하지관절모멘트에서 발현되는 힘에 관한 연구로 3차원영상 및 지면반력 데이터를 이용하여 동작을 분석하여 빠르고 정확하게 움직이는 효율적인 동작에 대한 과학적이고 객관적인 자료를 찾는데 목적이 있다. 이 연구는 남자 중학생과 고등학생 펜싱선수를 대상으로 플레쉬 동작 시 하지분절에 관한 모멘트를 분석하였다. 플레쉬 동작은 멀리 있는 상대방을 정확하게 찌르기 위한 동작이다. 발목관절에서 중학생이 저측굴곡, 내전, 외번이 크게 작용하였다. 이는 중학생이 고등학생보다 지면에 작용하는 시간이 길기 때문이다. 무릎관절에서는 고등학생이 내전모멘트가 크게 작용하였다. 무릎의 내전의 힘이 신체를 빠르게 이동시키는데 중요한 역할을 하였다. 고관절에서도 내전모멘트가 신체이동을 빠르게 이동 시키는데 큰 역할을 수행하였으며, 특히, 고등학생은 큰 측정값을 보였다. 따라서 플레쉬 동작에서 고관절의 내전모멘트의 역할이 매우 중요한 역할을 하였다.