Bisphenol A (BPA), known as a typical endocrine disruptor, has been used commercially and widely for plastics and epoxy resins. BPA-based plastic is used extensively for the production of water bottles, food containers, CDs, DVDs, and panels that can be applied in construction. Epoxy resins containing BPA are used for coatings on the insides of water pipes, food cans, and thermal papers that are used in sales receipts. As its estrogenic effects and other adverse health effects have published, BPA has been regulated in many countries, and there have been efforts made to replace BPA. Other bisphenols substitutes such as bisphenol S (BPS) and bisphenol F (BPF) have been used. Currently, BPS- and BPF-based products labeled BPA-free products have been widely consumed. Because of structural similarities with BPA, however, these alternatives also show endocrine disruption effects like BPA, and many studies on adverse health effects of these alternatives are being reported. In this review, we describe the adverse health effects of bisphenols and the current status of regulation.

Selecting suppliers in the global supply chain is the very difficult and complicated decision making problem particularly due to the various types of supply risk in addition to the uncertain performance of the potential suppliers. This paper proposes a multi-phase decision making model for supplier selection under supply risks in global supply chains. In the first phase, the model suggests supplier selection solutions suitable to a given condition of decision making using a rule-based expert system. The expert system consists of a knowledge base of supplier selection solutions and an “if-then” rule-based inference engine. The knowledge base contains information about options and their consistency for seven characteristics of 20 supplier selection solutions chosen from articles published in SCIE journals since 2010. In the second phase, the model computes the potential suppliers’ general performance indices using a technique for order preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS) based on their scores obtained by applying the suggested solutions. In the third phase, the model computes their risk indices using a TOPSIS based on their historical and predicted scores obtained by applying a risk evaluation algorithm. The evaluation algorithm deals with seven types of supply risk that significantly affect supplier’s performance and eventually influence buyer’s production plan. In the fourth phase, the model selects Pareto optimal suppliers based on their general performance and risk indices. An example demonstrates the implementation of the proposed model. The proposed model provides supply chain managers with a practical tool to effectively select best suppliers while considering supply risks as well as the general performance.

The rapid growth of engineering technology and the emergence of systemized and large-scale engineering systems have resulted in complexity and uncertainty throughout the lifecycle activities of engineering systems. This complex and large-scale engineering system consists of numerous components, but system failure can be caused by failure of any one of a number of components. There is a real difficulty in managing such a complex and large-scale system as a part. In order to efficiently manage the system and have high reliability, it is necessary to structure a system with a complex structure as a sub-system. Also, in the case of a system in which cause of failures exist at the same time, it is required to identify the correlation of the components lifetime and utilize it for the design policy or maintenance activities of the system. Competitive risk theory has been used as a theory based on this concept. In this study, we apply the competitive risk theory to the models with combined structure of series and parallel which is the basic structure of most complex engineering systems. We construct a competing risks model and propose a mathematical model of net lifetime and crude lifetime for each cause of failure, assuming that the components consisting a parallel system are mutually dependent. In addition, based on the constructed model, the correlation of cause of failure is mathematically analyzed and the hazard function is derived by dividing into net lifetime and crude lifetime.

PURPOSES :In this study, we analyzed the road crossing behavior of older pedestrians on a mid-block signalized crosswalk, and compared it to that of younger pedestrians. In addition, we analyzed the correlation between accidents involving older pedestrians while crossing roads and their behavioral characteristics. Finally, we confirmed the reasons for an increase in accidents involving older pedestrians.METHODS :First, 30 areas with the highest incidence of accidents involving older pedestrians while crossing roads were selected as target areas for analysis. Next, we measured the start-up delay (the time elapsed from the moment the signal turns green to the moment the pedestrian starts walking) and head movement (the number of head turns during crossing a road) of 900 (450 older and 450 younger) pedestrians. The next step was to conduct a survey and confirm the differences in judgment between older and younger pedestrians about approaching vehicles. Finally, we analyzed the correlation between the survey results and traffic accidents.RESULTS :The average start-up delay and head movement of the older pedestrians was 1.58 seconds and 3.15 times, respectively. A definite correlation was obtained between head movement and the frequency of pedestrian traffic accidents. The results of our survey indicate that 17.3% of the older pedestrians and 7.8% of the younger pedestrians have a high crash risk.CONCLUSIONS :Behavioral characteristics of older pedestrians were closely correlated with accidents involving older pedestrians while crossing roads in mid-block signalized crosswalks. Our study indicates that in order to reduce the number of accidents involving older pedestrians, it is necessary to develop an improvement plan including measures such as installation of safety facilities taking the behavioral characteristics of older pedestrians into consideration and their safety education.

한국에서 말라리아는 1993년에 다시 등장했으며, 이후 증감을 반복하며 공간적 변화를 거듭하여 왔다. 지리 공간의 인문·자연·지리적 요인들은 복잡하게 상호작용하여 매개 모기의 생태와 말라리아 발생에 영향을 미친다. 본 연구는 말라리아의 발생 양상을 이해하고 이를 조절하는 데 기여하고자 그 공간적 패턴을 분석하였다. 본 연구는 Getis-Ord의 Gi* 와 평균 중심점을 이용하여 2001년부터 2014년 사이 말라리아 발생의 공간적 분포를 탐색적으로 분석하여, 그 시공간적 변화를 파악하였다. 또한 일반화 포아송 회귀모형을 이용하여 2001년, 2014년 말라리아에 영향을 미치는 인문·환경 요인을 비교·분석하고, 군사분계선으로부터의 거리 변수를 이용하여 그 공간적 자기상관을 설명하고자 하였다. 그 결과, 소 두수, 표준공시지가, 성비, 아파트 비율, 군사분계선 거리, 기후 요소, 논 비율이 말라리아 발생에 영향을 미치는 유의한 변수로 확인되었다.

본 연구의 목적은 새로운 사고의 위기가 국내 해양안전에 미치는 영향을 분석하기 위함이다. 새로운 사고 위기는 세계 해상운송에서 새롭거나 드물게 또는 예측하지 못한 사건들로부터 유추한 것으로 사전 연구에서 46명의 전문가를 통해서 식별한 것이다. 새로운 해양사고의 위기를 식별하기 위하여 해양안전심판원(KMST)의 통계 데이터를 계산에 사용하였고, IMO의 공식안정성평가기법인 위기지수(RI) = 빈도지수(FI) + 심각성지수(SI)의 개념을 계산에 적용하였다. 통계적인 사고 데이터로부터 FI와 SI의 가중치를 계산한 후 가장 순위가 높은 시나리오를 식별하고 새로운 사고 위기와 시나리오 사이의 관계를 분석하였다. 분석 결과, 가장 순위가 높은 시나리오의 근본적인 원인은 “첨단기술 개발”이었고, 그 결과 “화물 작업 시간 단축”이 발생하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 결과는 사전 연구에서 46명의 전문가에 의해 식별한 “영업 경쟁” 및 “선원 문제” 등과 차이가 있음을 보였다.

The key features of maritime accidents are the change of their attributes by new risks from time to time. To prevent maritime accidents in Korea, the impacts by new risks on domestic safety environments should be identified or predicted. The purpose of this paper is to find the hazard factors by new risks on maritime safety in Korea. The meaning of new risks is the elements of accident hazard which is compiled from new or rare or unprecedented events in the worldwide maritime transportations. The problems of new risks are the lacks of optimum countermeasures to mitigate accident risks. Using the questionnaires with 152 event scenarios classified by 20 accident causes, the hazard identification and risk analysis of new risks was performed based on the Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) by IMO. A total of 22 Influence Diagrams, which is to depict the transit flows between accident causes to consequences, is used in the construction of 152 event scenarios. A total of 20 accidents causes is the same contents as the causation factors represented in Statistical Year Book for Maritime Accidents of Korean Maritime Safety Tribunals. After defining the evaluation equations to the response results of questionnaires by 46 experts, the work for risk analysis is carried out. As results from the analysis of 152 scenarios, it is known that the root cause to affect on maritime safety in Korea is the pressure of business competition and it led to the lacks of well experienced crews, the overload of vessel operations and crew's fatigue. In addition, as results from the analysis of 20 accident causes, the three accident causes are to be candidate as main issues in Korea such as the inadequate preparedness of departure, the neglecting of watch keeping in bridge and the inadequate management of ship operations. All of the results are thought to be as basic hazard factors to safety impediments. It is thus found that the optimum Risk Control Options to remove the hazard factors and to mitigate consequences required are the following two factors: business competition and crewing problems.

This study aims to examine the risk of electrical fire in places where electric heat wires are used. In general, the use of electric heating wires is becoming more common and prevalent in a bid to prevent increasing damage caused by freezing and bursting in residential water pipes, factory pipes and irrigation pipes in vinyl greenhouse and a variety of heat wire products are available in market with legal safety requirements imposed on them. However, the widespread use of anti-freezing burst heat wire products has caused increasing incidents of fire, which often fail to be incorporated into statistics due to quick onsite extinguishing and insignificant damage although damage is gradually on the rise. Against this backdrop, this study aims to look into the possibility of ignition caused by electric heat wires and the mechanism of how it turns into catching fire through overheat and short circuit tests for anti-freezing burst electrical heat wires (hereinafter called the ‘heat wire’) and expects to serve as the basis for further observations and analyses on the cause of fire and the process of ignition in a scientific manner.

1. 가뭄저항성 작물의 내건성 검정 및 위해성 평가에 활용하고자 가뭄모의시설을 구축하였다.2. 선행연구조사를 통해 가뭄모의시설은 토양으로 유출입되는 물을 조절할 수 있는 토양저장부와 강우 센서의 감지에 의해 자동으로 개폐가 되는 비가림막으로 구성하였다. 3. 시설은 적정관수구와 가뭄처리구로 나누어 식물체의 재배실험을 수행하였으며, 각 처리구의 토양수분함량의 변화와식물체의 표현형질의 분석을 통해 본 시설이 가뭄환경의 조성을 용이하게 조절함을 확인하였다.

This study empirically examines how much effect levels of fatigue and stress of a construction worker have on disaster risks from the perspective of human factors concerning construction disaster risks. To achieve the purpose of this study, a survey was conducted with respect to construction workers working at large construction sites within the metropolitan area. The retrieved survey data were analyzed by using the statistical software programs, SPSS 18.0 and AMOS 8.0. The results of this study do not definitively lead to the conclusion that the level of fatigue or stress of construction workers result in disaster risks. However, it does show that the results vary depending upon the individual approach and treatment of stress and fatigue. In particular, this study revealed that disaster risk levels could increase through unsafe behavior intentions which were established as a mediator variable. Also, with respect to unsafe behavior intentions of construction workers leading to disaster risks, when examining the results that the level of mental fatigue, occupational stress and social-psychological stress of construction workers had a greater significant effect than the level of physical fatigue, this study demonstrates the importance of psychological and mental issues that could be easily overlooked with respect manual labor workers.

본 연구에서는 질병 데이터를 활용한 사망률의 지도화에서 지역별 사망률의 변동성을 안정화할 수 있도록 하는 베이지언 기법을 적용하고, 기본적으로 활용되고 있는 SMR (Standardized mortality ratio)과 그 결과를 비교하였다. 우리나라 전국의 시군구 단위의 전립선암 사망자 수 데이터에 표준화와 베이지언 기법을 적용하고, 산출된 사망률을 지도화하여 기존에 없던 우리나라의 전립선암 사망률 지도를 질병 지도의 예시 자료로 작성하였다. 분석 결과, Bayesian 모델링 기법을 통해 계산된 위험비는 기존 SMR에 비해 좀 더 수렴된 형태의 안정적인 통계량을 가지는 것을 알 수 있었다. 국지적 Bayesian 기법은 이웃 지역들의 정보만을 반영하여 위험비를 평활화하기 때문에 본 연구에서 사용된 전역적 기법들과 비교할 때 평활화의 강도가 크지 않았다.

This study aimed to identify the recognition of fire risks on their field operations among firefighters and contribute to setting up safety measures accordingly. A self-administered questionnaire were used to evaluate their recognition of job risks. About 93.4% of respondents answered they have exposed to job risks and 73.4% answered that they had high safety awareness. Our study showed that the lower service years and ranks the fire officers had, the lower relevance in statistics their awareness of the risk of the field operations and safety concerns had. The vulnerable group is those aged 20 to 39, with under 10 years of service, at a lower rank of senior fire sergeant. The study suggests coming up with the measures to motivate the officers to perform safe operations by improving their safety awareness.

Food contact packaging material should be stable and non-reactive with the food that it is in contact with, and must promote the safety of food. However, for a number of years, there has been evidence that indefinitely small amounts of chemicals could migrate or leach from food packaging materials into the foods they hold. The chemistry and toxicity of such leachates are well-known and documented; and there is a growing concern over the matter among the general public. In addition, food regulatory agencies are imposing more stringent regulations on the maximum allowable amounts of known leachates into foods in recent years. The majority of toxicity studies have revealed that trace amounts of leachates pose no immediate health problems in humans. However, studies on the effects of long-term exposure or synergistic/cumulative toxicity are still lacking. The present review provides an overview of the chemical nature and toxicity of certain leachates from various types of food contact packaging materials that are in wide use.

The aim of this paper is to show how the paradigm of disaster resilience may help reorienting urban planning policies in order to mitigate various types of risks, thanks to carefully thought action on heritage and conservation practices. Resilience is defined as the “capacity of a social system to proactively adapt to and recover from disturbances that are perceived within the system to fall outside the range of normal and expected disturbances.”1 It relies greatly on risk perception2 and the memory of catastrophes. States, regions, municipalities, have been giving territorial materiality to collective memory for centuries,3 but this trend has considerably increased in the second half of the 20th century.4 This is particularly true regarding the memory of disasters: for example, important traces of catastrophes such as urban ruins have been preserved, because they were supposed to maintain some awareness and hence foster urban resilience – Berlin’s Gedächtniskirche is a well-known example of this policy.5 Yet, in spite of preserved traces of catastrophes and various warnings and heritage policies, there are countless examples of risk mismanagement and urban tragedies. Using resilience as a guiding concept might change the results of these failed risk mitigation policies and irrelevant disaster memory processes. Indeed, the concept of resilience deals with the complexity of temporal and spatial scales, and with partly emotional and qualitative processes, so that this approach fits the issues of urban memory management. Resilience might help underlining the complexity and the subtlety of remembrance messages, and lead to alternative paths better adapted to the diversity of risks, places and actors. However, when it is given territorial materiality, memory is almost always symbolically and politically framed and interpreted; Vale and Campanella had already outlined this political aspect of remembrance and resilience as a discourse.6 Resilience and the territorialization of memory are not ideologically neutral, but urban risk mitigation may come at that price.

항행하는 선박의 잠재적인 위험도를 평가하여 관리하는 것은 연안 모니터링 시스템의 주요기능 중 하나로 볼 수 있다. 지금까지 항 행하는 선박의 잠재적 위험도 평가는 그 해역의 교통 환경 및 선박운항자의 자질에 의존하고 있다. PSC에 의하여 주어지는 데이터는 기준 미달 선을 분류하고 기국 및 선사, 항만국의 안전관리수준을 평가하는데 이용되어 왔다. Tokyo MOU에 따르면 선박의 우선점검대상순위는 PSC데이 터의 선박안전관리평가지수(Target Factor)에 의해 결정되고 있다. 본 연구에서는 최근 5년 동안 국내 해상충돌사고선박의 통계를 분석하여 같 은 기간의 PSC결과를 나타나는 선박의 안전수준과 비교평가 함으로서 위험도 선박 분류기준에 활용한다.