South Korea has been storing UNF in spent fuel pool dry storage facility within Nuclear Power Plants. The dry storage facility of used nuclear fuel (UNF) is essential to sustain safety and sustain stable operation of a nuclear power plant. Most abroad countries have attempted to develop a variety of dry storage facility for used nuclear fuel in order to retain the safe restoration. Many studies have been conducting to safety evaluation for the dry storage facility. However, there is not a ventilation evaluation in the wake of fire event that could influence of the thermal effect on the dry storage facility, even though it will likely to occur fire events such as wildfire, air craft crash. In practice, it happened to catastrophic disaster due to the wild fire adjacent to ul-jin mountain. Also, it happened to fire accident near to the Japonia NPP in Ukraine territory caused of military air plane missile. It has not mostly been studied on the ventilation evaluation considered to thermal safety in the dry storage facility excepted for some researches. It could need the mechanical ventilation systems such as HVAC system in the dry storage system, so that thermal effect can be reduced. In this study, we conducted to the ventilation control modelling by using fire modelling tool (Fire Dynamic Simulator v.6.7). The ventilation scenarios made up for 3 case that can compare flowrate variation with ventilation control. As a result of modelling, there is no differentiation between ventilation control using performance curve with not using performance curve even though the pressure fluctuation would be increased, compared with the case of considering performance curve. Second, it evaluated that the mode for fraction control would occur to pressure rise in the state of controlling the ventilation system flowrate. However, sensitivity of flowrate control was more decreased below less than 5 seconds. Third, in the case of on/off control system revealed more higher resolution than other cases caused by flowrate variation. These results could be considered as the design guidelines for the development dry storage facility to improve the thermal performance that can reduce thermal risk. Furthermore, the study results would expect HVAC system installed in dry storage to help automatic ventilation control relevant to dry storage safety increased.

In many high-stakes testing situations, test-takers are not allowed to draw on external writing resources while writing, a practice observed more frequently in classroom settings. This may pose problems with the representativeness of test tasks and score interpretations. This study investigates the domain definition of one particular test known as the English Placement Writing Test within an argument-based validation framework. Focusing on the domain definition inference, the following rebuttal was evaluated: Certain essential contextual factors in the academic writing domain are not modeled in the test tasks. To do so, lower- and intermediate-level ESL students (n=92) who previously took the test were surveyed and interviewed regarding their uses of computerbased and face-to-face human-assisted writing tools. Results showed that students at both levels were statistically similar in their attitudes toward and uptakes of such tools while writing. The difference in availability of external writing tools between the target and test domain may point to issues with task authenticity of the test.

본 논문에서는 최근 4차 산업혁명을 통해 최신 ICT 기술을 접목하여 대한민국의 항만, 해운, 조선 및 기자재 산업이 물샐틈없는 완 벽 공조를 통한 가치 사슬, Seamless Value Chain이 Smart Seamless Value Chain 성공적인 구축을 위한 산업 간의 협력관계를 정의하 고, 이들 산업의 지속 가능한 발전을 위한 핵심 요소가 무엇인지를 고찰해 보았다. 이를 통해 오늘날 디지털화를 통한 탈탄소화를 실현 하여 ESG 경영 달성을 위한 방향도 제시하였다. 그리고 특히 중소기업의 관점에서 미래시장을 대응하기 위한 방안으로서의 디지털 화의 중요성과, 특히 중소 기자재 업체가 실현하는 디지털 화가 산업계 전반에서 어떤 역할을 하는지 중점적으로 고찰하였다. 이를 통 해 산업 간의 연계 상태와 가치 사슬이 원활한 관계를 반드시 유지해야할 필요 사유를 동시에 보여준다. 그리고 대한민국의 산업에서 얻은 실패 사례를 통한 교훈으로 발판 삼아 향후 지능형 연결의 전략적 통로를 만드는 초석을 구축하는 방향성도 제시하였다.

목적 : 본 연구는 인지적 허약(cognitive frailty) 평가도구에 대한 동향을 살피고 특성을 비교하여 평가하 고자 하는 목적에 따라 적합한 평가도구를 선정할 수 있도록 정보를 제공하기 위함이다. 연구방법 : 인지적 허약에 대한 합의가 제공된 2013년 9월부터 2022년 6월까지 Web of Science, PubMed, Embase를 통해서 cognitive frailty OR ( cognitive impairment OR cognitive decline ) AND ( frailty OR frail ) AND ( measurement OR assessment OR screening OR evaluation )를 검색했고 최종적 으로 48개의 문헌이 수집되었다. 해당 문헌들은 PRISMA 2020을 통해서 체계적인 검토를 수행하였다. 결과 : 인지적 허약과 관련된 연구는 최근에 증가하는 추세를 보이고 있으며 아시아에서 연구를 많이 진행 하고 있다. 신체적 허약을 평가하는 도구로는 Fried frailty index가 63.27%로 가장 많이 사용되었고 그 다음으로 자가보고 설문지를 통한 5가지 항목 FRAIL 평가도구가 16.33%로 많이 이용되었다. 인지 기능을 평가하는 도구로는 MMSE가 42.31%, CDR이 17.31%, MoCA와 NCGG-FAT이 11.54%로 많 이 사용되었다. 결론 : 본 연구는 광범위하게 사용되고 있는 인지적 허약 평가도구들에 대해서 살펴보았다. 평가도구는 질 병을 조기에 진단하는 과정과 연구의 질적 측면에서 중요하다. 해당 연구는 앞으로의 임상 또는 연구에 서 대상자를 선정할 때 다양한 특성을 고려하여 적합한 평가 도구를 선택하는 것에 대한 정보를 제시해 줄 수 있다는 것에 의의가 있다.

In this study, we compared the microbial reduction effects of drying, hot water, and microwave sterilization in scourers and dishcloths to suggest a most suitable sterilization method. Three scourer types (silver, copper, and mesh) were used, and three dishcloth types (silver, bamboo, and cotton) were used. Drying time dependent reduction in Escherichia coli was high in silver and copper scourers, but minimal bacterial reduction was obtained against Bacillus cereus in all scourers and dishcloths. In scourers, E. coli was not detected after ≥30 s of hot water sterilization at 77oC, and B. cereus was not detected after ≥60 s of hot water sterilization at 100oC. In dishcloths, E. coli was not detected after hot water sterilization at 77oC for ≥30 s, but B. cereus was detected after hot water sterilization at 100oC for ≥60 s. In scourers, E. coli was not detected after microwave sterilization at 700 W for 3 min, but B. cereus was detected. In dishcloths, E. coli was not detected after microwave sterilization with 700 W for ≥1 min, but B. cereus was detected in the cotton dishcloth even after sterilization for 3 min. In conclusion, the use of antimicrobial scourers (silver and copper) and dishcloths (silver and bamboo) are not sufficient to reduce the microbial contamination. The guideline provided by the Ministry of Food and Drug Safety suggesting dishcloth sterilization via hot water at 100oC for 30 s was also found to be insufficient. Based on our research, we suggest that the most effective methods of microbial management are submerging scourers in hot water at 100oC for ≥1 min, and sterilizing dishcloths for ≥3 min using a 700 W microwave.

The purpose of this research is to find out how EFL college learners utilized machine translation while writing their presentation scripts. Specifically, it attempted to examine the characteristics of the English translation outputs by MT and students’ self-edited drafts, and their perceptions toward the use of MT in English writing classes. Six college students were asked to submit one Korean draft, two machine translation drafts, and one self-edited draft, and two in-depth interviews were conducted with each of the participants during the course of the semester. Grammarly (2022), a free online grammar and spelling checker, was used to examine the characteristics of the collected writings, and Miles and Huberman’s (1994) three-step analytic method was employed to analyze the data from the in-depth interviews. The results of data analysis revealed that 1) there were more lexical errors than grammatical errors, and the number of the errors did not show a big difference between the different drafts; 2) Also, students viewed the use of MT in the English writing classes positively but found it difficult to properly use. Based on the research findings, pedagogical implications for the effective use of MT in English writing classes were suggested.

최근 발생하는 테러공격들 중 4차 산업혁명을 통해 새롭게 떠오르는 신 흥기술인 드론, 3D 프린팅 건, 인공지능 등을 이용한 테러공격과 사이버 테러가 증가하면서 이로 인한 테러공격의 충격과 공포의 파급효과가 더 크게 나타나고 있다. 문제는 이러한 기술이 비싸지 않고 쉽게 구입할 수 있는 일상적인 도구들이어서 악의적인 의도를 가진 일반인들과 극단주의 자들, 그리고 테러리스트들이 쉽게 테러이용수단으로 활용할 수 있다는 점이다. 더 우려스러운 점은 이 같은 신흥기술을 이용한 테러이용수단들 은 폭탄, 총포류 등의 전통적인 테러이용수단을 사용한 테러에 대한 대응 방안을 갖추고 있는 현재의 중요기반시설들과 다중이용시설 등의 보안을 위한 테러 대응전략과 방안들을 무력화시킨다는 것이다. 신흥기술을 이용 한 테러위협에 대한 대응은 특히 과학적 측면에서 연구되고 개발되어야 할 부분이기 때문에 이러한 위협에 대한 실효적인 테러대응방안을 수립하 려면 테러대응기관들과 안보기관들, 관련 신흥기술의 전문가들로부터 과 학적 연구, 실험, 개발 등의 지원을 받아야만 한다. 그러나 국내의 경우는 아직까지 신흥기술을 이용한 테러 공격에 대한 적절한 테러 방어기술이나 전략이 미흡하다. 이런 문제의 근본 이유는 국내의 주요 테러대응기관이 나 안보관련 기관들이 신흥기술에 대한 대비를 할 수 있도록 지원하는 과 학과 증거에 기반 한 연구, 실험, 그리고 개발을 위한 체계·권한·예산·인 력 등이 현재의 국내 법률상의 한계로 인해 제대로 구축되거나, 지원되거 나, 혹은 운용되지 못하기 때문이다. 이에 따라 이 연구는 신흥기술을 이용한 테러공격에 대비하고 있는 선 도적인 모범사례에 해당하는 미국 국토안보부(DHS)의 Science and Technology Decorate(S&T)와 Emerging Technologies Subcommittee of the Homeland Security Advisory Council (이하 HSAC)의 활동, 역할, 임무를 소개한다. 미국의 S&T는 현존하는 그리고 3년에서 10년의 단기, 그리고 더 먼 미래에 신흥기술을 포함한 모든 부분에서 미국 국가 의 안보를 헤치고 국민의 생명과 재산 그리고 민주주의의 절차에 도전이 되는 다양한 위협들을 파악하고 이에 대한 대응방안을 각 분야의 최고 전문가와 전문연구센터들과 함께 연구하고 있다. 이와 함께, 이 연구는 이러한 S&T의 활동을 가능하게 하는 관련 법령인 신흥위협예방법 2018 (The Preventing Emerging Threats Act of 2018)(S.2836)에 대해 소 개한다. 그리고 마지막으로 이 연구에서 소개하는 미국 사례에 대한 정책 적ㆍ법적 시사점과 국내의 적용가능성에 대해 논의하였다.

Several previous simulation studies using various geochemical models have been carried out in several major analogue sites. The cases are beneficial when these studies provided the possibility of testing the geochemical models to be used to describe the migration of radionuclides in a future radioactive waste repository system. It was possible to interpret the complex transport behaviour of radionuclides such as uranium and thorium in an environment. We organize major natural analogue study sites from the previous literatures that provided information on the general geochemistry of the sites, in terms of groundwater composition and mineralogy. Also, we calculated aqueous speciation and the solid phases most likely to control their solubilities. The results obtained from the previous studies and this study vary depending on the tools used and on the conceptual models followed. Also, the results differed from the actual measured concentrations of trace metals or radionuclide analogues. The results obtained from these tests identify the main mathematical limitations of available geochemical models. However, the modelling results using a geochemical code with the thermodynamic database simulated well the observed behaviour of radionuclides, especially to identify the dominant processes controlling actinide mobilization and fixation. It was a useful outcome in terms of building confidence on the current geochemical tools to predict the concentrations of radionuclide analogues once the major geochemical characteristics were known. This study allows improving specific aspects of geochemical modelling using major natural analogue sites.

Recently, an unprecedented emerging infectious disease has rapidly spread, causing a global shortage of wards. Although various temporary beds have appeared, the supply of wards specializing in infectious diseases is required. Negative pressure isolation wards should maintain their function even after an earthquake. However, the current seismic design standards do not guarantee the negative pressure isolation wards’ operational (OP) performance level. For this reason, some are not included in the design target even though they are non-structural elements that require seismic design. Also, the details of non-structural elements are usually determined during the construction phase. It is often necessary to complete the stability review and reinforcement design for non-structural elements within a short period. Against this background, enhanced performance objectives were set to guarantee the OP non-structural performance level, and a computerized tool was developed to quickly perform the seismic design of non-structural elements in the negative pressure isolation wards. This study created a spreadsheet-based computer tool that reflects the components, installation spacing, and design procedures of non-structural elements. Seismic performance review and design of the example non-structural elements were conducted using the computerized tool. The strength of some components was not sufficient, and it was reinforced. As a result, the time and effort required for strength evaluation, displacement evaluation, and reinforcement design were reduced through computerized tools.

This study aims to investigate the effect of an aluminum chromium nitride (AlCrN) coating on tool wear and hole quality in the conventional drilling process of carbon fiber-reinforced plastic (CFRP) composites, titanium alloy (Ti), and CFRP–Ti stack workpieces popular in the aerospace industry. The advanced arc plasma acceleration (APA) method of physical vapor deposition (PVD) was used for all AlCrN coatings. The drilling experiments were conducted with uncoated drills as well as AlCrN-coated drills. When drilling CFRP only, the AlCrN coating was removed at the drill cutting edges and the margin area, which suggests the carbon fibers abraded the coatings. When drilling Ti only, the AlCrN-coated drill mitigated the Ti adhesion formation, which resulted in less tool wear. In addition, hole quality for both CFRP and Ti was improved when the coating was used versus the uncoated tool. The machinability of CFRP–Ti stacks in the drilling process was improved by utilizing the advanced AlCrN coating on the WC tool in terms of drilling forces and hole quality parameters such as average hole size, average hole roundness, hole surface roughness, and Ti exit burr height.

캐주얼게임은 게임의 난이도나 규칙이 어려운 하드코어 게임에 비해 상대적으로 규칙이 쉽고 간단한 게임을 말한다. 캐주얼 게임은 게임의 특성상 짧은 여유시간에 즐기는 킬링 타임용 플레이에 더 적합하며, 단순한 규칙을 바탕으로 다양한 사용자층이 쉽게 즐길 수 있는 장점을 가진 콘텐츠이다. 2016년 이후글로벌 게임 산업의 비중에 있어서도 모바일 게임 시장 규모가 다른 플랫폼을 넘어섰으며, 캐주얼 게임의 장점과 특징이 모바일 게임 시장의 성장과 확대에 큰 영향을 미쳤다. 캐주얼 게임은 간단하고 사용자가 게임을 이해하기 쉬운 구성을 가지고 있으며, 순차적인 난이도 구성을 통해 사용자에게 지속적인 도전의식을 부여하여 안정적인 과금 설계 및 수익 모델 구축이 가능하다. 최근 중ž소 개발사들의 신규 게임 서비스 이후 생존이 점차 어려워지고 있으며, 이는 게임의 서비스 이후 체계적이고 효율적인 운영 솔루션 구축의 부재로 인한 결과로 유추가 가능하다. 본 연구에서는 모바일 게임의 글로벌 서비스를 위해 게임 사용자의 요구사항에 빠르게 대처하며, 개발 비용을 절감하고 업무의 효율성을 증가시킬 수 있도록 운영 툴을 설계하고 구현한다.

Currently, the cut flower market seems to be an export revenue in the world trade of the flower industry. The amount of exported cut flowers is impressive with increased production in various countries, especially in Korea. In the Fourth Industrial Revolution, automatic technologies are continuing to develop agricultural effective tools in the challenge of digital innovation. Thus, the low production costs set up in the field, greenhouse, or smart farm set up, and the short time of harvest must be considered within a few months. The postharvest quality of cut flowers presents freshness and long vase life, and the tools for postharvest handling are expected to optimize these. This review highlights the most important factors improving postharvest quality of cut flowers, the potential standard applicable techniques for commercial handling outlines of cut flower vase life, and recommendations for improving postharvest handling in the flower industry.