Pyrifluquinazon, as a quinazinalone chemical group, based on a new mode of biological activity. It is reported that mode of action is modifies insect behavior, rapidly stopping feeding such that insects starve to death. Time-release feature and mortality effect on M. persicae using different pyrifluquinazon nano type and non-nano type were compared. Pyrifluquinazon nano type was formulated with different molecular weight and density of used chitosan (CS 30000 0.1% and CS 3000 0.3%). In the CS 30,000 0.1%, the mortality was weakly occurred at early time, but steadily increased after 4days. Finally, we confirmed more than 70% mortality as a peak at 16days. In CS 3000 0.3%, the mortality showed about 70% until 18days as a effective controlled release. Also, We examine time-release feature and mortality effect on M. persicae according to the different pyrifluquinazon nano type(CS 30000 0.1% and CS 3000 0.3%) of concentrations. The CS 30000 0.1% bioassay results of different concentration were showed that the highest concentration(100ppm) was measured better mortality than other concentration at 0 day, but cannot confirm different effect about dissimilar concentration. However, increasing rates of M. persicae were low as treatment concentrate was high. In CS 3000 0.3% 100ppm concentration bioassay result, aphid mortality reached peak at 24 days and increasing rate also low. Additionally, for the comparing of bioassay and feeding behavior of M. persicae against pyrifluquinazon nano types and non-nano type, EPG technique was carried out. In case of non nano type, feeding inhibition efficacy was showed during 4 days after treatment, but appeared similar level with control after 10days. In CS 3000 0.3% 50ppm, residual efficacy was specially showed until 28days after treatment whereas treatments with CS 30000 0.1% were similar to the control after 22days. These result show that the change of feedinng behavior and motrality of M. persicae is correlated with the change of nano type or non nano type of pyrifluquinazon.

Plant penetration by aphids can be monitored electrically by the electrical penetration graph (EPG) technique. To confirm whether some behaviors are correlated to specific graph pattern in EPG, we analyzed the two synchronized data, EPG and video records. We recorded electrical penetration graph (EPG) and behaviors of aphids simultaneously. Then we compared the behaviors of aphids with the recorded EPG waveforms in order to match their visible behaviors and invisible behaviors with stylet. The visible behaviors were categorized for walking, wagging, honeydew production, and reproduction. When the aphids were generally motionless, the EPG denoted feeding-related waveforms (E1, E2, F and G). Whereas, probing waveforms (B and pd) frequently occurred when they were wagging. We aim to present the correlation between observed behaviors and EPG patterns.

The Green Peach aphid, Myzus persicae Sulzer, is one of the most widespread insect pests worldwide. We established the ethogram of this species during the pre-reproductive period to understand the behavioral repertoire, organization of behaviors, and the context in which they occur. The behaviors that we observed include honeydew production (HDP), walking, wagging, pre-molting and molting. We noted the frequency and the amount of time for each behavior at different nymphal stages. As the nymphal stage increased, the rate of HDP decreased. The HDP seemed to occurred at regular duration and interval in each nymphal stage, while the wagging and walking seemed to be irregular behaviors. When wagging occurred before HDP, the successive HDP was significantly delayed, suggesting that aphids might not feed during wagging. Due to regularity through all nymphal-stages, HPD can be used for a good behavioral indicator in the related bioassay.

The green peach aphid, Myzuspersicae Sulzer, is one of the most important insect pest in the world. To assess the efficiency of sound wave to control aphids, we treated a different combination of intensity (66dB, 78dB, 90dB) and frequency (100Hz, 500Hz, 1000Hz) of acoustic stimulus to the aphids. Then we analyzed aphid’s behaviors occurred in each different combination group of acoustic stimulus and control group, and compared them to confirm the most effective sound. We used honey-dew-production (HDP) for behavioral bioassay, which occurs regularly in each nymphal stage and adult period. The rate of HDP decreased in the whole experimental group when compared with control group (F1,358=79.415,P<0.0001). The most effective acoustic frequency was100Hz in which aphids reduced the rate of HDP to approximately 1/3 times lower than that of control group. The treatments of 1000Hz and 500Hz were effective in the order of appearance. The effect of acoustic stimulus seems irregular in the different intensities, and the highest intensity did not show the strongest effect in each frequency. Consequently, the rate of HDP seemed to be affected by the acoustic frequency more than the intensity.

Developmental time, mummification, pupal mortality, sex ratio of a South Korean strain of Aphelinus varipes Förster parasitizing the green peach aphid, Myzus persicae were studied at 20, 25 and 30℃ in controlled climate cabinets. Plastic container with sweet pepper(Capsicum annuum L.) were used as experimental units. Green peach aphid in different larval instars and as adults, reared at the three different temperatures, were presented to A. varipes in a 'no-choice' and 'choice' situation for 6h. These presentations were done at 25℃ in each experiment to avoid an influence of temperature on parasitization rate. In case of no-choice test, more 1st(24%), 2nd(22%) and 3rd(38%) instar aphids were parasitized than 4th(14%) instar and adult(10%) among the aphids reared at 25℃. In case of choice test, more 1st(41%), 2nd(42%) and 3rd(29%) instar aphids were parasitized than 4th(13%) instar and adult(0%) among the aphids reared at 25℃. Pupal mortality of the parasitoid was not influenced by temperatures. The sex ratio of A. varipes was male-biased, and varied between 49.4% females developed from aphids reared at 30℃ and 42.8% from aphids reared at 20℃. The sex ratio was not significantly influenced by host stages. The developmental time of A. varipes parasitizing the green peach aphid ranged from 26.1days at 20℃ to 11.1days at 30℃.

The green peach aphid, Myzus persicae, is one of the most widespread insect pest worldwide. We documented all behaviors of this species during the pre-reproductive period to understand the behavioral repertoire, organization of behaviors, and the context in which they occur. The behaviors that we observed include honey-dew production, walking, wagging, and molting. Honey-dew production occurred regularly at every 30-60 min throughout all nymphal stages. Walking seemed to occur when the host condition was not good, probably related to searching for a new host. Wagging, which was the turning of abdomen with the stylet in the plant, was also frequently observed, but the function of this behavior was unclear. We also noted the frequency and the amount of time for each behavior at different nymphal stages.

To investigate resistance of Myzus persicae, which is resistant to etofenprox belonging to pyrethriods, to other insecticides, fenpropathrin and thiamethoxam, mortality and LC₅₀ values for these two insecticides against the etofenprox-resistant and -susceptible populations were obtained and EPG analysis for feeding behaviors of thiamethoxam or fenpropathrin treated and non-treated M. persicae was conducted. For fenpropathrin, mortality after 48 h treatment was 28 and 29%, respectively for the resistant and susceptible population. The LC₅₀ value was 193.15 and 93.46 ppm, respectively. For thiamethoxam, mortality after 48 h treatment was 87 and 57%, respectively for the resistant and susceptible population. The LC₅₀ value was 3.17 and 30.34 ppm, respectively. There was no significant difference in feeding behavior between fenprorpathrin treated and non-treated M. persicae. They showed a continuous feeding pattern. However, contact signal frequency increased in the thiamethoxam treated M. persicae 1 hour after treatment and significant difference was shown.

This study was performed to investigate the correlation between changes of feeding behavior of green peach aphid, Myzus persicae and residual effect of an insecticide, Pyrifluzuinazon, using EPG technique. Pyrifluquinazon was showed the insecticidal activity until three days (72h) after treatment, and the activity was high in nymph than adult of GPA. There was no difference among treatment methods. Lethal sign was observed the slimed the abdomen of GPA after 3 days that rises the insecticidal activity, and dieㅇ as being sticked and/or pulled out the needle. Residual efficacy from 1, 3, 5, 7 to 20 days after treatment, insecticidal activity was showed 70% in 50 ppm, recommended concentration, until 5 days. And waveforms relating to non-probe time and phloem phase time using EPA, feeding inhibition efficacy was showed during 5 days after treatment, but showed similar level with control after 13 days. These results show that the change of feeding behavior of GPA is correlated with the change of residual effect of pyrifluzuinazon.

For the comparing of mortality of the resistance and susceptible population of Myzus persicae, etofenprox was treated in the recommended concentration of 200ppm. Mortalities of resistance population were 16.7 and 36.7%, and susceptible population were 86.7 and 86.7% after 24 and 48 hours treatment, respectively. For the detect of cross resistance to other pyrethroids, 6 pyrethroids were examined. Mortalities of susceptible and resistance populations were 90 and 31% to deltamethrin, 92 and 23% to lambda cyhalothrin, 81 and 14% to cypermethrin, 70 and 20% to α-cypermethrin, 29 and 28% to fenpropathrin, 84 and 29% to fenvalerate, respectively. It was showed that resistance populations were generally resistive to other pyrethroids. On the other hands, for recognized ecological characteristic of M. persicae susceptible and resistance populations life table was tested on the pepper leaves in the petri dish and on the plant in the pot. This results were showed that intrinsic rate of increase (r<SUB>m</SUB>), net reproduction number (R₀) and generation time in day (T<SUB>c</SUB>) were significantly different between two population in both tested. However, life span and reproduction period were slightly different between them. Otherwise, feeding behaviors were tested using EPG technique with non- and treated etofenprox. First potential drop time of susceptible and resistance population was 73.5 and 257.9 sec with non-treated and 93.3 and 1076.2 sec after treated, respectively. Electrical probing signals were 8.2 and 48.8 times with susceptible and resistance individuals after treated etofenprox, respectively. It was supposed that the resistance is more probings than susceptible population. After treated, total feeding time have more 6,728.9 sec on resistance than 965.5 sec on susceptible population. So, total non penetration time of susceptible population was 3,000 sec longer than resistance population.

As the results achieved by the evaluation of toxicities on an aphid parasitoid, Aphidius colemani by 79 pesticides registered as horticultural pesticide and 4 adjuvants for pest control, 6 insecticides including a-cypermethrin, 13 fungicides including metalaxyl-M+mancozeb and 4 acaricides including bifenazate showed low toxicity against A. colemani adult. Low toxicity was showed in all the 4 adjuvants as well. In residual toxicity test from 40 pesticides which showed toxicity more than 50%, A. colemani was safe from 11 pesticides from the 3th day after treatment, 7 pesticides from the 5th day after treatment and 14 pesticides from the 7th day after treatment, respectively. But, chlorpyrifos-methyl, diflubenzuron+chlorpyrifos, etofenprox+diazinone and imidachloprid+chlorpyrifos showed high toxicities reaching 100%, 97.7%, 100% and 100% respectively, even from the 7th day after treatment. To evaluate the control effect by A. colemani against Myzus persicae in a greenhouse, A. colemani was released at parasitoid versus aphids rates of 1:50 and 1:100 when the population of M. persicae was 50 per plant. After release, aphids population remained steady for 20 days after release at the level of around 60 aphids per plant During the investigation, insecticides for thrips control and fungicides for powdery mildew control were treated, but didn"t affect the mummy forming of A. colemani. It may be suggested from these results that the selected insecticides, fungicides, acaricides and adjuvent could be incorporated into the integrated M. persicae management system with A. colemani on greenhouse cultivation.

복숭아혹진딧물의 섭식행동을 관찰하기 위해, 고추, 무, 배추, 가지, 참외 등 5종류의 기주식물에서 EPG기술을 이용하였다. 복숭아혹진딧물의 구침이 식물체 표면에 접촉된 후 전기적 연결이 일어나기까지 소요되는 시간과 맨 처음 potential drop이 일어나기까지 소요된 시간, 구침의 세포간극내에서의 활동에 의하여 일어나는 potential drop의 수, 전기적 연결신호가 나타난 시점부터 체관부를 섭식하는 순간까지 소요된 시간 등을 조사한 결과 Potential drop 수에서는 기주들 사이에 유의성 있는 차이를 나타내었다. 그러나 나머지 요인에서는 기주식물들 사이에 큰 차이를 보이지 않았지만, 참외나 배추보다는 고추, 무, 가지에서 즘 더 기주선호성과 관련된 섭식패턴들을 확인할 수 있었다.

복숭아혹진딧물(Myzus persicae )의 성충 발육과 산자수를 , 상대습도 60-70%, 광주기 16L:8D 조건에서 조사하고 생명표를 작성하였다. 복숭아혹진딧물 성충은 까지 수명이 일로 온도의 상승에 따라 성충기간이 짧아졌으며, 산자수는 에서 40.8마리로 최고치를 보였으나 까지 산자수 차이에 유의성이 인정되지 않았다. 다만 에서는 8.4마리로 고온에 영향을 받은 것으로 보인다. 또한 복숭아혹진딧물 성충의 일일 산자수는 에서 5.1마리였고, 와 에서는 모두 2.8마리로 온도가 높거나 낮아지면서 일일산자수가 적어졌다. 온도별 총 산자수를 이용하여 작성한 산자 모형을 보면 에서 51.0마리로 최고값을 보인다. 또한 약충 발육시 사망률과 성충 수명, 산자수를 이용하여 생명표를 작성하였는데 복숭아혹진딧물은 Ro가 에서 36.5, 은 0.4, Dt는 1.6, 기간증가율은 1.5, 세대기간은 8.1로 가 복숭아혹진딧물 증가에 가장 적합한 온도로 나타났다.

복숭아혹진딧물(Myzus persicae)의 온도별 발육상을 조사하기 위해 에서 까지 간격으로 8개 온도에서 조사를 하였으며, 상대습도는 , 광주기는 16L:8D 조건으로 처리하였다. 일반적으로 진딧물의 약충 단계는 1령에서 4령가지로 구분하나 본 연구에서는 1-2령을 (1st-2nd nymph), 3-4령을(3rd-4th nymph)이라 하여 2단계로 구분하였다. 대부분의 온도에서 사망률은 초기 1-2령이 3-4령보다 더 높았으나 에서는 오히려 3-4령의 사망률이 대부분을 차지하였다. 온도별 발육기간은 에서 12.4일로 가장 길었고 온도가 상승함에 따라 점차 짧아져 에서는 4.9일로 가장 짧았으나 30에서 까지는 오히려 5.0일과 6.3일로 발육 기간이 길어지는 양상을 보였다. 약충의 발육영점온도는 이고, 유효적산온도는 116.5일도 이었다. 각 온도별 발육률은 변형된 Sharpe와 DeMichele의 비선형 모형에 잘 적합되었다. 발육단계별 발육기간을 표준화하여 누적시킨 값을 3개의 변수를 갖는 Weibull function에 적용하여 보았을 때 1-2령3-4령 전체 약충 순으로 발육기간이 짧아지는 경향을 보여 주었고 는 0.87-0.94로 나타났다.

진디혹파리(Aphidoletes aphidimyza Rondani 1847)의 발육실험 조건은 RH, 광조건은 16L:8D이었다. 알에서 번데기 기간까지 종합한 발육기간은 에서 43.9, 44.5일이였고, 에서 14.3, 15.8일이였으며, 발육영점온도는 10.7, 이고, 유효적산온도는 210.8, 245.5일도였다. 두 종의 진딧물을 먹이로 한 온도별 발육율은 변형된 Sharpe와 DeMichele의 비선형모형에 잘 적합되었다. 진디혹파리의 발육 단계별 발육완료 시기 분포 모형을 생리적 연령을 이용하여 Weibull function으로 보았을 때 알유충번데기 순으로 점차 발육 완료가 짧은 기간에 이루어지는 것을 볼 수 있었고 적합도를 나타내는 은 0.86-0.93, 0.85-0.94로 누적 발육율을 비교적 잘 보여주고 있다. 성충 수명은 에서 8.7, 9.2일이였고 에서 3.1, 2.7일이였다. 이들 결과를 종합해 보면 알 기간에서 의 경우 발육기간은 짧았으나 부화율이 미만으로 낮았고, 유충은 에서 번데기에 이르지 못하고 모두 사망하였고 에서는 발육기간이 길어져 이상에서는 유충과 번데기가 부의 영향을 받아 기존의 보고와 상이하였다. 또한 성충수명에서 의 경우 성충수명은 길었으나 케이지 내에서 움직임이 전혀 없었고, 산란 또한 하지 않았으며 에서도 성충기간이 짧아 산란 수가 아주 적거나 없을 것으로 생각된다. 따라서 진디혹파리를 진딧물 방제에 이용할 경우 성충이 자유롭게 움직이며 산란할 수 있는 이상 미만의 온도가 좋을 것으로 생각한다.

Imidacloprid에 저항성을 보이는 복숭아혹진딧물에 대해 몇가지 저항성 기작을 조사하였다. 복숭아혹진딧물에 약제를 처리한 후의 체벽잔류량은 처리 후 시간이 지남에 따라 서서히 감소되었으나 감수성계통과 저항성계통 간에 체벽침투력의 유의성은 없었다. 체내잔류량은 양 계통에서 시간이 지남에 따라 점차 증가되었으며 감수성에서 많았다. 배설량은 저항성계통이 감수성계통보다 많아 약제 대시가 빠르게 나타났다. Imidacloprid 저항성계통의 acetylcholine-sterase (AChE) 활성은 감수성계통 보다 약 1.4배 높았으며, imidacloprid는 AChE를 저해하지 않았다. 저항성계통에 대해 산화효소 저해제인 PBO(piperonyl butoxide)와 esterase 저해제인 IBP (iprobenfos)를 혼합하여 사용한 결과 Imidacloprid : PBO의 비율은 1 : 1과 1 : 5에서 각각 69.4, 250배의 독성을 보였으며, IBP와 혼합사용(1 : 1과 1 : 5)에서는 각각 227, 80.6배의 독성을 보였다. 감수성계통에 PBO와 IBP를 imidacloprid와 같은 비율로 혼합처리 하였을 경우 단독처리와 독성차이가 보이지 않았다. -naphtyl butyrate와 -naphtyl acetate 기질을 사용하여 비특이적 esterase의 활성을 측정한 결과 저항성계통의 감수성 계통보다 esteraseghkf성이 높게 나타났다. 따라서 imidacloprid 저항성 복숭아혹진딧물의 저항성 기작에는 산화효소와 esterase가 관여되고 있음을 알 수 있었다.

온도가 살충제의 저항성과 감수성계통, 복숭아혹진덧물의 발육에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 핵형이 정상인 감수성 계통(URY-O)과 저항성 계통(ABURABI : 유일) 및 핵형이상(AI, 3 전좌)으로 저항성인 O-RY 계통을 사용하였다. 에서의 약충 기간은 저항성과 감수성 계통 간에 차이가 없었으나, 에서는 감수성 인 URY-O 계통은 8.3일간에 성층이 되었었음에 비하여 저항성인 O-RY 계통은 조사기간인 20일까지 약충상태로서 성충으로 발육하지 못하고 사망하였다. 감수성인 URY-O 계통과 저항성인 ABURABI 계통의 산자수는 에서 서로 차이가 없었으나, 저항성인 O-RY 계통의 산자 수는 에서보다 1/10밖에 자충을 낳지 못하였다. 또한 충체중은 에서 URY-O와 유일은 각각 0.22와 0.27 mg/♀이었으나, O-RY는 0.16 mg/♀로서 차이가 컸다. 가수분해활성(n mol/IS min/female)이 19인 O-RY(-)9t 88인 O-RY(+)는 , sub-strain의 산자수는 각각 3.4마리와 0.8마리로서 에스테라제 활성이 높은 O-RY(+)계통이 에스테라제 활성이 낮은 O-RY(-)계통보다 새끼수를 적게 낳았다.

포장의 약제저항성 변동요인을 조사하기 위하여 복수아혹진딧물의 Carboxyl esterase(CE) 활서측정에 의한 저항성도의 변동상황을 조사하였다. 비닐하우스에서 고추육묘중 발생한 복수아혹진딧물의 CE활성 측정 결과 약제저항성도는 무처리구가 40이였으나 아세페이트를 처리한구는 78로 약제처리로 인한 저항성도가 38이 증가하였다. 또한 노천망실에서 약제처리를 하지 않고 재배한 케일에 발생한 복숭아혹진딧물의 CE활성에 의한 저항성도는 7월이 24이었으나, 8, 9월의 활성이 계속 증가하여 10월이 83으로서 최고에 달하였다가 11월에는 다시 81에서 79로 약천 떨어지고 있어 약제이외에 저항성도의 자연변동요인이 있음을 확인하였다. 전국적으로 18개장소에서 채집한 진딧물의 CE활성을 측정한 결과 저항성도의 평균이 여름은 5014였으며 늦가을인 11월은 8210으로서 여름보다 늦가을인 11월이 32가 높았으며 그중에도 약제를 살포사지 않은 곳 보다 약제살포 회수가 많은 곳일수록 높았다.

복숭아혹진딧물 방제용약제를 공시하여 1983년부터 4년에 걸쳐 포장에서의 약효와 실내에서 약제감수성을 조사하였다. 마라치온을 포함한 7종의 살충제의 방제가가 현저히 낮았다. 또한 포장에서 계절별로 발생한 개체군에 대한 각 약제의 감수성시험을 실시한 결과 약제에 따라 1~167배의 약제 감수성 차이를 보였다.

Cypermethrin과 pirimicarb도태 저항성계통 복수아흑진딧물(Myzus persicae Sulzer)에 대한 acephate, cypermethrin, demeton-S-methyl, pirimicarb 상호 혼합시의 연합독작용을 검토한 결과는 다음과 같다. Cypermethrin 도태 저항성계통에 Cypermethrin+acephate, cypermethrin+demeton-S-methyl, cypermethrin_pirimicarb를 처리하였을 때, 혼합비에 따른 정도의 차이는 있었으나. 독립작용 또는 길항작용을 보였다. Pirimicarb 도태 저항성계통에 pirimicarb+acephate, pirimicarb+cypermethrin을 각각 8:2, 2:8 혼합처리하였을 때 최대의 협동결과를 보였으나, pirimicarb+demeton-S-methyl의 경웨는 혼합비에 관계없이 길항작용을 나타내었다.