용매추출법에서 희토류 금속을 효과적으로 분리하기 위해 추출제만 사용하는 것이 아니라 crown ether와 같은 첨가제를 이용하는 연구를 하였다. Host-guest 화합물인 macrocyclic ligand는 금 속과 착화물을 형성하는데, 이 때 crown ether의 cavity 크기와 비슷한 크기의 금속 이온들과 안정한 착 화물을 형성한다. 이전 연구에서 europium과 yttrium을 분리하기 위해 여러 사슬 길이의 지방산 추출제 를 이용한 추출실험을 행하였었다. 이를 토대로 분리효율이 좋지 않았던 hexanoic acid에 크기가 다른 crown ether (18-crown-6 ether, 15-crown-5 ether, 12-crown-4 ether)를 첨가하여 분리효과가 증가 하는 것을 연구하였다. hexanoic acid의 농도별로 분리효율을 본 후 가장 분리 효율이 좋은 농도에서 crown ether를 종류와 농도를 다르게 하여 첨가하였다. 그 결과 0.05 M hexanoic acid에서 분리능이 1.72으로 가장 높게 나타났고, crown ether를 첨가하였을 시 분리능이 0.002 M 15-crown-5 ether에서 가장 높게 나왔으며 기존의 분리능보다 2배 이상 더 높았다. 또한 crown ether를 첨가하였을 때 두 금 속이 MLR3·3RH의 형태로 추출되는 것도 확인 할 수 있었다.

The present study investigated the urinary tract toxicity of melamine alone or in combination with cyanuric acid in rats. Male rats were orally administered melamine alone (800 mg/kg) or melamine plus cyanuric acid (50 mg/kg each) for 3 consecutive days. Although melamine treatment did not show any significant difference in body weight, kid- ney or urinary bladder weight, serum blood urea nitrogen (BUN) or creatinine levels, it caused a decrease in urinary pH and mild histopathological alterations in the kidney and urinary bladder. In contrast, co-administration of melamine and cyanuric acid induced a decrease in body weight, an increase in kidneys and urinary bladder weights, and an elevation in serum BUN and creatinine levels, which were not observed in animals treated with melamine alone. His- topathological examination showed that the incidence and severity of histopathological lesions in the kidney and uri- nary bladder were much higher than those in the melamine group. Urinalysis revealed an increase in urine occult blood, leukocytes and protein and a decrease in urinary pH. These results indicate that concomitant administration of cyanuric acid synergistically potentiated the urinary tract toxicity induced by melamine in rats. In this study, we first demon- strated the synergistic toxic effects of melamine in combina- tion with cyanuric acid on urinary bladder and urinalysis in rats.

목적: Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB)와 Epigallocatechin-gallate (EGCG) 혼합물의 각막염 유발 균주에 대한 항균효과를 검사하고 콘택트렌즈 관리용액의 항균제로서의 가능성을 판단하고자 하였다. 방법: 국제표준화기구(International Organization for Standardization, ISO)가 규정한 황색포도상 구균(Staphylococcus aureus), 메티실린내성 황색포도상구균(Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), 녹농균(Pseudomonas aeruginosa), 세라티아 마르세센스(Serratia marcescens), 칸디다 알비캔 스(Candida albicans), 푸사리움 솔라니(Fusarium solai)를 각각의 액체배지에 접종한 후 각 균주들의 적정 배양온도에서 24시간동안 활성화시켰다. 활성화된 균주는 96-well plate를 사용하여 PHMB와 EGCG를 각 각 0.0000125~0.0004%, 0.0025~0.3% 함유한 액체배지에서 배양하였고, PHMB/EGCG 혼합물은 PHMB 최소저해농도(MIC, 0.00005%)와 0.0125~0.1%의 EGCG가 포함되도록 하여 12시간 동안 배양하였다. 배양 후 항균력은 600nm에서 흡광도를 측정하여 확인하였다. 결과: ISO 규정 안질환 균주에 대한 EGCG 최소저해농도는 PHMB보다 높아(100~1,500배) 항균력은 낮은 것으로 평가되었다. PHMB/EGCG 혼합물의 ISO 규정 안질환 균주에 대한 최소저해농도는 0.00005%/ 0.05%로 PHMB 최소저해농도의 25% 수준에서도 충분한 항균효과를 나타내었다. 결론: PHMB와 EGCG 혼합물은 ISO 규정 안질환 균주에 대하여 항균 시너지 효과를 나타내어 다목적 용액에 사용하는 PHMB 농도를 낮출 수 있을 것으로 보이며 이 결과는 콘택트렌즈 관리용액 개발에 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

Resveratrol (RVT) and epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG) individually inhibit adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The objective was to examine the possibility of interaction between RVT and EGCG, resulting in enhanced inhibition of adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Preadipocytes were treated with RVT and EGCG individually at 6.25 or 25μM (RVT6.25 or RVT25) and 12.5 or 50μM (EGCG12.5 or EGCG50) and in combination (RVT6.25 + EGCG12.5 and RVT25 + EGCG50). RVT25 as an individual compound decreased lipid accumulation in 3T3-L1 adipocytes by 24%, and RVT25 + EGCG50 further decreased lipid accumulation by 77%. In addition, exposure of 3T3-L1 adipocytes to RVT6.25 + EGCG12.5 and RVT25 + EGCG50 combinations resulted in an enhanced increase of adiponectin release and inhibition of leptin release. Quantitative analysis revealed that the combination of tested materials (RVT6.25 + EGCG12.5 and RVT25 + EGCG50) decreased the expression levels of C/EBPα, PPARγ2, and aP2. These results indicate that the combined treatments with RVT and EGCG produce synergistic effects on inhibiting adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. The overall results suggested that the combining RVT and EGCG might be more capable of exerting antiobesity effects than each individual compound by itself.

목적: 합성보존제 성분인Polyhexamethylene biguanide (PHMB)와 PHMB가 첨가된 다목적용액의 국제표준화기구(International Organization for Standardization, ISO)가 규정한 균주에 대한 항균력을 비교하고, 콘택트렌즈 관리용액에 적합한PHMB 농도를 확인하기 위해 본 연구를 수행하였다. 방법: 항균력 측정을 위하여 배양된 황색포도상구균(Staphylococcus aureus), 메치실린내성 황색포도상구균(Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus), 녹농균(Pseudomonas aeruginosa), 세라티아 마르세센스(Serratia marcescens), 칸디다 알비캔스(Candida albicans), 푸사리움 솔라니(Fusarium solai)를 각각의 액체배지에 접종한 후 각 균주들의 적정 배양온도에서 24시간동안 활성화시켰다. 활성화된 균주는 96-well plate를 사용하여 PHMB 용액과 PHMB를 첨가한 다목적용액의 PHMB 농도가 0.0000125%~0.0004%인 배양액에서 12시간 배양한 후 600nm에서 흡광도를 측정하여 항균력을 비교하였다. 결과: 생육억제를 나타내는 최소저해농도는 순수한 PHMB가 PHMB를 첨가한 다목적용액에 비하여 황색포도상구균, 메치실린내성 황색포도상구균, 녹농균, 세라티나 마르세센스, 칸디다 알비캔스에서 2배 높게 나타났다. 다목적용액에 포함된 0.0002% PHMB 농도는 국제표준화기구에서 규정한 균주에 대한 충분한 항균력을 나타내었다. 결론: 다목적용액에 포함된PHMB의 농도는 순수한 PHMB 최소저해농도보다 낮지만, 용액에 포함된 다른 첨가물에 의해 항균시너지효과를 나타냄을 확인하였다.

An entomopathogenic bacterium, Xenorhabdus sp., symbiotic to Steinernema monticolum was investigated in its insecticidal activity. The bacteria induced septicemia of two lepidopteran insects (Plutella xylostella, Spodoptera exigua), a coleopteran insect (Tribolium castaneum), and a hemipteran insect (Riptortus clavatus) when they were injected into hemocoel. The bacterial culture broth contained immunosuppressive factor(s) that inhibited hemocyte nodulation in response to heat-killed bacteria. The immunosuppressive activity appeared to be caused by inhibition of two main immune-associated enzymes, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and phenoloxidase (PO). HPLC analysis of the bacterial culture broth contained several PLA2 inhibitors. The bacterial culture broth significantly enhanced Bt pathogenicity. There results support a novel insect pest control strategy using eicosanoid-biosynthesis inhibitors.

Twospotted spider mite, Tetranychus urticae was collected from the rose greenhouse in Gimhae, Gyeongnam province in Jan, 2001. Resistant strain was reared over nine years treated with Acequinocyl (over 400 times), and increased 614 folds as compared to susceptible strain (S). Cross resistance of acequinocylresistant strain adults to eight acaricide was showed high in Cyflumetofen (108 folds) and expressed low in Abamectin (16 folds), Tebufenpyrad (7.6 folds), Fenpyroximate (6.1 folds). Against Chlorfenapyr (0.5 folds), however, showed negatively correlated cross resistance. Synergistic effects with PBO (piperonyl butoxide), an oxygenase inhibitor, DEF (S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate), an esterase inhibitor, and DEM (diethymaleate), an inhibitor of glutathion S-transferase were also investigated. Synergistic effect showed low in DEM (4.2 folds) but showed high in PBO (12 folds) and DEF (23 folds).

Entomopathogenic fungi are widely available as biological control agents for controlling insect pests in agriculture and forestry. The fungal culture broth contains various pathogenesis-related components such as blastospores, mycelium and insecticidal enzymes such as chitinase, Pr1- and Pr2-proteases, which have been reported to play an important role in penetrating insect cuticles. In this study, we tried to evaluate the utility of culture broth from Beauveria bassiana SFB-205 to control lepidopteran pests. High level of insecticidal activity correspond to over 90% of mortality were observed when the culture broth of B. bassiana SFB-205 was inoculated to the Spodoptera litura larvae together with the B. thuringiensis K1. The freeze-dried culture broth showed synergistic effects in insecticidal activity against larvae of S. exigua and S. litura when treated with corresponding baculoviruses, SeNPV and SlNPV. Active ingredient of the B. bassiana SFB-205 culture broth was identified to chitinase, which have truncated form by insertional mutation compared to previously reported chitinases.

Root-knot nematodes, Meloidogyne spp., are the most important plant-parasitic nematodes, causing severe crop yield loss with an estimated 1000 billion dollars a year worldwide. The nematodes also cause disease complexes with other microbial pathogens, damaging plants more severely than each of the pathogens alone or their sum does and making control efficiencies weakened or nullified in disease complexes. In our study, the synergistic effect of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne incognita was confirmed in the fusarium wilt of tomato caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici, which showed greatly increased wilt symptoms in combined inoculations. Use of antifungal and nematicidal plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) were considered for controlling the disease complex because of its causal agents. Among forty PGPR strains tested, P. polymyxa G508, G462 and P. lentimorbus G158 showed strong antifungal and nematicidal activities against F. oxysporum f. sp. lycopersici and M. incognita second stage juveniles (J2), respectively. The Cultures of these bacterial strains inhibited the nematode egg hatching completely even at 1% diluted concentration. In pot experiments, treatment of the Paenibacillus strains reduced wilt severity of tomato with the control efficacy of about 90% ~ 98%. Their treatment also reduced gall formation by 64% - 88% compared to the untreated control. P. lentimorbus GBR158, which well established on seeds and hypocotyls at high population levels, reduced the disease complex greatly with the control value of about 98% when the tomato seeds were treated with the bacterial strain. Plant growth was also stimulated by the seed treatment of the bacterial strain. Scanning electron microscopy revealed alteration and distortion of hyphal cell walls of F. oxysporum and lysis of M. incognita egg shell by the bacterial treatment, showing direct antifungal and nematicidal action mechanisms. No extensive giant cell formation was observed near nematode in the tomato roots treated with the bacteria, indicating a systemic action mechanism. All of these results suggest that the Paenibacillus strains, especially G158 may have a high potential to be developed as biological agents for controlling the root-knot nematode and the disease complex.

벼의 유묘 생육과 광합성 효율에 대한 저선량 방사선과 생장조절물질 간의 상승작용 효과를 확인하기 위해 4년 된 종자로 기내실험과 온실실험을 수행하였다. 기내실험에서 관찰한 종자 발아의 경우 방사선을 조사한 IBA 0.001 ppm 처리구에서 가장 높은 값을 보였다. 또한, 파종 6일 후 측정한 유묘 생육은 방사선 무 조사구보다 방사선을 조사한 GA₃와 IBA 처리구에서 대체로 높은 값을 보였으며, 그 중 IBA 0.001 ppm 처리에서 저선량 방사선과

A proposed method of determining the composition of mixed micelles in equilibrium with monomer of known composition is described. The systems were sodium α-sulfonated dodecanoyl ethyl esther (α-SR12Et) or sodium dodecyl sulfate(SDS)-polyoxyethylene 23 lauryl ether (Brij 35) un water and in 0.1M sodium chloride solution at 25℃. This technique applies the Gibbs-Duhem equation to the mixed micelles, which is treated as a pseudophase. This proposed methodology, which needs only critical micelle concentration data as a function of monomer composition, is applied to an anionic/nonionic surfactant pair. The calculated monomer-micelle equilibrium is found to be very similar to the much-used regular solution for nonideal systems.

최근 산업의 발달로 인한 식품의 안전성에 대한 국민의 우려가 증가되고 있으며 특히 식품을 미생물의 증식으로부터 안전하게 보존하기 위한 천연식품보존제의 개발이 요구되고 있다. 지구상에 풍부한 천연자원인 키토산과 합성화학보존제인 소르빈산을 사용하여 그람음성 병원성 식중독 원인균인 E. coli O157:H7과 대표적 그람양성 식중독 원인균인 Staph. aureus에 대해 실험한 결과는 다음과 같았다. 5. coli O157:H7에 대한 키토산의 최소발육억제농도는 pH 5.0에서 500 ppm, pH 5.5에서 250 ppm, pH 6.0에서 500 ppm, 그리고 pH 6.5에서 2000 ppm이었으며, Staph. aureus에 대한 키토산의 최소발육억제농도는 pH 5.0에서 31.3 ppm이었으며 , pH 5.5 이상에서는 62.5 ppm이었다. 소르빈산의 최소발육억제농도는 pH 5.0에서 500 ppm, pH 5.5에서 1500 ppm, 그리고 PH 6.0 이상에서는 2000ppm이상이었다. Staph. aureus에 대한 소르빈산의 최소발육억제농도는 pH 5.0에서 1500ppm이었으며, pH 5.5 이상에서는 2000 ppm 이상이었다. E. coli O157:H7에 대한 키토산과 소르빈산의 병 용처리효과는 pH에 크게 영향을 받아 pH 6.5에서는 키토산농도 500 ppm과 소르빈산 500 ppm농도에 발육이 억제되었으나 pH 5.0에서는 키토산농도 250 ppm과 소르빈산 31.3 ppm에 억제되었다. 한편, Staph. aureus에서는 pH에 대한 영향이 별로 없었으며, 키토산의 영향을 크게 받으나 소르빈산의 영향은 거의 없었다. pH 6.5, 37℃의 조건하에서 E. coli O137:H7은 키토산 500 ppm 및 소르빈산 500 ppm 처리와 키토산 250 ppm 및 소르빈산 250 ppm 병용처리군에서 모두 증식이 억제되었으나 키토산과 소르빈산 단독처리군에서는 배양시간이 증가함에 따라 균의 증식이 계속되었다. Staph. aureus는 소르빈산에 영향을 받지않았으며 병용효과보다는 키토산에 대한 영향이 컸다. pH 5.5, 37℃의 조건하에서 E. coli O157:H7은 키토산 500 ppm, 250 ppm 단독첨가시와 병용처리시 모두 3시간 이내에 균증식이 억제되었다. Staph. aureus의 경우는 키토산 50 ppm 단독처리군과 키토산 25 ppm과 소르빈산 2000 ppm 병용처리군에서 균증식이 사면되었다. E. coli O157:H7에 대한 키토산과 소르빈산병용처리시 MIC와의 상관관계는 pH 6.5에서 R=0.95(p<0.01), pH 6.0에서 R=0.99(p<0.01), pH 5.5에서 R=0.97(p<0.01), 그리고 pH 5.0에서 R=0.99(p.0.01)로 높은 상관관계를 나타내었다. Staph. aureus에 대해서는 소르빈산의 병용처리에 의한 효과는 거의 없었다. 이상의 결과로 종합하면 pH변화에 따른 키토산과 소르빈산 단독 및 병용처리로 인한 상승효과를 확인할 수 있었으며 이 결과 천연식품인 키토산을 병용함으로써 인체에 영향이 있는 합성화학보존제인 소르빈산의 양을 감소시킬 수 있었으며, 또한 식품의 보존성을 더 증가 또는 유지시킬수 있을 것으로 기대되었다.

국내에서 분리된 Bacillus thuringiensis NT0423은 나비목과 파리목 곤충에 독성을 보이는 130 kDa의 전형적인 다이아몬드형 내독소 단백질을 생성한다. 이 균주의 파리목에 대한 독성을 강화하기 위하여, B. thuringeinsis NT0423에 모기 유충에 강한 독성을 보이는 B. thuringiensis subsp. morrisoni PG-14의 cryVID유전자를 가지고 있는 pCG10 플라스미드를 electroporation 방법을 이용하여 형질전환하였다. 형질전환체인 B. thuringiensis PT1227내에서 cryIVD와 숙주가 생성하는 원래의 다이아몬드형 130kDa 내독소 단백질 유전자는 그 자신의 형태로 잘 발현되었다. 형질전환체의 모기 유충에 대한 독성은 원래 숙주의 내 독소 단백질과ㅏ 도입된 CryIVD의 상승효과에 의해 현저히 증가하였다.

Influence of mixing ratio of blending oil (rice bran oil : RBD palm olein = 1 : 1, 1 : 4 mixture: w/w) and natural tocopherol, citric acid, and sodium polyphosphate on enhancement of oxidation stability of blending oil under the condition of tap water infulx(1 ml/min/200g oil) were compared by AOM test after heating these system at l80℃. In addition, the effects of tocopherol, and synergist on oxidition stability were also tested with potato chips fried with blending oil(1 : 4 mixture). The result obtained were as followes; 1. The test of RBD palm olein addition of 50% and 80% against rice bran oil on oxidation stability showed that the higher the palm olein contents in blending oil, the higher the oxidation stability. 2. The test of oxidation stability, adding l00ppm, 200ppm and 400ppm of natural tocopherol in two different types of blending oils, A(1 : 1 mixture) and B(1 : 4 mixture), disclosed that blending oil B was more positively effective, and this trend was superior at 200ppm level particularly, Furthermore, oxidation stability was enhanced remarkably upon addition of 100ppm of natural tocopherol, and 50ppm of citric acid together with 50ppm, 100ppm and 200ppm of sodium polyphosphate in general. Especially, 200ppm of sodium polyphosphate addition induced the most synergetic effect on oxidation stability showing as much as 3 times compare to control. 3. The results of oxidation stability obtained by peroxide value on potato chips fried with blending oil (1:4 mixture added tocopherol, citric acid and sodium polyphosphate and preserved at 60℃ revealed that addition of tocopherol and 50ppm of citric acid together with 200ppm of sodium polyphosphate treatment was the most synergistic coinciding with AOM test results.

The oxidative stability of palm oil with moisture addition during heationg was investigated and the antioxidant effects of tocopherol, citric acid and sodium polyphosphate were evaluated. The addition of natural tocopherol up to 200 ppm level did not improve the oxidative stability of palm oil with moisture (1m1 H2O additive to 200g of oil at 180℃). The maximum antioxidant effect was observed at the Concentration of 400 ppm. Addition of citirc acid did not influence the effective concentration of tocopherol. Whereas addition of sodium polyphosphate and citric acid increased the antioxidant effect of tocopherol. The maximum synergistice effect was observed at the concentrations of 50 ppm citric acid and 50 ppm of sodium polyphosphate. Addition of 50 ppm citric acid and 50 ppm sodium polyphosphate to 100 ppm of tocopherol exceeded the antioxidant effect of 400 ppm tocopherol alone.

Background : Among registered fungicides for controlling ginseng disease, the disease occurrence rate from the mixed use of a single ingredient, mancozeb WP, and copper sulfate basic WP was examined, and experiments were conducted to establish safe disease control system. Methods and Results : As for the medicines used for the experiments, besides registered Pyraclostrobin WG as a single ingredient for ginseng disease control, 14 kinds were used for experiments. The fungicide was sprayed 5 times on June 21, July 4, July 16, August 2 and August 24. The examination was conducted 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, and 20 days after the final fungicide treatment. Anthracnose occurrence rate 5 days after the final fungicide treatment was 0.0 - 61.3% which was different depending on fungicides, and in a single treatment, the occurrence rate was less than 1% in 6 fungicides. In the single treatment, the occurrence rate was more than 1%, but 9 kinds of fungicides which had less than 1% occurrence rate in the case of mixed use with mancozeb, and one kind in the case of mixed use with copper sulfate basic 10 days later, the occurrence rate was 0.0 - 100% and there were lots of differences in the disease occurrence rate depending on fungicides. 10 kinds of fungicides showed the disease occurrence rate of more than 10.0% in the case of a single treatment. Among them, 9 fungicides showed the disease occurrence rate of less than 1.0% in the case of mixed use with mancozeb, indicating the effect of lowering disease occurrence rate in the case of mixed use. 15 days later, 9 fungicides showed disease occurrence rate of more than 2%, 1 kind of fungicide had the disease occurrence rate of less than 1%, and the overall disease occurrence rate increased. Among them, 7 kinds of fungicides showed the disease occurrence rate of less than 1% from the mixed use. 20 days later, 12 kinds of fungicides showed the disease occurrence rate of more than 50%, and only 1 kind of fungicide showed the disease occurrence rate of less than 1%. In the case of mixed use with mancozeb, 2 kinds had the disease occurrence rate of less than 10% and 1 kind of fungicide had the disease occurrence rate of less than 1%. Conclusion : For prevention of anthracnose disease of ginsengs during a rainy season, the disease occurrence rate from a single or mixed use was examined, and the examination found that rather than a single use, mixed use decreased the disease occurrence rate. In particular, the mixed use with mancozeb showed low disease occurrence rate and prevented the disease occurrence rate for a long time.

Patients with type II diabetes mellitus are more susceptible to colorectal cancer (CRC) incidence than non-diabetics. The anti-diabetic drug metformin is most commonly prescribed for the treatment of this disease and has recently shown antitumor effect in preclinical studies. The aberrant mutational activation in the components of RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK and PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway is very frequently observed in CRC. We previously reported that metformin inhibits the phosphorylation of ERK and BEZ235, a dual inhibitor of PI3K and mTOR, has anti-tumor activity against HCT15 CRC cells harboring mutations of KRAS and PIK3CA. Therefore, we hypothesized that simultaneous inhibition of two pathways by combining metformin with BEZ235 could be more effective in the suppression of proliferation than single agent treatment in HCT15 CRC cells. Here, we investigated the combinatory effect of metformin and BEZ235 on the cell survival in HCT15 CRC cells. Our study shows that both of the two signaling pathways can be blocked by this combinational strategy: metformin suppressed both pathways by inhibiting the phosphorylation of ERK, 4E-BP1 and S6, and BEZ235 suppressed PI3K/AKT/ mTOR pathway by reducing the phosphorylation of 4E-BP1 and S6. This combination treatment synergistically reduced cell viability. The combination index (CI) values ranged from 0.44 to 0.88, indicating synergism for the combination. These results offer a preclinical rationale for the potential therapeutic option for the treatment of CRC.

Background : Ginseng, one of most famous traditional oriental medicines, has been known for a number of pharmacological properties including anti-tumor, anti-diabetic, anti-fatigue, anti-stress, anti-oxidative, and anti-aging effects. 20(S)-Protopanaxadiol (PPD), a intestinal metabolite of ginsenosides, is one of the active ingredients in ginseng. In this study, we investigated the synergistic anticancer effect of 20(S)-PPD and temozolomide (TMZ) and the mechanism of 20(S)-PPD on glioblastoma cells. Methods and Results : We examined cell viability and the morphological changes of C6 cells after treatment of 20(S)-PPD and TMZ. 20(S)-PPD showed a potent antiproliferative activity against C6 cells by triggering apoptosis. 20(S)-PPD-induced apoptosis was characterized by a dose-dependent mitochondrial damage. 20(S)-PPD and TMZ had a synergistic effect in increasing mitochondrial damage via caspase 3 activation. Conclusion : These results revealed an unexpected mechanism of 20(S)-PPD and TMZ, triggering a mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in C6 cells. Our findings encourage further studies of 20(S)-PPD as a promising chemopreventive agent against glioblastoma.