An ecological survey of food and nutrition was conducted in April and May, among 278 children, 6 to 12 years old, of the Youido elementary school, which offers no school lunch program, and is situated in Youido delta of Han River side of Seoul, known as the location of one of the socioeconomically high groups; Eighteen percent and 18.3% of subjects were proven to be overweight and obese, respectively. With regard to frequency of skipping breakfast, 28.4% of the subjects skipped breakfast often and 2.5% of subjects skipped breakfast every morning. Obese children showed good appetite and the time consumed for eating was shorter than those of normal or overweight children. Most serious anxiety among the mothers for those children was food habit of `eating rapidly' and `overeating'. Another striking observation was that 14.4% of the subjects ate only one side-dish with boiled rice, and such a pattern was more often found in the normal or slim group. Most of the subjects had their snacks after being back in home from school. Thirty-one percent of the children had snacks when they felt hungry, 69% had snacks for various reasons such as `habitually', `for unwinding', and `mother gives me snacks'. Thirty-eight percent of the boys and 19% of the girls had physical exercise everyday and overweight and obese children got exercise more frequently. But the time consumed for exercise was much more shorter than that of normal subjects. Most of the children liked fruits, meats, and biscuit, in contrast, lowest preferency was for vegetables, fermented fish products, and boiled rice mixed with other grains. Obese children experienced more kinds of food than normal or slim group. The study found that habits of overeating due to good appetite and eating rapidly were recognized as one of dominant reasons causing obesity among children. On the other hand, serious dietary problem of children of normal or slim group was eating less variety of food. Active nutrition education for both children and mothers will be recommended with joint participation of teachers.

These studies were conducted to: a) investigate work patterns and productivity indices, b) rate performance levels of employees and c) determine the suggested levels of personnel and labor hours for the effective labor control in school foodservice. Eighteen elementary school foodservices in Seoul were selected in order to analyze work patterns by the work sampling methodology. Allowance time and performance rating by VTR observation was done to determine the standardized labor hours. The results were as follows. The average percentage of each work function of the total work functions such as direct work function, indirect work function and delay were 65.57%, 8.12%, 26.31% respectively. The productivity index is 0.92 min/meal. The average working and delay hours per week of the foodservice director, foodservice employees and supply person were 33.64 hours, 23.25 hours, 38.52 hours respectively. The percentage of delay hours of total labor hours for foodservice employees and supply person were 42.27% and 24.0%. The standardized work hours and the appropriate levels of foodservice employees of 17 elementary school foodservices were examined: The average rating of the foodservice employees work was 1.19 and British Insulated Calendarer Cables (BICC) allowance rate was 19.40% on the average. The total work hours of foodservice employees were 172.64 hours per week and levels of personnel were 4.53 persons. BICC allowance rate was applied: The standardized work hours per week was 180.95 hours and appropriate levels of personnel were 4.11 persons based on legal 44 working hours.

A study of eating behavior was conducted among 274 children of Nan Hyang elementary school, located in low income area of Seoul, where a school lunch program is not operated. During weekdays, 19.6% of children ate breakfast and 18.4% ate supper alone or with their siblings. The school provided boxed lunches for 10.5% of the children with governmental funds, who were chosen by the school based on their household income. But the percentage of the children skipping breakfast was 14.6%, lunch 10.3% and supper 8.0%. The results of nutritional analysis of the children who had three meals a day and those of children skipped one of the regular meals were compared. The group who had three meals consumed more nutrients except vitamin C than the group skipped meal (p〈0.01). Most common meal pattern was consisted of cooked rice, Kimchi and side dishes. When the children didn't have afternoon classes, 10.0% of the children ate Ramen only at home without any side dishes. Among the protein sources, the beans and bean products were the most common items. When we studied the three different lunches such as A) the boxed lunches provided by school, B) the boxed lunches from home and C) the lunches ate at home, the A) lunches provided the most common items. When we studied the three different lunches such as A) the boxed lunches provided by school, B) the boxed lunches from home and C) the lunches ate at home, the A) lunches provided the milk products, fruits, ice cakes·setc. Their favorite foods were fruits, yoghurt, Chinese black noodle, and sweet potatoes whereas being not prefered foods, were aromatic vegetables. It seemed that the increasing rate of working mothers and the overflooding of instant foods have caused to neglect children's meal management. To solve these problems, nutrition education and extend of school lunch programs should be emphasized.

An ecological study of food and nutrition was conducted among 198 children, 6 to 12 years old, of the Songmyun elementary school and Samsong elementary school, located in remote villages of Chungchun-myun, Goisan-gun, Chung Buk Province between July 11 and 16, 1988. The results were summarized as follows. In regard to frequency of skipping breakfast, 3.3% of subjects skipped every morning; 15% often skipped; and the others never skipped. The most common reason for skipping a meal was lack of appetite. 6.6% of subjects often skipped an evening meal because of delayed meal preparation by a mother who returned home late. The survey found that 5.1% of subjects skipped a lunch at school. The reasons for skipping lunch were the mother’s being too busy to prepare a boxed lunch; a school bag too heavy to carry for a long distance to school; no adequate side-dishes for the boxed lunch. Growth patterns of those children having poor food habits, were reflected in lower figures in arm circumference and weight for height. The percentage of children having meals with their family on weekdays was 84.7% for breakfast; 85.6% for evening meal. About 7% of subjects had many dislikes and 74.1% had some dislikes in what they ate; 18.9% had good food preferences. There was a strong correlation between appetite or food preferences and anthropometric measurements or nutrient intake. Boiled rice was the predominant dietary staple, and principal sources of protein taken by subjects at home were soy beans and soy products. Regarding the boxed lunch prepared at home, most popular was one with only one kind of side-dish, including kimchee. 43.4% of the side-dishes were prepared with vegetables only. As for between meal snacks, milk and milk products, fruits and breads were popular among the subjects. The survey found that the children liked fruits, yogurt, corn, Chajang noodle; in contrast, lowest preference was for soup made with bones, curried meat with rice, and aromatic vegetables. The survey discovered a local dietary characteristics; 46.2% of the children customarily ate frog meat, an unconventional food.

이 연구의 목적은 아프가니스탄 초등학생을 대상으로 한국어의 단모음 오류 양상 살펴보는 데 있다. 이를 위해 한국어의 단모음을 음절의 위치에 따라 어두형, 어중형, 어말형으로 총 42문항의 어휘 목록을 작성해 청취 실험을 하였다. 오류의 양상은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 한국어의 단모음 /ㅓ/를 /o/로 대치하는 오류를 보였다. 둘째, 한국어 단모음 /ㅜ/를 /o/로 대치하는 오류를 보였는데, 이는 한국어의 단모음 /ㅜ/를 다리어의 /ʊ/나 /o/로 인식하고 있다고 분석하였다. 특이점은 다리어에 없는 한국어의 단 모음 /ɯ/에 대한 오류율이 낮았다는 점이다. 이 연구를 통해 아프가니스탄 인 한국어 학습자들이 어려움을 겪는 한국어 단모음의 오류 양상을 분석하 여 그 특성을 밝힌 것에 의의가 있다고 할 수 있다.

목적: 본 연구는 초등교사들의 교수경험을 바탕으로 초등학생들의 사회정서적 특성과 신체활동에서의 사회정서적 역량 함양 방안을 탐색하는 데 목적이 있다. 방법: 이를 위하여 체육을 비롯한 다양한 교과와 학교스포츠클럽을 지도해 본 경험이 있는 11명의 연구참여자를 선정하고, 개방형 설문지, 개인 면담을 통해 경험 자료를 수집하여 주제분석방법(Braun & Clarke, 2006)으로 분석했다. 결과: 초등교사들은 학생들이 개인특성과 환경(가정, 사회, 문 화)의 영향을 받아 사회정서적 행위를 하며, 이것이 학습과 성취, 적응에 영향을 미친다고 인식하고 있었다. 한편, 초등교사들은 신체활동에서의 사회정서학습이 가능하다고 보았으나, 방향성에 대해서는 입장의 차이를 보였다. 초 등교사들은 교육적 원리와 조건을 토대로 신체활동에서 사회정서적 역량을 기르기 위한 구체적인 절차와 방법을 제안하였다. 결론: 평생체육의 토대가 되는 신체활동에서의 사회정서적 역량을 함양하려면 초등학생이 처한 사회 정서적 맥락을 이해하고, 실증적 연구와 숙의를 토대로 한 신체활동 프로그램이 강구되어야 한다.

본 연구는 교원성과급제 실행에 관한 초등학교 교사들의 인식을 알아보고, 패러독스를 탐색하여 시사점을 도출하려는 목적으로 수행되었다. 이를 위해 초등학교 교사를 대상으로 심층 면담을 진행하고, 귀납적 분석모형의 단계를 적용하여 분석하였다. 교원성과급제의 패러독스는 다음과 같다. 첫째, ‘조직의 목표 달성을 위한 경쟁’과 ‘교사의 성장을 방해하는 경쟁’의 패러독스이다. 이는 교원성과급제가 동기유발을 통해 교사 성장에 기여하는 측면과 줄세우기식 경쟁으로 인해 성장을 방해하는 현상이 공존함을 의미한다. 둘째, ‘일반공무원과의 형평성’과 ‘측정하기 어려운 교육의 특수성’의 패러독스이다. 이는 교원성과급제가 교직의 특수성을 가지고 일반직 공무원 성과급제와 형평성에 맞게 운영됨에 따라 발생하는 패러독스에 주목하였다. 셋째, ‘성과 차이에 대한 보상’과 ‘근무 경력에 따른 봉급 인상’의 패러독스이다. 이는 성과급의 분배 기준에 따라 수월성과 형평성의 의견 차이가 발생하는 패러독스를 의미한다. 넷째, ‘모두에게 공정한 평가’와 ‘개인의 특성을 고 려한 평가’의 패러독스이다. 이는 교원성과급제가 공정한 평가의 방향을 가지고 있으나 온정주의 평가가 되는 실상을 주목하였다. 연구 결과를 바탕으로 얻게 된 결론은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 교사의 업무성과를 실질적으로 측정할 수 있도록 교원능력개발평가의 틀을 재구성하여 제도의 타당성을 높이려는 노력이 선행되어야 한다. 둘째, 단위 학교의 다양성을 인정하고 교사 협력 패러다임을 적용한 교원성과급제의 자율성을 확대해 나가려는 시도가 필요하다. 셋째, 교원성과급제에 대한 교사들의 자발적인 의식 변화와 반성적 실천의 태도가 필요하다.

이 연구는 국외에서 개발된 초등교사열의 척도가 국내 초등교사를 대상으로 사용할 수 있는지에 대한 타당성을 살펴보는 데 주목적이 있다. 이를 위해 전문가 검토와 탐색적 요인분석결과를 토대로 218명의 초등교사를 대상으로 최종문항의 타당성을 살펴보았다. 자료분석 방법은 첫째, 초등교사열의 척도의 구인타당성을 확인하기 위해 문항별 상관분석, 탐색적 요인분석을 하였고, 추출된 모형의 적합도 확인을 위해 확인적 요인분석을 실시하였다. 둘째, 본 척도의 준거타당성을 확인하기 위해 초등교사효능감, 교사-학생효능감과 초등교사열의의 요인들 간의 Pearson 적률상 관분석을 실시하였다. 그 결과는 첫째, 정서참여, 사회참여: 동료관계, 사회참여: 학생관계, 인지참여 등 4요인 16문항이 초등교사열의 척도의 요인으로 추출되었고 이에 대한 모형이 적합함을 확인하였다. 둘째, 준거척도와의 상관분석결과, 교사열의척도의 하위요인들은 초등교사효능감의 하위 요인들 중 정보기자재효능감과 행정업무효능감와 낮은 상관분포를 나타냈으나, 자기조절효능감, 창의적 체험활동 지도효능감, 생활지도효능감, 교과지도효능감과는 높은 정적상관을 보였다. 또한 교사-학생관계 효능감의 하위요인들은 초등교사열의의 하위요인들과 높은 정적상관계수를 나타냈다. 이를 통해 한국판 초등교사열의 척도의 변별적 및 수렴적 준거타당도를 확인할 수 있었다. 이상의 연구결과를 바탕으로 본 연구에서 타당화한 초등교사열의 척도에 대한 학교현장과 교사교육에서의 활용가능성에 대해 논의하였다.