This study was conducted to examine the workability of LEFC in relation to the types and the mix ratio of different foaming agents. The foam agents act as lightweight aggregates in the concrete matrix and provide an alternative to obtaining the adequate strength level for the foam concrete. The results of the test showed that the synthetic foam agents were able to act properly as replacements for the lightweight aggregates.

This study was conducted examine the workability of LEFC in relation to unit quantity of water and fiber addition. The LEFC should secure low weight and good flow by mixing light weight aggregate because the fresh concrete should cured so that gaps do not form between the acrlyic wedges and the concrete with the fresh. The slump tests revealed that fresh concrete with 180 units of water and 0.1% fiber content and fresh concrete with 190 units of water and 0.1%, 0.2% fiber content respectively had excellent workability.

This study was conducted to examine the workability of LEFC in relation to the types and the mix ratio of different foaming agents. The foam agents act as lightweight aggregates in the concrete matrix and provide an alternative to obtaining the adequate strength level for the foam concrete. The results of the test showed that the synthetic foam agents were able to act properly as replacements for the lightweight aggregates.

This study was conducted examine the workability of LEFC in relation to unit quantity of water and fiber addition. The LEFC should secure low weight and good flow by mixing light weight aggregate because the fresh concrete should cured so that gaps do not form between the acrlyic wedges and the concrete with the fresh. The slump tests revealed that fresh concrete with 180 units of water and 0.1% fiber content and fresh concrete with 190 units of water and 0.1%, 0.2% fiber content respectively had excellent workability.

Kochujang was prepared by replacement of rice (25%, control) with pumpkin or purple sweet potato by 0. 5, 10, and 15% (total addition ratio of rice and sweet potato=25% of sample). Effects of the addition of sweet potato on physiochemical properties of fermented Kochujang were investigated. Viable cells of yeast decreased in the sweet potato-added Kochujang at the later stage of fermentation, while there was no significant difference in the number of bacteria among the test groups. As the addition ratio sweet potato increased, α-amylase activity increased while protease activity decreased. Hunter L, a, and b values of Kochujang prepared with purple sweet potato were lower than those with pumpkin sweet potato. Changes in ΔE value was greater in Kochujang prepared with pumpkin sweet potato than that with purple sweet potato. Oxidation-reduction potential and water activity were higher in sweet potato-Kochujang than control, but reducing sugar content was higher in control. Alcohol and amino-type nitrogen contents were higher in Kochujang prepared with pumpkin sweet potato than that with purple sweet potato, but it was not significant. Overall sensory acceptability was highest in Kochujang prepared with 10% of purple sweet potato while that with 15% pumpkin sweet potato was the least preferred.

This study investigated the tensile property of high performance concrete according to addition of plastic bead. Test results showed that the addition of PS beads induced the decrease of crack width and increase of number of cracks while maintaining tensile strength and tensile strain capacity.

갈대를 첨가한 약주의 발효기간 중 pH는 증자 후 덖음한 갈대순을 첨가한 약주의 pH가 가장 낮은 값을 보였고, 대조구와 증자 후 덖음 한 갈대 뿌리를 첨가한 약주는 같은 값을 보였다. 총산 함량은 발효 종료 시점인 12일째의 총산 함량이 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 환원당 함량도 큰 차이를 보이지 않았고, 발효 기간 중 시료를 첨가한 시기인 발효 6일째의 환원당 함량 또한 시료구별 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 갈대 약주의 ethanol 함량은 대조구가 15.31%로 갈대순을 첨가한 약주의 15.30%과 뿌리를 첨가한 시료구의 15.28%과 비교해 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 약주에서 확인된 주요 유리당은 glucose였고, fructose와 sucrose는 갈대순과 뿌리를 첨가한 약주에서는 검출 되었으나 대조구에서는 검출되지 않았다. 약주의 total polyphenol 함량은 갈대순 및 뿌리를 첨가한 약주가 4.26 mg% 및 4.21 mg%로 대조구에 비해 2배 이상 높은 함량을 보였으며, DPPH free radical 소거능 또한 갈대순을 첨가한 약주와 뿌리를 첨가한 약주가 25% 및 23%로 대조구의 20%에 비해 높은 소거 활성을 보였다. 갈대를 첨가한 약주의 관능검사 결과 향, 색 및 맛 모두 갈대순 0.3% 첨가 약주가 가장 높은 기호도로 유의적인 차이를 보였으며, 종합 기호도 또한 갈대순 0.2%~0.4%를 첨가한 약주의 3개 시료구는 유의적 차이를 나타내지 않았으나, 그 중 0.3% 첨가 약주가 7.2로 가장 높은 기호도를 보였다.

This experiment was carried out to enhance plantlet conversion and ex vitro survival of encapsulated somatic embryos of Siberian ginseng. Cotyledonary somatic embryos were encapsulated with 3.0% sodium alginate and 96% of conversion rate in terms of plantlet with well-developed epicotyl marked when the encapsulated embryos were placed on perlite soils wetted with sucrose solution as for carbon source. However, post-germinative growth of encapsulated embryos was suppressed in case of sucrose did not added. Instead of sucrose alone, the addition of both sucrose and starch to the sodium alginate enhanced the post-germinative growth of the embryos. In sodium alginate matrix with 2% sucrose, the survival rate of the encapsulated embryos was more than twice (23.5%) that of ones without sucrose (10.0%). Embryos encapsulated with both 2% sucrose and 1% starch showed the highest percentage (42.1%) of survival rate was shown. In analysis of Iodine staining and starch content in the sodium alginate matrix, the starch component was decomposed when the embryos started to germinte. This result indicated that the carbohydrate treatments (starch and sucrose) in the encapsulation matrix enhanced the survival rate of post-germinative growth of encapsulated embryos in Siberian ginseng.

본 연구에서는 약주 이취 원인물질을 알아보기 위해 단백질과 쌀지방을 첨가하여 약주를 제조하고 확인하였다. 알코올 함량은 쌀약주의 대조구가 14.5%, 단백질 첨가구 14.2%, 지방 첨가구 13.4%로 지방첨가에 의해서 알코올 농도가 낮아졌다. 포도당 약주에도 지방 첨가에 의해서 알코올 농도가 25.2% 감소하였다. 총산(succinic acid, %)은 단백질 첨가에 의해서 쌀약주가 0.33에서 0.48%로 포도당 약주는 0.34에서 0.57% 증가하였고 총 아미노산 함량도 각각 0.67, 0.15%(as glycine)에서 1.48 및 1.29%로 증가하였다. 유기산은 succinic acid와 citric acid의 함량이 가장 높게 나타났다. 유리 질소화합물의 함량은 단백질 첨가에 의해서 각각 4,377.38, 699.35 ppm에서 10,208.06과 9,368.93 ppm으로 상승하였다. 주요 유리 질소화합물 성분으로는 arginine, glutamic acid, leucine, alanine이 총량의 8.17~10.40%의 범위로 가장 높게 나타났다. 단백질은 이취에 대하여 0.98(p<0.001)의 높은 상관계수를 보였고 지방은 -.038(p<0.458)로 음의 상관성을 나타내었다.

Pollutants generated by the biodegradation of livestock carcasses have the potential for contamination of the environment. Hence, livestock mortalities burial has been banned in the EU. In spite of the hazard, research on the biodegradation of livestock carcasses is lacking. In this study, five lysimeters were used to evaluate the enhanced biodegradation of organic materials in livestock mortalities burial. Lysimeter 1(control), lysimeter 2(grinding of livestock carcass), lysimeter 3(anaerobic microorganisms), lysimeter 4(Corynebacterium glutamicum in anaerobic condition) and lysimeter 5(Corynebacterium glutamicum in aerobic condition) were operated with temperature control. The degradation efficiencies of livestock carcass in the lysimeters were evaluated based on total organic carbon balance. The degradation efficiencies of ground livestock carcass were 1.9 times more than those of livestock carcass without grinding. In anaerobic condition, anaerobic microorganisms were more effective compared with Corynebacterium glutamicum on the biodegradation of livestock carcasses. However, the degradation efficiencies with Corynebacterium glutamicum in aerobic condition were significantly influenced on the biodegradation of livestock carcasses. Even if it would be helpful to degrade the livestock carcass in aerobic condition in terms of stabilization, potential risks on the environment by odor and bioaerosol must be solved.

Currently, Eco-friendly construction materials are widely utilized for reducing CO2 emission in construction. Furthermore various engineering fibers are also added for improving a brittle behavior in concrete. In the paper, concrete specimens with 10% and 20% replacement ratio with RHA (Rice Husk Ash) are prepared, and engineering behaviors in RHA and OPC concrete are evaluated with different addition of coconut fiber from 0.125~0.375% of volume ratio. Several basic tests including compressive strength, tensile strength, flexural strength, impact resistance, and bond strength are performed, and crack width and deflections are also measured in flexural test. RHA is evaluated to be very effective in strength development and 0.125% of fiber addition leads significant improvement in tensile strength, ductility, and crack resistance. RHA and coconut fiber are effective construction material both for reutilization of limited resources and performance improvement in normal concrete.

In this study the effects of co-digestion of sewage sludge and food waste leachate on the anaerobic digestion efficiencyfrom sewage treatment facilities in S. Korea were investigated. For this study 15 facilities were selected including 9facilities treating sewage sludge only (S-Only) and 6 facilities treating sewage sludge and food waste leachate (S-MIX).The average volatile solid (VS) removal rate of S-Only was 30.7% and that of S-MIX was 45.2%. The COD removalrate of S-MIX (61.3%) was higher than that of S-Only (48.6%). It has been observed that the anaerobic digestion efficiencyof S-MIX was superior to that of S-Only because S-MIX contained more sufficient nutrient with higher VS contents andtotal solid (TS) contents emerging from food waste leachate. Therefore food waste leachate addition in sewage sludgeanaerobic digestion would be the preferred option to treat only sewage sludge.

본 연구에서는 아로니아 분말을 밀가루에 대하여 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%로 대체하여 머핀을 제조하고 품질 특성 및 항산화능을 조사하였다. 머핀의 일반성분 분석 결과 수분 함량은 대조군보다 첨가군에서 높게 나타났고, 조단백질, 조지방 및 회분 함량은 시료 간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 머핀의 비체적은 15% 첨가군이 유의적으로 낮게 나타났다. 머핀의 명도와 황색도는 아로니아 분말 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 감소한 반면, 적색도는 증가하였다. 조직감 측정결과, 경도는 대조군과 5% 첨가군이 낮게 나타났고, 아로니아 분말 첨가량이 증가할수록 증가하였다. 관능검사 결과, 머핀의 외관은 대조군이 가장 높은 점수로 평가되었고, 냄새는 대조군과 5%, 10% 첨가군 간에 차이가 없었으나 15% 첨가군이 가장 낮은 점수로 평가되었다. 맛과 조직감은 대조군과 첨가군 간에 유의적인 차이가 없었다. 전반적인 기호도는 대조군과 5%, 10% 첨가군 간에 유의적인 차이가 없었으나 15% 첨가군이 가장 낮은 점수로 평가되었다. 머핀의 총 폴리페놀 함량 및 총 플라보노이드 함량은 아로니아 분말 첨가량이 증가할수록 증가하는 경향을 보였고 DPPH radical 소거능, 금속 킬레이트 효과 및 환원력도 대조군보다 아로니아 분말 첨가군에서 높게 나타났으며, 아로니아 분말 첨가량이 증가할수록 대체로 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 머핀의 총 폴리페놀 함량, 총 플라보노이드 함량과 항산화능 간의 상관관계를 조사한 결과 매우 높은 양(+)의 상관성이 있음을 보여주었다. 이상의 결과를 종합하여 볼 때, 아로니아 분말을 10%까지 첨가하여 머핀을 제조한다면 대조군과 비교하여 관능적인 면에서는 차이가 없고 기능적인 면에서는 항산화활성이 향상되어 기능성 식품으로서의 가능성이 있다고 하겠다.

혼합야채추출물의 항산화와 α-amylase 및 α-glucosidase 억제활성 증진을 위해서 톳, 매생이, 미역귀의 첨가효과를 분석하였으며 해조류 첨가된 야채추출물의 일반성분과 미네랄 함량 변화를 조사하였다. 3가지 해조류의 첨가량은 야채추출물의 일반성분에 유의적으로 영향을 미치지 않은 반면 톳과 미역귀 5% 첨가에 의해 칼슘, 나트륨, 칼륨, 마그네슘, 철분 함량이 유의적으로 증가하였다. 톳 20% 첨가한 경우 총 폴리페놀 함량과 환원능력이 야채추출물보다 각각 47.08와 16.82%로 유의적으로 증가하였다. 반면에 3가지 해조류 첨가에 의한 hydroxyl radical 소거활성이 큰 변화가 없었다. 톳, 매생이, 미역귀 20% 첨가에 의해 DPPH radical 소거활성이 각각 27.47, 22.25, 17.27%로 유의적으로 증가하였다. 해조류 첨가된 혼합 야채 추출물이 상대적으로 약한 α-amylase 억제활성을 지니고 있는 동시에 강한 α-glucosidase 억제활성이 나타냈다. 특별히 미역귀 5% 첨가한 경우 α-glucosidase을 98.26%로 유의적으로 억제하였다. 전반적으로 해조류 첨가를 통해 야채추출물의 미네랄 함량이 증가하였고 항산화와 2형 당뇨병 관련 효소 억제활성이 개선됨을 알 수 있었다.

Ectopic overexpression of melatonin biosynthetic genes of animal origin has been used to generate melatonin-rich transgenic plants to examine the functional roles of melatonin in plants. However, the subcellular localization of these proteins expressed in the transgenic plants remains unknown. We studied the localization of sheep (Ovis aries) serotonin N-acetyltransferase (OaSNAT) and a translational fusion of a rice SNAT transit peptide to OaSNAT (TS:OaSNAT) in plants. Laser confocal microscopy analysis revealed that both OaSNAT and TS:OaSNAT proteins were localized to the cytoplasm even with the addition of the transit sequence to OaSNAT. Transgenic rice plants overexpressing the TS:OaSNAT fusion transgene exhibited high SNAT enzyme activity relative to untransformed wild-type plants, but lower activity than transgenic rice plants expressing the wild-type OaSNAT gene. Melatonin levels in both types of transgenic rice plant corresponded well with SNAT enzyme activity levels. The TS:OaSNAT transgenic lines exhibited increased seminal root growth relative to wild-type plants, but less than in the OaSNAT transgenic lines, confirming that melatonin promotes root growth. Seed-specific OaSNAT expression under the control of a rice prolamin promoter did not confer high levels of melatonin production in transgenic rice seeds compared to seeds from transgenic plants expressing OaSNAT under the control of the constitutive maize ubiquitin promoter.

This study was carried to investigate the effect of illite addition on the growth, bioactive components andvolatile compounds of leaf on Saururus chinensis Baill cultivation in greenhouse. Illite addition on Saururus chinensis Baillcultivation resulted no significant effects on the aerial part. However, the root part was highest in 5% illite addition group.Crude oil and ash amount increased as illite additives was increased. Ca of inorganics and free sugars contents were highestin 5% and 20% illite addition, respectively. Hyperoside and isoquercetin of available component on leaf were highest in 5%illite addition group, 4.02㎎/g and 4.31㎎/g, respectively. The volatile compounds in Saururus chinensis Baill leaf culturedwith illite addition amounts were isolated by solid-phase microextraction fiber (polydimethysiloxane 65㎛) and identifed bygas chromatogtaphy mass spectrometry. As the results, the 22 volatile compounds were identified from in Saururus chinen-sis Baill leaf and major volatile compounds were the α-cadinol (18.50%), myristicin (16.46%), methyl-9-methyl-tetrade-canoate (10.22%), and γ-muurolene (9.75%). Especially, the content of α-cadinol was highest in 5% illite addition group andγ-muurolene on overall illite addition group was lower than no addition group.

쌀쿠키의 품질 향상을 위하여, 밀가루나 글루텐 무첨가 쌀쿠키의 품질특성에 볶음 커피분말의 첨가가 미치는 영향을 구명하였다. 쌀쿠키는 쌀가루 대비 커피분말을 0, 1.5, 3, 6, 12% 각각 첨가하여 반죽을 한 다음 원판으로 성형한 후 오븐으로 170~180℃에서 10분간 구워 만들고 품질특성을 분석하였다. 커피분말 첨가량의 증가와 함께 쌀쿠키의 색도인 L*, b*, C*, ho값은 감소되었고, a*값은 증가됨을 보였다. 기계적 경도와 총페놀 함량은 커피분말 첨가량에 따라 증가하는 경향을 보였으나 첨가량 1.5%와 3% 간에는 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다. 항산화능은 커피분말의 첨가량이 증가할수록 높아지는 경향을 나타내어서 첨가량 1.5% 첨가구보다 3% 첨가구에서 유의적으로 높은 수준을 나타내었다. 관능평가 결과로서, 쌀쿠키의 darkness, smell, bitterness, hardness 등은 커피분말의 첨가량이 증가함에 따라 강하게 평가되는 경향을 보였다. Overall acceptability는 커피분말 1.5%와 3% 첨가구가 유의적으로 가장 좋게 평가 되었다. 이로써 쌀쿠키의 항산화능과 기호도의 동시 증대를 위한 커피분말의 첨가량은 3% 정도인 것으로 판단되었다.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the physicochemical characteristic of the cooked rice added with glutinous and non-glutinous sorghum. The sorghum cultivars were Sorghum bicolor L. Moench cv. Hwanggeumchal, Nampungchal (glutinous), and Donganme (nonglutinous), and rice cultivar was Ilpum rice. The cooking properties and pasting characteristics of cooking rice adding with sorghum according to varieties and different addition rates evaluated. The cooking properties and pasting characteristics had significant changes with the varieties and different addition rates of sorghum. With increased addition rates of sorghum, the pasting temperature, peak viscosity, trough viscosity, breakdown viscosity, and final viscosity were decreased. With increased addition rates of sorghum, the total polyphenol and flavonoid contents before and after cooked rice were increased. Total polyphenol contents of 30% addition rates before cooking rice with Hwanggeumchal, Nampungchal, and Donganme sorghum were 1,693.30, 1,890.98 and 2,386.11 μg/g sample, whereas those after cooking rice with sorghum were 1,189.28, 1,190.42 and 1,397.87 μg/g sample, respectively. The high level of DPPH radical scavenging activity before and after cooking rice with sorghum were 126.29 and 70.58 mg TE/100g sample in the Donganme in 30% addition rates. Also, ABTS radical scavenging activity was 135.56 and 83.12 mg TE/100g sample, respectively. The results of this study show that the addition of sorghum can make cooked rice improved antioxidant activity.

Waste activated sludge (WAS) and food waste (FW) are available year round at low cost and have the potential to promote synergism in anaerobic digestion (AD). The goal of this study was to clarify the synergism in co-digestion of WAS and FW. A slight amount of FW at various ratios was added to WAS as an auxiliary substrate, and anaerobic batch tests were performed under mesophilic conditions. By adding FW, total CH₄ produced was increased, where most of them were come from WAS, clearly suggesting synergism. Also, lag period was shortened and CH₄ production rate was increased by FW addition. It was hypothesized that enhanced performance was owing to the facilitated hydrolysis of WAS by FW addition, which was revealed by the increased activities of hydrolytic α-amylase and protease.