The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 14(1). This study investigated the nature of literacy in textbooks for women's education in the modern enlightenment period. Expectations of literacy in textbooks greatly differs from the literacy level of people in reality. Although textbooks are the means for realizing educational goals, the implications of literacy presented can vary according to the educational system, textbook writers, and target audience. This examination of textbooks for women's education in the modern enlightenment period focused on various aspects such as changes in the content presented and the language used (e.g., Hangeul, translations from Chinese classics, Chinese characters). Textbooks for women's education in the modern enlightenment period reflected the plight of women who strived to acquire knowledge but were limited by literacy and the duties of everyday life. There seems to have been a great divide between the literacy level of these women in reality and that presented in educational texts. Consequently, attempts were made to understand women's life in the modern enlightenment period by investigating the acquisition of literacy by women and the processes involved in women becoming full-fledged members of society.

Heo, Jae-young. 2006. The Nature of Literacy in Textbooks for Women's Education in the Modern Enlightenment Period. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 14(1). This study investigated the nature of literacy in textbooks for women's education in the modern enlightenment period. Expectations of literacy in textbooks greatly differs from the literacy level of people in reality. Although textbooks are the means for realizing educational goals, the implications of literacy presented can vary according to the educational system, textbook writers, and target audience. This examination of textbooks for women's education in the modern enlightenment period focused on various aspects such as changes in the content presented and the language used (e.g., Hangeul, translations from Chinese classics, Chinese characters). Textbooks for women's education in the modern enlightenment period reflected the plight of women who strived to acquire knowledge but were limited by literacy and the duties of everyday life. There seems to have been a great divide between the literacy level of these women in reality and that presented in educational texts. Consequently, attempts were made to understand women's life in the modern enlightenment period by investigating the acquisition of literacy by women and the processes involved in women becoming full-fledged members of society.

This study is to understand the unique experiences of female juvenile delinquents, through analysis of the characteristics on delinquency and victimization of female juvenile delinquents, and to provide the improvements of the treatment of them. For this purpose, the reseacher analyzed the survey data on juvenile delinquency and victimization from 270 female and 290 male juvenile delinquents. The extent of girls' victimization such as neglect, physical, emotional, and sexual abuse in childhood is much greater than boys'. It is remakable for difference between female and male in physical and sexual abuse. And the times of girls' physical and sexual abuse were also early than boys'. Victimization rates of the female subgroup experienced the prostitution are most great in all juvenile subgroups. This result finding supports that girls' victimization are linked with subsequent delinquent behavior. Especially sexual abused girls were inclined to have more seriousness in a variety of criminal behaviors than the control girls. They were at increased risk for prostitution. But violent offenses seem to be no difference between subgroups. These findings suggest that part of abused girls be getting to escalate to criminal offending. And they had a tendency to have a low self-esteem and physical health problems, and to consider suicide. It is that abused girls develop antisocial or delinquent lifestyles that persist into adulthood as serious criminal careers. There is no single solution to female juvenile delinquency. But, first of all, it is necessary to provide gender-specific programs for abused girls such as specialized trauma treatment. Gender-specific programs must not only consider the risk factors leading girls to delinquency, but also focus on the protective and mitigating factors that foster strengths in adolescent girls. These protective factors include 'gender identity development', 'positive relationships with women adults', 'escalating self-esteem', 'educating about sexuality', etc.

This study had carried out to investigate the usage status of customer, the positive effects and problems, and the most important items of the nutrition labeling at purchasing the food etc. on the current nutrition labeling system in order to establish the customer-centric nutrition labeling system. Survey was carried out by questionnaire method that is targeted on adult female above 20 years old in Seoul and Kyeongnam area from May to June, 2004. For the experience of checking the nutrition label of the processed domestic and imported processed food, 82% and 75.4% of the respondents were replied 'have checked' respectively. For the positive effects due to enforcement of the nutrition labeling system, the respondents agreed highly with 'easy to compare with other products' and 'improve the products quality'. For the problems of the nutrition labeling system, the respondents agreed highly with 'different criteria for each product' and 'incendiary purchasing due to false or exaggerated labeling', and gave the higher scale for the positive effects than the problems relatively. For the necessity of the nutrition labeling system, 96.2% of the respondents were replied 'necessary', and it was indicated a significant difference on age and marital status(p<.01). For the price rising due to enforcement of the nutrition labeling system, 55.2% of respondents agreed, and it was indicated a very significant difference on age and monthly income(p<.001). For the most important nutrition labeling items at purchasing the food, the respondents were replied 'total calorie' on most of the food, and in addition, they checked carefully the lipid, cholesterol, protein, Ca, and Fe.

This article explores Yeats's “A Woman Young and Old.” All the poems in the series “A Woman Young and Old" were written between 1926 and 1929. During this time Yeats was lamenting the vulgarity of hegemonic Irish culture. This series poems described feminine sexuality in the social and cultural repression of women. The sequence of eleven poems deal with the problems of female body and desire in a repressive society. In these poems Yeats insisted on the beauty or importance of feminine sexuality and sexual desire. “A Woman Young and Old” takes up Yeats's metaphysical questions - eternal beauty, the relationship between body and soul, the interdependence of sexual love and spiritual hate. Feminine sexuality is the mark of the rebellion against conventional social and cultural frame. Yeats's female personae embody a sacred sexuality and Yeats's sexual frankness close to a sexual mysticism. Feminine sexuality and desiring female bodies are defiantly asserted, and asserted specifically as transgressions, because they are precisely what is forbidden. In this series poems the female body and desire is expressed in Yeats's criticism of the repressive sexual morality and culture of the Irish society, especially the Catholic Church. Linking of feminine sexuality and the sacred indicates Yeats's critique of Catholic Irishness. The speakers of the female sequence are embattled with a social and symbolic order that seeks to confine them. Yeats described sexual freedom and defiance against the authority and opposition in patriarchal society. Yeats's increasingly explicit emphasis on feminine sexuality and sexual desire at that time. Whereas Irish Catholicism viewed the desires of the body as threats to the soul, for Yeats the two were interdependent. Yeats insisted that “the love of man and woman, and inseparable physical desire, are sacred”(UPII, 451). This article tries to show how Yeats's of awareness of feminine sexuality is linked with a sexual mysticism and the sacred. Yeats connected women's body and desire with a sexual mysticism and the sacred in such a bold and defiant way.

여성의 사회적 참여와 경제적 지위가 높아지면서 소비 주체이자 유행을 선도하는 트렌드 창조자로서 '여성'이 부상하고 있다. 즉, 이제는 '여성'을 제품개발의 한 축으로 인식하고, 여성적 감성을 담아 낼 수 있는 제품 개발과 전략이 필요한 시점이다. 본 연구에서는 최근 디지털 제품을 중심으로 부각되고 있는 '여성성'을 사회·문화적·경제·마케팅적 측면에서 그 배경을 살펴보고, 개발사례를 중심으로 여성적 디자인의 특징을 분석하였다. 또한 실제 제품개발과 연계하여 여성소비자의 소비성향 및 라이프스타일, 선호 제품스타일 등을 분석하였으며, 이를 반영하여 여성층을 겨냥한 감성오디오를 개발하였다. 궁극적으로 여성 지향적 제품개발의 필요성을 제기하고, 여성적 감성을 반영하기 위한 제품디자인 방향에 대하여 연구하였다.

本文以與女性有關的漢字爲例證, 說明漢字形體反映的女性社會地位浮沈. 一. 女權社會的佐證 在甲骨文裏“女”字的字形是委曲柔順服侍男人的樣子. 然而, 歷史上女性也曾經有過輝煌顯赫的時代. 特別是女性作爲人類之母, 在人類本身的生産活動繁衍後代這一意義上, 是受到尊敬和崇拜的. 漢民族有一批古老的姓, 其字都是女字旁, 也可作爲母系氏族社會形態曾經存在的佐證. “姓,” 人所生也. 因生以爲姓. 姓是區別出身的, 而出身是由女性決定的, 也就是因生以爲姓. 二. 反映生育的漢字 “母”字, 在女字上加兩點兒, 突出了母親用以哺育孩子的兩個乳房. “孕”字, 非常形象地表現了婦女腹中懷子之形. “身”字, 突出了人的大肚子, 中有一點兒, 表示腹中懷子. “乳”字, 此字形象母親懷抱嬰兒, 嬰兒張口對著母親的乳房. 三. “好”與“好字眼兒” 卜辭及銘文中所記載的“婦某”之詞, 卽是尊稱某位婦女的. 婦女的地位還不似後世那麽低下, 婦女還可以帶兵征伐, 還可以在朝廷掌管政事.《說文․女部》中也保留了許多古代女子的字或號, 如：娀(帝高辛之妃契母號也.), 娥(帝堯之女舜妻娥皇字也). 《說文․女部》： “好，美也。從女子.” 以女子爲好, 反映了人們對女性的讚美和愛戀.《說文․女部》共收錄238個的“女部”字. 其中有許多是讚美女性ㆍ形容女性美麗的. 如：媚, 嫵, 媄, 媌, 婠, 嫿, 娙, 妴, 妌, 婜, 媛, 姝, 姣,嫻 等字皆訓“好”也, 都是形容女子美貌. 四. 從女的“壞字眼兒” 採集－狩獵爲主的經濟形式讓位于農耕－畜牧經濟. 男性在經濟生活中占據了主導地位, 母系氏族制度轉變爲父系氏族社會, 女權轉變爲男權. 而且, 這種男權制度貫穿了整個奴隸社會ㆍ封建社會, 直至今天, 這種男權主義的影響仍然深刻地積澱在漢民族的意識觀念之中. 漢字旣然是在男權社會中産生的, 由於女性社會地位的低下, 更由於男性對女性的輕視, 反映在漢字的造字構形上, 必然會出現一些貶損女性的“壞字眼兒.”《說文․女部》中就有比“好字眼兒”更多的“壞字眼兒” 如：姦, 嫉, 妬, 娸, 娼, 奴, 妄, 妨, 嫌, 娛, 姿, 婪 等字, 未必心存輕視侮辱婦女之意. 漢字的結構與婦女的社會地位並無必然聯繫. 從文化學角度來說, 漢字的形體積澱了相當多的傳統文化內容, 從中我們倒正可以發現歷史上婦女地位的變化.

본 논문은 1970년대 이후 국내 여성범죄의 연도별 변화추이를 살펴보고 여성범죄에 영향을 미치는 요인들을 밝히고자 하였다. 이를 위해 여성범죄의 특징적인 변화를 범죄유형별로 살펴보고, 남성과의 비교를 통해 분석하였다. 자료는 지난 33년 동안의 연도별, 성별, 유형별 범죄통계와 사회인구학적 통계를 이용하였으며 분석방법으로는 추이분석 및 시계열회귀분석을 사용하였다. 추이분석에서는 국내 여성범죄가 지속적으로 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 여성이 전체 범죄에서 차지하는 비중은 1970년 12.1%에서 2002년에는 19.5%로 늘어났다. 특히 1990년대 이후 여성범죄의 급격히 증가는 주목할만한 현상으로 1990년에 남성의 1/7수준이던 여성형법범죄율은 2002에는 1/4수준으로 높아졌다. 이 시기의 여성형법범죄율의 변화를 주도하는 것은 재산범죄율의 증가이다. 시계열회귀분석에서는 GDP, 여성실업율, 이혼율이 여성형법범죄의 증감에 정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 사회적 부가 늘어나고 경제활동 기회가 증가하면서 여성들의 범죄가 증가하며 한편으로 여성들이 경험하는 경제적 압박이 여성들의 범죄를 증가시킨다는 기존의 이론을 재확인한 것이다. 또한 이혼으로 인한 가족유대와 정서적 유대약화가 여성들에게 부정적인 영향을 미치며 범죄증가로 나타난 것으로 보인다. 범죄유형별로 관련 요인이 다르게 나타나 강력범죄에는 가족해체를 나타내는 이혼율이 재산범죄에는 경제적 요인인 GDP와 여성실업율이 유의미한 관련성을 보인다.

The purpose of this study was to identify the perceptional dimensions and patterns of Korean traditional food and to find the determinants of the patterns. Data were collected from 305 Korean housewives living in Mongol, and were factor and cluster analyzed. The results revealed two different dimensions and patterns i.e., high involved vs. low involved groups. Descriptive statistics showed that perceptional pattern types are likely to vary depending on socio-demographic and cultural background of Korean traditional food. Similarities and differences in perceptional patterns between high and low involved groups of Korean Mongolian are discussed, and future implications for globalization of Korean traditional food culture are provided.