본고에서는 한문 독해력을 갖추지 못한 대학생에게 한문구조를 교수 할 경우의 한 가지 학습방법으로서 전통시대의 초학교재를 활용하여 2자, 3자, 4자, 5자, 7자의 한문문장을 축자식으로 해독하는 방법을 제안하였다. 특히 문장구조의 필수성분인 주어, 서술어, 목적어, 보어의 학습에 중점을 두고, 부속성분인 관형어, 부사어, 독립어는 문장의 확장정도로 제시하면서 문장의 기본구조를 학습하는 것에 주안점을 두었다. 동아시아 세계의 전통 초학교재란 단순히 과거에 사용된 교재를 말하는 것이 아니다. ‘전통’이란 과거를 재평가하고 재해석하면서 미래의 비전을 창조하기 위하여 재서술 되는 것이다. 현재의 곤란에 위기의식을 느낄 때, 인간은 과거를 돌이켜보고, 그 반사경을 통해 현재를 이해하고 미래를 전망한다. 현재의 한문학습에서 느끼는 곤란함을 극복하고 새로운 해결책을 마련하기 위하여 과거에 사용하였던 교재들을 돌이켜 보는 것이다. 이런 위기의식과 위기 극복의 노력이 겹겹이 쌓여 갈 때, 한문학습의 새로운 역사가 전개될 것이다. 이 경우 한문학습의 역사는 결국 끊임없이 새롭게 만들어지는 ‘전통’에 근거하여 미래를 창조해가는 역사라고 할 수 있다. 이처럼, 한문학습의 전통 안에서 사용되었던 초학교재는 교육의 근원적 자료로, 그 내용과 형식은 오늘날에 가져와도 손색이 없다고 생각되었다. 한문학습의 현재 상황을 살펴보면서, ‘전통교재’의 재해석, ‘전통교재’의 재평가, 혹은 ‘전통교재’의 한계점을 생각하지 않을 수 없다고 본다.

The research on washback of a test has little been carried out in Korea while it has been flourishing in language testing researchers overseas. This paper investigates whether the advent of NEAT has affected the perception of test takers and the teaching/learning practices in English classrooms of Korea. In addition, we also want to investigate the relationship between variables such as perception of test users, teaching/learning practices, and test scores. We carried out a survey with 601 students who were seated at NEAT administered in April 2013 as well as 3,267 third-year high school students who had no experience on NEAT. The analyses revealed some evidence to support that NEAT has an effect on the perception of the participants. However, the analyses also revealed that NEAT was not effective to appeal for a change in teaching and learning practices in English classrooms in Korea.

Malaysia is currently implementing the use of the Frog Virtual Learning Environment (VLE) in all government schools in the country. This paper outlines the basis for introducing the VLE in leveraging teaching and learning in Malaysian schools. It discusses the state of current literature associated with the use of VLE. In addition, it articulates the need for programme evaluation as a means for decision-makers to plan and take necessary corrective action to better implement VLE among teachers and students in schools. To sustain the implementation of this endeavour, a monitoring and evaluation mechanism must be put in place. This would determine how the VLE is performing and ascertain key success factors with the use of the Frog VLE among teachers and students. For this purpose, a survey research was undertaken using a sample comprising 426 teachers and 223 students from primary and secondary schools throughout the country. Reliability computations show Cronbach alpha values greater than .90 for the various constructs in the scaled items of the teachers’ and students’ questionnaires. The key findings of the study show significantly different perceptions (p < .05) in the use of Frog VLE as a learning tool between primary pupils and secondary students with significantly higher perceptions from secondary students on all aspects ranging from ease of use of Frog VLE to using Frog VLE as a collaborative tool for interaction within and outside the classroom. Factor analysis via the Principal Component Analysis method shows 3 critical success factors cited by teachers in the use of Frog VLE. The first factor concerns the functionality of VLE as a pedagogical tool; the second is associated with the user-friendliness of the VLE; and the third concerns the VLE as a tool for collaboration. An analysis of ranks derived from the mean computations of the variables within the first factor shows the VLE provides a platform for teachers to share ideas and opinions being ranked first. This is followed by VLE being used by students to obtain learning materials, which is ranked second. Third, the VLE being used by teachers to source for new teaching materials. Other major findings include issues associated with slow and unstable internet connectivity where secondary schools fared worse compared to primary schools and that rural schools tended to have more problems in connectivity as compared to urban schools. This paper puts forth a proposition that educational technology needs continuous monitoring and evaluation and effective change management is imperative to attain success in its implementation.

본 논문은 2014년 3월 <한국컴퓨터게임논문지>(제27권, 제1호)에 실린 "디지털 영상매체와 게임 콘텐츠를 활용한 상호문화교육 교수-학습 프로그램 개발의 필요성에 대한 이론적 검토"의 후속 연구이다. 상호문화교육을 위해 디지털 영상매체 중의 하나인 영화를 활용하는 것은 단순히 교수-학습 방법의 다양화에 기여하는데 그치지 않는다. 대학생을 대상으로 하여 문화상대성을 이해시키고 다문화 (또는 상호문화) 감수성을 증진시키는 교육에 상업영화를 적용시키는 것은 독창적이고 통합적인 상호문화교육의 장을 열어줄 수 있을 것이다. 또한 이는 문자텍스트에 주로 의존했던 전통교육의 한계를 극복하는데 도움을 줄 것이다. 현재 한국사회는 이주노동자, 결혼이민자, 북한이탈주민, 유학생 등과 같은 이질적인 문화구성원들의 유입으로 인해 여러 사회적인 도전에 직면하고 있다. 본 논문은 독일과 프랑스의 상업영화를 이용한 대학생용 상호문화교육 교수-학습 프로그램의 개발과 활용이 다문화사회로 진입단계에 한국사회를 보다 조화로운 사회로 구성하는데 도움을 줄 수 있음을 보이고자 한다. 이런 교수-학습 프로그램은 학습자에게 즐거움을 줄 뿐만 아니라, 배우려는 인간의 본능을 동시에 충족시킬 수 있다.

이 글의 검토 대상은 ‘한자․한문교육 현장실천 교수-학습 방법’이다. 그간의 연구현황 및 성과를 돌아보고 이를 바탕으로 향후의 과제점검을 목적으로 한다. 연구현황을 확인하기 위한 자료는 한국한자한문교육학회지『한자한문교육』과 한국한문교육학회지『한문교육연구』이다. 교수-학습 방법에 대해서는 한국한문교육학회 창립 30주년기념 학술대회(2011)와 한국한문교육연구총서『한문과 교수-학습 방법론』(2012)에서 그간의 연구실적을 정리하였다. 연구의 현황과 성과는 ‘한자’, ‘어휘’, ‘한시’, ‘산문’으로 분류하고, 이에 속하지 않는 것은 ‘일반자료’로 모아서 정리 하였다. 또한 ‘매체 활용교육’ 관련 자료도 별도로 언급하였다. 이상을 검토해 본 바 다음과 같은 몇 가지 과제가 확인되었다.첫째, 한시․산문 관련 교수-학습 방법 연구 성과가 부족하다. 이 부분에 대해서는 학회차원에서 기획주제로 다루어 이에 대한 연구의 활성화를 도모할 필요가 있다. 둘째, ‘수업모형’이나 ‘교수-학습 방법의 체계화’와 관련한 연구가 활발해져서 연구성과가 교육과정에 더 많이 축적되어야 하겠다. 현장교사들에게 있어 교육과정은 직접적인 수업안내 지침이기 때문이다. 셋째, 교수-학습 방법과 관련하여 이론연구보다 현장실천 연구실적이 상대적으로 빈약하다. 이의 해결을 위해 전공교사들의 학회 참여 유도가 필요하리라 본다. 교사 개인이 지닌 우수 지도방안을 공유할 수 있도록 하기 위해서이다.

This paper is an advanced work for the follow-up study 'Development of Teaching and Learning Programs of Intercultural Education in Universities Utilizing German and French Commercial Movies'. Before developing teaching and learning programs of intercultural education for undergraduates utilizing movies as one of the most typical digital image media in modern times, we try to review theoretical the utilizability of digital image media and game contents as very efficient tools of intercultural teaching and learning program. The breakthrough of digital information and communication technology, and the digital revolution leading to a paradigm shift in the history of mankind make the 21th century be called 'knowledge and information age'. The integrated and interactive communication way based on the development of digital technology has a great effect on recognition way, recognition pattern and recognition process of contemporary people. In addition, it is also changing human recognition per se. First of all, digital image media have caused not only the remarkable change of social and cultural environment, but also a revolutionary change of educational field. The digital image media are thought of as one of the most efficient communication media which can satisfy optical desires of humankind and realize multilateral and sympathetic interchanges utilizing other sense organs. Therefore, the digital image media are anticipated to be a very efficient tool of teaching and learning program. Through this theoretical review we try to emphasize the needs for the development of teaching and learning program of intercultural education utilizing digital image media and game contents.

The aims of this study were to explore the value of integrated use of the related literary texts and movies through teachers' awareness toward them, and to develop English teaching-learning method using them. Thirty-four primary school teachers who enrolled a graduate course participated in the study. The teachers read a literary text, Because of Winn-Dixie written by Kate DiCamillo, and watched the movie based on the text. Data collected were analyzed through a mixed method which used both qualitative and quantitative techniques. The result of the study emerged in two steps. First, experiences of participating teachers were investigated in terms of understanding literary texts and movies, participants' experience as both English learners and teachers, and the understanding of complementary aspects of a literary text and the movie based on the text. Then, teaching-learning method for English learners were developed. For example, the study suggested how to develop four language skills through integrated use of the literary texts and movies, and provided a list of related literary texts and movies applicable in diverse EFL contexts. Based on the results, the study suggested teachers to apply methods and techniques to other literary texts and movies in the teaching of English in EFL settings.

중국어를 모국어로 사용하지 않는 학생들의 중문 능력을 효과적으로 향상시키 는데 있어, 읽기를 강화하는 것은 매우 중요하고도 현저한 효과가 드러나는 방법 이다. 그러나 효과적인 독해의 목적에 도달하기 위해서는 학생들의 한자 능력을 발전시키고 공고하게 하는 것이 우선적인 임무이다. 본 연구의 주요 목표는 Dr. David Rose가 제안했던 Reading to Learn 학습이 론에서 출발하여 그림책 교육의 과정에 결합시켜 어떻게 하면 비화교 학생들의 중국어 학습이 효과가 극대화할 수 있으며, 이를 토해 그들의 한자 습득과 읽기, 쓰기 능력을 향상 시킬 수 있는가를 논의하였다. 본 연구는 액션 러닝 기법을 이용하였는데, 이들의 행동을 연구하는 기간 동안에 연구원과 유관 중학교의 부교장은 비화교 학생들의 한자 사용 능력이 향상되 어, 읽고 쓰는 능력에 이르는 것 외에도 위에서 제기하였던 방법을 실제 어떻게 운영하여 얼마나 비화교 학생들의 그림책 읽기의 흥미와 효과를 높일 수 있는지 를 알고 싶어 하였다. 연구결과를 통해 우리는 Reading to Learn 학습법이 그림책을 결합한 교육인 ｢文類教學法｣을 운용할 때 비화교 학생들의 한자 습득과 읽기 능력이 증가함과 더 나아가 읽기에 대한 흥미를 진작시킬 수 있음을 확인하였다.

The purpose of this study was to examine English lecturers’ readiness toward internet use in English teaching and learning at selected universities in Jambi, Sumatra, Indonesia. A questionnaire was used as a research instrument to sixty-five participants who were recruited through a variety of networking sources, but forty-seven participants completed and returned the questionnaires. Data were analyzed by using descriptive statistics, Pearson Product Moment Correlation, and a t-test. The major findings indicated that the English lecturers’ readiness toward Internet use for teaching and learning was at an average level. This study also found that there was a significant positive correlation between the lecturers’ background of internet use and the level of lecturers’ readiness toward Internet use. There was a positive correlation between lecturers’ knowledge readiness and attitude readiness. However, there were significant differences in the level of readiness between English lecturers at public institutions and private institutions. The findings of this study shed light on policy makers and leaders’ understanding of English lecturers’ readiness toward internet use in English teaching and learning in Indonesian higher education. Policy implications and future research are also discussed.

This research was a Research and Development (R&D) project which aimed at developing digital storytelling based local wisdom through Blended Learning as an innovative media for teaching English at eighth grade students of SMP Negeri 1 Petang. The development model used in this research was adapted from the development of Luther’s model (in Sutopo, 2003). The data were collected by using documentation technique, interview, observation, and questionnaire. This research found that, (1) in developing digital storytelling based local wisdom through a Blended Learning method required a number of chronologically steps, namely: observation, need analysis, media prototype design, expert judgment, revision of the product, field testing, analyzing of data and finalizing the final product; (2) the total mean score of the questionnaire filled by the English teacher was 4.09, it indicated that the product was categorized as excellent, and (3) furthermore, the result of the questionnaire filled by the students was 3.76, this meant that the implementation of the product could be categorized as good. The results of this study were as expected and can help both the teachers and the students in the process of teaching and learning English, especially narrative text.

The purpose of this study is to examine effective ways to introduce creative thinking skills development in the English learning classroom, specifically, focusing on questioning techniques and creative thinking techniques. The study explores selected creative-thinking techniques which are in accordance with English teaching methods and goals in the Korean context. The techniques highlighted were deemed adequate for enhancing creative and analytical thinking skills of English language learners and include the following: Brainwriting, SCAMPER, Lotus Blossom Technique, Forced Relationships/Analogy, Wishful Thinking Technique, Six Thinking Hats, SWOT, PMI technique, Flat Stanley Project. The study attempts to outline examples of and procedures for implementing such techniques in English education. The study is intended to provide insights for both researchers and practitioners alike and shall thus contribute to the ongoing discussion of integrating creativity education with English learning and teaching.

In teaching a Putonghua lesson of the Chinese as a Second Language programme in Australia, I used the activity of folding an "Origami boat" that initiated students’ interest in learning origami. Similarly, in teaching Chinese to ethnic minorities in Hong Kong, origami is also the most popular activity. It is definitely a learning catalyt and stimulant. There was a student who described writing Chinese characters is as difficult as "alien culture", but in marking students’ work, it was found that many students can write Chinese characters correctly and neatly. Thus is there any relevancy between origami and writing Chinese characters? Chinese characters are square and the majority of origami projects uses square papers. The origami steps follow the basic form, with basic folds and symbols, according to a certain logical sequence to fold and combine. It will use the quadrilateral, triangle, rhombus, trapezoid, polygon, and other forms. Are there any similarities in the radicals, components and strokes of Chinese characters? This is what we need scholars to explore in depth.

2010년 11월부터 유럽 4개국 5개 고등교육기관 10여명의 중국어교육관련 연구 자들은 매우 중요한 새로운 임무를 부여 받았다. 유럽언어공동기준(CEFR: Common European Framework of Reference for Languages)을 기초로 한 유럽중 국어공동기준이었다. 중국어는 자모문자가 아니라는 특성이 있기 때문에 이 연구 는 말하기와 쓰기로 분류하여 설계가 고려되었고, 각 등급에 따라 대응되는 “언어 능력표현”에 말하기-듣기 활동 관련 동사 어휘표와 읽기-쓰기 활동과 관련된 한 자표를 제작하였다. 更科学地把口语和文字区分开来, 以便更有效地发展学习者的语言能力。 본 문에서는 중국어의 말하기 듣기, 읽기, 쓰기 능력을 분리하여 강조함으로써 중국 어 교사가 더욱 체계적이며, 더욱 과학적으로 말하기와 문자를 분리하여 수업이 이루어질 수 있도록 이론을 체계화하였으며, 이로써 학습자의 언어 능력을 발전시키는데 효과적으로 구성하였다.

Music creation is important in enhancing elementary school children's motivation and interest for music learning. The purpose of this study is to analyze trends of master's theses about elementary music creation teaching and learning written between 2000 and 2011. A total of 147 master's theses on elementary music creation teaching and learning were analyzed. The theses were analyzed in respect to following six topics; (1) the years and institutes of publication, (2) subjects, (3) topics, (4) contents, (5) research methods, (6) teaching-learning strategies. The results are as follows. Firstly, the number of theses on music creation teaching and learning has decreased recently. Gyeongin National University of Education and Daegu National University of Education were the institutes which produced the biggest numbers of the theses on elementary music creation teaching and learning. Secondly, 40.41% of the theses targeted the grade group of the fifth and sixth grades. Only 9.59% targeted the first and second grades. Since 2009 the thesis on the first and second grades was not published at all. Thirdly, 46.95% of the theses dealt with the composition and improvisation activities simultaneously. Fourthly, 62.58% of the theses excluded Korean traditional music creation in their content. 12.94% dealt with the Korean traditional music creation only. Fifthly, 40.13% of the theses were about program design and excluded implementation. 37.43% were about program design and class implementation. Finally, the most preferred strategy was the use of teaching-learning materials (26.53%). The other strategies were the application of teaching-learning theories, the use of sequences, the use of musical pieces and so on.

The number of non-Chinese speaking (NCS) students in Hong Kong is increasing year by year. Their needs for education are increasing too. The educators and their NCS parents very concern how well these NCS students can adopt to the learning environment in Hong Kong, and have better academic performance, especially in Chinese language learning. Researchers believe that if the NCS students can learn Chinese language as earliest as possible, like in kindergarten stage, they can catch up with the local Chinese language curriculum requirement and standard much easier. Researchers worked with three kindergartens, and designed school-based Chinese language curriculum especially for these NCS young students. The curriculum emphasized the development of NCS young students’ listening and speaking abilities, strengthen their Chinese character learning ability and also teaching reading and writing skills. After one-year teaching experiment, it is found that the academic performance of these NCS young students’ was very impressive. They have great improvement in the learning of the sound, shape and meaning of Chinese characters. This presentation will report the research findings.

Since November 2010, a team of a dozen researchers from fiveuniversities and institutes of four European countries has been workingon challenging project: how to adapt the Common European Framework ofReference for Languages (in use since the beginning of the 2000 for thelearning, teaching and assessment of European languages around Europe)to the Chinese language, a very distant language for European learners,with the peculiarity of its non-alphabetic writing system. In the end,the approach adopted by the team was to make a distinction between oraland written activities at each level of the framework. For the oralactivities the team has provided lists of words, and for the writtenactivities lists of characters. We focus on one point: we hope thisdissociation between oral and written in the Chinese framework willencourage more and more teachers to separate oral and written in teachingand learning activities (as well as in the selection of teaching materials)so as to allow the learners of Chinese to develop each language competencemore efficiently.

이 연구는 근본적으로 지금의 학생들이 배움(수업)으로부터 도피하는 현상, 즉 학교붕괴(교실붕괴) 현상을 극복하고, 과학수업에서 과학을 어렵고 딱딱한 교과라는 인식으로부터 재미있는 과학, 우리 생활과 가까운 과학으로 인식시켜 과학학습 능력을 신장시키기 위한 것이다. 이러한 연구 목적을 달성하기 위한 수업방법으로 지금 시대가 요구하는 관계형성, 상호작용에 의한 소통과 공감의 수업모형인 구성주의 학습이론을 적용한 배움․나눔 공동체수업을 구안․적용하였다. 배움․나눔 공동체수업 과정은 크게 3단계로 나눠진다. 1단계는 원활한 상호작용과 소통을 위한 따뜻한 인사 건네기-수업의 핵심을 파악하기 위한 스스로 탐구목표 세우기 3분 전략-생각열기를 통한 흥미유발 및 수업방향 제시이다. 2단계는 교사와 함께 수업내용 파악-기초다지기 과정의 혼자 풀어요!-점프, 도전과제의 모둠원과 함께해요! 과정을 거친다. 마지막 3단계는 되돌리기 과정의 전체토론 및 발표수업, 배움․나눔 활동을 기록함으로써 수업과정을 정리하고 내면화한다. 이처럼 철저하게 계획된 수업과정을 통해 교사-학생, 학생-학생, 교사-학생-교재․교구와의 네트워크를 통하여 학생들은 스스로 수업내용을 탐구하고 문제해결력을 기르며 내면화하게 된다. 결국 서로를 배려하고 협력하는 과정 속에서 과학수업의 학습능력 신장을 가져오고, 공동체의식이 함양되어 인성교육이 자연스럽게 이루어진다.

The advancement in technology and availability of Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) technology and the Internet made meaningful interaction possible in both on and offline environments, which is referred to as blended learning. Blended learning has recently begun to gain popularity in ELT, and appropriate models of blended learning need to be developed for EFL classrooms. However, there have not been many attempts to investigate its application and development of appropriate teaching and learning models of blended learning in the field of ELT, especially in relation to English language skills and subskills. Therefore, the purposes of this study are to investigate the students’ perspectives and effectiveness of blended learning in English pronunciation skills, and to explore gender differences in blended learning. The subjects of this study consist of 173 Korean university students, and quantitative data including questionnaire and pre-experiment were collected. The major findings of the study are as follows. First, students’ perspectives in blended learning, its components, and tools were very positive. Second, blended learning was found to be effective in the development of segmental and suprasegmental pronunciation skills. Third, there were few significant gender differences found regarding social aspects of online interaction. Implications and suggestions based on the findings and discussion are provided.