The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of core muscle training on balance ability. Forty subjects in their 20s participated in a 6 week core muscle training program. Balance ability before and after the intervention were assessed and analyzed using the Romberg test, which was conducted on the floor, pedalo, and balancefit. The differences between the measurement methods of balance ability using varied platforms was also compared and analyzed. After the 6-week core exercise training program, the training group represented statistically significant increases in all 3 methods for static balance ability. In the control group, all 3 methods represented no statistically significant increases. Upon comparing the different methods of the Romberg test, there were no notable differences between conducting the test on varying platforms for both groups. This study suggests that the core muscle exercise training program increased the balance ability.

Background:After a stroke, the control of the trunk muscle may be severely impaired. Due to the importance of trunk control in complex daily postures, the ability to adopt a correct sitting posture is considered a determinant of the recovery of independent function after a stroke.Objects:The purposes of this study were to compare differences in buttock pressure between the left and right sides of hemiplegic patients and differences in their pelvic tilting angles (sagittal and coronal planes) after sitting training with visual biofeedback (VBF) in real time.Methods:Twenty-two individuals with unilateral strokes (11 left-side and 11 right-side hemiplegic stroke patients) participated in this study. Buttock pressure was measured using a pressure mat, and pelvic angles were measured using a palpation meter.Results:The asymmetry of pressure between the right and left (first and third chamber) sides was significantly decreased after the VBF training. The measurements obtained using the palpation meter revealed a significant decrease in the pelvic angles pre- versus post-intervention.Conclusion:VBF training may be distribute a patient’s buttock pressure equally while in a sitting posture and increase the length of time a stroke patient can maintain a symmetrical sitting posture. It can also improve pelvic control while sitting in a neutral position.

Background:Children with cerebral palsy (CP) have impaired postural control, but critically require the control of stability. Consequently, therapeutic interventions for enhancing postural control in children with CP have undergone extensive research. One intervention is sensorimotor training (SMT) using a Flexi-bar, but this has not previously been studied with respect to targeting trunk control in children with CP.Objects:This study was conducted to determine the effect of SMT using a Flexi-bar on postural balance and gait performance in children with CP.Methods:Three children with ambulatory spastic diplegia (SD) participated in the SMT program by using a Flexi-bar for forty minutes per day, three times a week, for six weeks. Outcome variables included the pediatric balance scale (PBS), trunk control movement scale (TCMS), 10 meter walking test (10MWT), and 3-dimensional movement coordination measurement.Results:The SMT provided no statistically significant improvement in PBS, TCMS, 10MWT, or 3-dimensional movement coordination measurement. However, positive changes were observed in individual outcomes, as balance and trunk control movement were improved.Conclusion:SMT using a Flexi-bar may be considered by clinicians as a potential intervention for increasing postural balance and performance in children with SD. Future studies are necessary to confirm the efficacy of Flexi-bar exercise in improving the functional activity of subjects with SD.

Deep learning techniques are being studied and developed throughout the medical, agricultural, aviation, and automotive industries. It can be applied to construction fields such as concrete cracks and welding defects. One of the best performing techniques of deep running is CNN technique. In this study, we analyzed the classification of handwritten images using CNN technique before applying them to construction field. Deep running is generally more accurate with deeper layers, but analysis cost is high. In addition, many variations can occur depending on training options. Therefore, this study performed a parametric study to be a reference when CNN technique was applied through accuracy analysis according to training options.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of hypobarichypoxic training program on competitive performance. This was done by observing their conditioning and measuring their blood constituents before and after a multi-staged intermittent training program, over 2 weeks. Three national handicapped cyclists were placed in a multi-leveled hypobaric-hypoxic (flat–4000 meter (m) high elevation) environment with consistent temperature and humidity (23 ± 2℃, 50 ± 5%) for 2 weeks. After the training, the blood constituents and average heart rate (HR) were measured and the following results were obtained. In all three athletes, there were no unique changes in red blood cell count, hemoglobin, and hematocrit, while there was a rise in the reticulocyte count. Observations of the difference in average HR during exercise at varying altitudes showed that athlete A had an average increase in the HR for the first 5 days at 2000 m. For athlete B, the comparison of the first and last training sessions at an altitude of 2000 m showed an HR increase of approximately 17%. For athlete C, there was a steady increase in the HR until day 7 of the training. As such, hypobarichypoxic training suggested that improvement of aerobic exercise performance in these athletes and it is recommended that there be a development for future training programs at high altitude, geared towards handicapped athletes of various disciplines.

목적 : 본 연구는 체계적 고찰을 통해 노인의 인지 기능 향상을 위한 전산화 인지 훈련이 어떠한 효과가 있는지 분석하고자 한다. 연구방법 : 2006년부터 2016년까지의 10년 간의 문헌을 Medline, EMbase, Cochrane, CINAHL, PsycINFO, KISS, KMbase, NDSL 데이터베이스에서 검색하였다. 검색 키워드로는 ‘Therapy, Computer-Assisted (Mesh term)’, ‘Aged (Mesh term)’, ‘Cognitive Therapy (Mesh term)’, ‘Randomized Controlled Trial (Publication Type)’, ‘노인’, ‘전산화 인지’를 사용하였다. 최종적으로 포함기준에 적합한 8편의 무작위 임상실 험설계 연구를 선정하였다. 결과 : 포함된 연구에 대한 방법론의 질적 수준(PEDro 척도)은 6~8점인 ‘좋음’수준에 모두 속하였다. 노 인 참여자의 유형으로는 경도인지손상이 45.5%, 정상 노인 27.3%를 차지하였다. 측정한 종속변수는 기 억력이 31.6%, 전반적 인지 기능이 21.0%, 주의집중력과 실행 기능이 각각 15.8%를 차지하였다. 경도 인지장애 노인을 대상으로 한 5편의 연구 중 4편에서 기억력에 긍정적 효과를 보였고, 주의집중력을 종 속변수로 측정한 3편의 연구에서 유의한 향상을 보였다. 정상 노인을 대상으로 한 3편의 연구에서는 기 억력이 향상되었다. 결론 : 이번 연구를 통하여 전산화 인지 훈련이 노인의 인지 기능에 미치는 효과를 알 수 있었다. 이는 작 업치료사에게 임상적 근거를 제공하고자 하였으며, 추후에는 본 연구 결과를 바탕으로 노인의 장기적으 로 인지 기능을 관리하는 방법에 대한 임상적 근거 마련에 대한 연구가 진행되어야 한다.

본 연구의 목적은 유아에게 가장 의미 있는 타자인 교사와 어머니의 상호작용 기술을 향상 시키기 위해 TREASURE Talk 코칭모델을 활용하여 교육·훈련하고 그 효과를 확인함으로써 동일한 대상과 방법으로 수행한 선행연구의 결과를 재확인하는데 있다. 이러한 목적을 달성하 기 위해 두 가지 연구 문제, 즉 첫째, 유아기 교사를 대상으로 한 TREASURE Talk 교육·훈련 효과를 확인하고 둘째, 유아기 어머니를 대상으로 한 TREASURE Talk 교육·훈련 효과를 확 인하는 것으로 설정하였으며, 다음과 같은 방법과 절차에 따라 연구를 진행하였다. 선행연구 효과의 재확인은 유아기 교사 14명과 유아기 자녀를 둔 어머니 16명을 대상으로 실시하였으며, 동일한 방법으로 「관찰을 통한 아동-성인 상호작용 코칭척도(CICAIO)」를 사 용하여 t-검증에 의한 사전사후 검사를 실시하여 효과성을 검증하였다. 연구결과, 유아기 교사 와 유아기 어머니 두 집단이 질문 전 상호작용과 질문 후 상호작용 모두에서 교육훈련효과가 있는 것으로 나타나 선행연구와 동일한 효과가 나타났음을 재확인 할 수 있었다. 따라서 TREASURE Talk 코칭모델의 활용은 유아기 교사와 어머니의 상호작용 기술을 향상시키는 데 효과가 있는 도구로서 범용성을 지닌다고 결론내릴 수 있다.

경도인지장애 환자의 수단적 일상생활활동의 학습을 위해 Cognitive Orientation to daily Occupational Performance( CO-OP)접근법을 적용해보고 그 효과성을 검증하고자 한다. 연구대상자는 경도인지장애로 진단받은 69세 남자를 대상으로 AB 개별 실험 연구설계를 사용하였다. 캐나다 작업수행평가(Canadian Occupational Performance Measure; COPM)를 통해 선정된 문자 보내기, 일정 알람 맞추기, 장기 두기의 3가지 활동을 CO-OP접근법으로 훈련하였다. 매 회기 Performance Quality Rating Scale (PQRS)와 Pittsburgh Rehabilitation Participation Scale (PRPS)로 수행의 질적 수준과 참여도를 측정하였고, Assessment of Motor and Process Skills (AMPS)로 작업수행 능력과 독립성을 중재 전· 후 측정하여 시각적 분석방법으로 분석하였다. 세가지 활동에서 모두 PQRS로 측정한 수행의 질적 수준이 기초선(A) 평균 3.70점에서 중재기간(B) 평균 5.70점으로 증가되었고, 활동의 참여수준도 기초선(A) 평균 1.00점에서 중재기간(B) 평균 3.20점으로 향상되는 결과를 보였다. AMPS는 중재 전 운동기술은 2.38, 처리기술은 1.45이었고, 중재 후에 운동기술은 2.45, 처리기술은 1.77이었으며, 운동기술은 0.07, 처리기술은 0.32 향상되었다. 경도인지장애 환자에서 일상생활에서의 활동과 참여에 영향을 미치는 과제의 학습에 CO-OP접근법이 긍정적인 영향을 주어 CO-OP접근법이 경도인지장애 환자 의 활동에 대한 중재방법으로 적용 가능성을 제안하는 바이다.

This paper investigates whether a secondary teacher trainee improved pair/group work management skills in a short-term teacher training program focusing on the development of TEE-related skills. One female teacher trainee, students, and a teacher trainer participated in the study. The participant’s teaching performance, conference on her teaching performance, lesson plans, and the teacher trainer’s feedback on the teaching performances were collected. The data on teaching performance and conferencing were transcribed and analyzed in terms of a moving-in phase, a monitoring phase, and a moving-out phase. The participant showed improvement in changing seating arrangement, selecting students in modeling, increasing various kinds of comprehension check up questions, changing her voice during monitoring, and drawing students’ attention and signaling a new phase of lesson to the students in a moving-out of the activity. This study suggests how to improve management skills in pair/group work in TEE classes.

Objective : This study examined effect of Dynavision training on visual attention while conducting tasks after a stroke, and performed an eye-tracker analysis.Methods : Across an ABAB single-subject research design, three stroke patients conducted Dynavision training during the intervention period, and the eye-tracker evaluated their visual attention after each session. A visual analysis was conducted using a graph, and the changes in the values were analyzed through two standard deviations and the trend line.Results : The values of eye fixation, eye saccade, and eye scan-path remained high within the two standard deviation band more than twice during the intervention and reversal intervention period. The trend line for the intervention and reversal intervention period was steep. The trend line for the percentage of correct answers on paper was increased during the reversal baseline period. In addition, the trend for the line reversal intervention period was steeper than for the intervention period.Conclusion : Dynavision training after a stroke affected the visual attention while conducting tasks, and an eye-tracker evaluation was more objective than a pencil-paper evaluation.

목적 : 본 연구의 목적은 로봇(Amadeo®)을 이용한 왼손의 능동 보조 운동이 뇌졸중 환자의 편측무시에 미치는 영향을 알아보는 것이다. 연구방법 : 본 연구는 만성 뇌졸중 환자 3명을 대상으로 하였으며, 다중 기초선 개별실험연구 설계를 사용 하였다. 연구기간 동안 대상자별 실험설계는, 대상자 1은 기초선 3회, 중재기 12회, 대상자 2는 기초선 5회, 중재기 10회, 대상자 3은 기초선 7회, 중재기 8회로, 대상자간 기초선과 중재기 회기 수는 다르나 총 회기 수는 15회로 일정하였다. 각 중재기간 동안 로봇을 이용하여 회기 당 30분씩 왼손의 능동보조 운동을 시행하였다. 기초선과 중재기간에는 편측무시 평가를 위해 선 나누기 검사(Line Bisection Test; LBT)와 알버트 검사(Albert’s Test)를 시행하였고 일상생활에서의 편측무시 정도를 평가하기 위해 중재 전, 후에 Catherine Bergego Scale (CBS)을 사용하였다. 결과 : 중재 전과 비교하여 모든 대상자에서 로봇보조치료 후에 선 나누기 검사, 알버트 검사, CBS 점수 가 향상되었다. 결론 : 본 연구 결과, 로봇을 이용한 왼손의 능동 보조 운동은 뇌졸중 환자의 편측무시 감소에 비교적 긍 정적인 영향을 준 것으로 확인되었다.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of dual-task training with cognitive effort on the walking and balance functions of chronic stroke patients. The study included 14 chronic stroke patients, who were randomly divided into the experimental group (EG) and control group (CG), each with 7 patients. The EG performed the dual-task training with cognitive effort 3 times a week, 30 minutes for 4 weeks, where as the CG performed single-task training three times a week, for 30 minutes for 4 weeks. Outcome assessments were made with 10 m walk test, timed up and go test, 6 minutes walk test, and Berg balance scale. In within-group comparison, subjects from the EG showed significant differences in all variables (p<.05), while subjects from the CG showed only significant differences in 6 minutes walk test, and Berg balance scale (p<.05). Further, there was significant difference in the improvement rate of 10 m walk test. The findings suggest that the dual-task with cognitive effort may be beneficial for improving walking and balance functions of patients with chronic stroke.

The purpose of this study was to find out an inspiratory muscles training program’s therapeutic effects on stroke patients’respiratory function. For the purpose, this study targeted 20 stroke patients being hospitalized in K hospital in Daegu, and diveded the patients into the both groups of Inspiratory muscle training(IMT) group and control group, randomization. The 10 patients in the IMT group was applied the inspiratory muscles training. The control group was composed of other 10 patients. IMT group was given a inspiratory muscle training program for 30 minutes per times, 5 times a week for 6 weeks. The investigator measured the patients’respiratory function compared changes in the function and ability before and after the IMT. The results of this study are as follows. Investigating the inspiratory muscle training group’s lung functions, there appeared some significant differences in the tests the FVC(Forced vital capacity), FEV1(Forced expired volume in one second) before and after the training(p<.05), but the control group had no significant in the same tests before and after(p<.05). The differences in the both groups after depending the inspiratory muscles training were significantly found in the tests of FVC, FEV1, FEV1/FVC(p<.05). The maximum inspiratory pressure showed some significant differences in the inspiratory muscle training group(p<.05), but didn't show any significant difference in the control group(p>.05). Conclusionally, it will be judged that the inspiratory muscles training program will improve stroke patients’respiratory function, and it is considered that will move up stroke patients’gait and body function.

This study examines changes in walking ability among patients with stroke after applying dual-task training under the condition of visual control and unstable supporting ground; the purpose is to provide reference data for selecting intervention methods that enhance the walking ability of patients with stroke. Among the patients with stroke who received rehabilitation treatment(at Rehabilitation Hospital B in Gyeonggi, South Korea from May 2014 to July 2014), 29 patients were selected as research subjects; all of them understood the purpose and contents of this research and agreed to participate in the experiment. The research subjects were divided into a visual control and unstable supporting ground dual-task(VUDT) group(10 patients), a visual control dual-task(VDT) group(10 patients), and an unstable supporting ground dual-task(UDT) group(9 patients); all of the subjects received 30-minute trainings, three times a week for a total of four weeks. A Timed-Up-and-Go(TUG) test was performed to investigate the change of walking function among the subjects, and a 10m walking test was conducted to measure their walking speed. According to the study results, all three groups showed significant differences after dual-task training; the dual-task training group under the condition of visual control and unstable supporting ground showed the most prominent change. This study confirmed that dual-task training using visual control and unstable supporting ground has a positive impact on the walking ability of patients with stroke. Through the study results, we found that implementing dual-task training under the condition of visual control and unstable supporting ground can more effectively improve the walking ability of patients with stroke, rather than performing visual control dual-task training or unstable supporting ground dual-task training only.

This study evaluated and compared the effectiveness on upper motor extremity function between proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation which has been frequently used in clinical practice, and action observation training in terms of improving upper motor extremity function. A study with a single-subject design (A-B-C-A') was conducted with a patient who was diagnosed with left hemiplegia. A repeated-measure analysis was conducted to assess results of the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), Box and Block Test (BBT), and grip and pinch strength test performed daily in the study for 4 weeks. The results of the analysis indicated that the WMFT score, BBT score, grip strength, and pinch strength were improved from 29.60 to 39 (24.10%), from 1.67 to 4.93 each (EA) (66.22%), from 2.06 to 2.66 libras (lbs) (22.61%), and from 1.57 to 1.93 lbs (18.94%), respectively, from the baseline period to treatment period B. The values were improved from 29.60 to 42.20 (29.86%), from 1.67 to 7 EA (76.21%), from 2.06 to 3.47 lbs (40.57%), and from 1.57 to 1.67 lbs (6.12%), respectively, from the baseline period to treatment period C. From treatment period B to treatment period C, the WMFT score, BBT score, and grip strength were improved from 39 to 42.20 (7.58%), from 4.93 to 7 EA (29.56%), and from 2.66 to 3.47 lbs (23.20%), respectively, but pinch strength was decreased from 1.93 to 1.67 lbs (15.83%). In conclusion, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and action observation training both have positive effects on upper extremity motor function. However, we suggest that the posttreatment effect of action observation training was better than that of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation.

The purpose of this study is to observe the effect of elasticity of taping on ankle muscles’activity and endurance after plyometric training that easily causes ankle injury, and provide baseline data for physical therapy intervention methods. The study subjects are 24 male students in their 20s who attend N University in Choongnam. They were divided into three groups; 8 subjects in the elastic taping group, 8 in the non-elastic taping group, and 8 in the non-taping group(control group). They had plyometric training for 6 weeks. After the training, this study measured their maximum voluntary isometric contraction(MVIC) and muscle endurance of the muscles around ankle joint. The experiment result is as follows. After the training, all three groups showed improvement in muscle strength and endurance. The elastic taping group showed insignificant improvement in muscle strength but significant increase in muscle endurance in plantarflexion. In dorsiflexion, both muscle strength and endurance increased significantly. The non-elastic taping group showed insignificant improvement in muscle strength but significant increase in muscle endurance in plantarflexion. Taping during plyometric training had a little or insignificant effect on muscle endurance and strength compared to the non-taping group.

양손 협응을 통한 상지의 정상적인 운동은 일상생활동작 수행의 질을 결정하는 필수조건이 된다. 그러나 뇌졸중으로 인한 신경학적 손상은 뇌손상이 일어난 반대측 신체에 감각운동적 기능장애를 일으키게 된다. 마비측 상지 훈련뿐만 아니라 양측 상지의 동시적 운동 수행이 마비된 상지의 기능회복에 미치는 영향에 대한 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있다. 그러나 양측 상지 훈련을 다양한 기능 수준의 환자군에게 적용한 연구가 없다. 다양한 양측 상지 훈련 개발을 위해 양측 상지를 이용한 과제 에 대해 정확한 분석이 이루어져야 할 것이며 치료 효과를 이어갈 수 있도록 양측 상지 훈련에 대한 홈 프로그램 운동이나 프로토콜 개발이 필요할 것이라고 생각된다.

목적:본 연구는 연하장애를 동반한 만성 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 8주간 실시된 혀의 저항 운동 프로토콜이 혀의 근력과 전반적인 연하 기능에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 연구방법:본 연구는 2013년 8월부터 2014년 2월까지 75명의 연하장애 환자를 대상으로 실험군과 대조군으로 나누어 실시하였다. 두 군 모두 전통적 연하재활치료를 시행 받았으며 실험군은 아이오아 구강 수행도구를 이용하여 혀의 저항 운동을 추가적으로 시행 받았다. 혀의 근력 변화는 아이오아 구강 수행척도(Iowa Oral Performance Instrument; IOPI)를 사용하였으며 전반적인 연하기능과 식이단계의 변화는 비디오 투시 조영검사(Video Fluroscopic Swallowing Study; VFSS)를 기반으로 비디오 투시 연하장애척도(Videofluoroscopic Dysphagia Scale; VDS)와 미국언어청각협회 연하척도(American Speech–Language- Hearing Association National Outcome Measurement System; ASHA NOMS)를 사용하였다.결과:본 연구 결과 혀의 저항운동을 실시한 실험군에서 대조군에 비해 혀의 근력, 연하의 기능과 식이단계에 있어 효과에 대한 명확한 차이를 확인 할 수 없었으며 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) 혀의 전방과 후방의 근력 변화는 실험군, 대조군 모두 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 2) 연하기능의 변화와 식이단계 변화 역시 두 군 모두에서 유의한 차이를 보였다(p<.05). 3) 두 그룹 모두 중재 전과 후의 변화량 역시 통계학적 유의한 차이가 없었다. 결론:본 연구는 연하장애를 동반한 만성 뇌졸중 환자를 대상으로 혀의 저항운동이 혀의 근력 향상, 연하기능과 식이단계의 변화에 있어 대조군과 비교한 결과 그 효과에 대한 차이가 없었다. 추후 연구에서는 중재 기간과 횟수가 수정된 프로토콜을 이용한 효과 검증이 필요할 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of gait initiation training on gait and center of pressure (CoP) during gait initiation in stroke patients. Twenty-three subjects were randomly assigned to either an experimental group (EG) or a control group (CG). The EG received gait initiation training with increased CoP posterior distances the maximum the rear on gait training. The CG received general gait training. Both groups received training three times a week over a period of four consecutive weeks. The figures for CoP distances the maximum the rear, CoP distances time the mover the maximum the rear, the Tinetti Performance-Oriented Mobility Assessment (POMA), and gait velocity were recorded both before and after the training sessions for both groups. The EG’s results for CoP distances the maximum the rear, CoP distances time the mover the maximum the rear, and POMA improved after training (p<.05). In terms of the rate of change of CoP distances the maximum the rear, the EG demonstrated a significantly higher increase (p<.05) than did the CG. The results of this study suggest that increased CoP distances the maximum the rear affect the gait initiation and gait performance of stroke patients. Further studies with a larger sample size are necessary to verify the accuracy of the results of this study.

◉ 목적 : 본 연구는 자기모델형 시각적 단서인 앨범을 활용하여 지적장애 아동의 학용품 구매훈련 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. ◉ 연구방법 : 본 연구는 지적장애로 진단받은 10세 여아 1명을 대상으로 단일대상연구(single-subject experimental research design) 중 ABA’ 설계를 사용하였다. 실험은 총 12회기로 기초선 과정(A1) 3회기, 자기모델형 시각적 단서를 활용한 중재 과정(B) 6회기, 재 기초선 과정(A2) 3회기로 진행하였다. 독립변수는 자신이 과제를 수행하는 사진으로 제작한 앨범을 이용한 자기모델형 시각적 단서를 사용하였으며, 종속변수로 학용품 구매 과제 완수율과 도움의 양을 측정하였다. 기초선 기간에는 중재 없이 학용품 구매 과제 완수율만 측정하였고, 중재 과정 6회기는 자기모델형 시각적 단서를 활용한 후, 과제 완수율과 도움의 양을 측정하였다. 재 기초선 3회기는 중재 없이 과제 완수율만을 측정하였다. ◉ 결과 : 학용품 구매 활동에 대한 과제 완수율은 기초선 과정에 비해 자기모델형 시각적 단서를 활용한 중재 기간 동안 50% 향상되었다. 또한 중재가 진행됨에 따라 도움의 양이 점차적으로 줄어들었으며, 재 기초선 과정을 통해 중재 종료 후에도 그 효과가 90% 지속되는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. ◉ 결론 : 자기모델형 시각적 단서는 지적장애 아동의 학용품 구매 활동 수준의 향상과 유지에 효과가 높은 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 자기모델형 시각적 단서를 이용한 중재는 지적장애 아동의 독립적인 일상생활을 향상시 키는데 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.