This study was performed to propose the sewer defect scoring, and grading protocols for sewer condition assessment. For this, sewer defect scoring methods were comparatively analyzed and reviewed for four international condition assessment protocols, which are established based on WRc manual. As a result, we proposed a new protocol for sewer condition assessment, in which characteristics of sewer pipes are considered by segment. In reference to the PIM-3, the extent of ground subsidence was adopted to be of importance, and renewal scores increased in accordance with weighting of defects causing structural backfill materials. Also, defect grades of ‘Hole’ were extended to 5 levels of the grading, and ‘Surface Damage’ was excluded in defect assessment. The addition of ‘Buckling’ resulted in reduction of weights in ‘Surface Damage’ and ‘Lining Defects’.

Sewer condition assessment involves the determination of defective points and status of aged sewers by a CCTV inspection according to the standard manual. Therefore, it is important to establish a reliable and effective standard manual for identifying the sewer defect. In this study, analytic reviews of the CCTV inspection manuals of the UK, New Zealand, Canada and South Korea were performed in order to compare the defect codes and the protocols of condition assessment. Through this, we also established the standardized method for defect code and revised the calculation method of assigning the condition grade. Analyses of the types and frequencies of sewer defects that obtained by CCTV inspection of 7000 case results, showed that the joint defect and lateral defect were the most frequent defects that occurred in Korea. Some defect codes are found to be modified because those did not occur at all. This study includes a proposed new sewer defect codes based on sewer characteristics.

This study is a duralumin and applying heat to the STS-wide measurement range is used, the surface temperature by using the temperature of studying the non-destructive testing of a new paradigm to estimate the position and size of a structure defect purpose. STS and duralumin which has a structure defect is applied a heat by a heater. Its difference of STS and duralumin surface temperature is measured using IR thermography. The estimated result of the STS and duralumin experiment and that of theoretical analysis of PDE are compared and analyzed to diagnose the STS and duralumin defect. Moreover, this study can save time and money and improve accuracy contrast to the existing ultrasonic NDE experiment. In addition, the new paradigm of NDT/NDE by reverse-engineering is going to be valid if the data of thermal analysis and temperature distribution from the specifications of many materials is accumulated and verified. In this study, the average surface temperature of the STS in the same heating condition was 4.53 ° K higher than that of duralumin and both of the surface temperature showed an inflection point in the defect 2.5mm.The maximum surface temperature difference was formed on the 2.5mm, and the study proves its reliability because the average surface temperature of the STS and duralumin was 0.74°K, 0.45°K higher than the theoretical surface temperature.

Carbon-supported Pt catalyst systems containing defect adsorption sites on the anode of direct methanol fuel cells were investigated, to elucidate the mechanisms of H2 dissociation and carbon monoxide (CO) poisoning. Density functional theory calculations were carried out to determine the effect of defect sites located neighboring to or distant from the Pt catalyst on H2 and CO adsorption properties, based on electronic properties such as adsorption energy and electronic band gap. Interestingly, the presence of neighboring defect sites led to a reduction of H2 dissociation and CO poisoning due to atomic Pt filling the defect sites. At distant sites, H2 dissociation was active on Pt, but CO filled the defect sites to form carbon π-π bonds, thus enhancing the oxidation of the carbon surface. It should be noted that defect sites can cause CO poisoning, thereby deactivating the anode gradually.

A image defect detecting vision system for the automatic optical inspection of wafer has been developed. For the successful detection of various kinds of defects, the performance of two threshold selection methods are compared and the improved Otsu method is adopted so that it can handle both unimodal and bimodal distributions of the histogram equally well. An automatic defect detection software for practical use was developed with the function of detection of ROI, fast thresholding and area segmentation. Finally each defect pattern in the wafer is classified and grouped into one of user-defined defect categories and more than 14 test wafer samples are tested for the evaluation of detection and classification accuracy in the inspection system.

The current study was conducted to evaluate the biocompatibility of α-1,3 galactosyltransferase knockout pig bone graft in a rat calvarial defect model. Porcine cancellous bones were harvested from general and alpha-gal KO pigs and washed with 70% ethanol solution and normal saline. Bone pieces of the alpha-gal KO pig underwent a chemical treatment process to delipidize and deproteinize the bone. Bone graft particles were freeze-dried and stored at −70°C until use. Each bone graft was implanted into the rat calvarial defect in a fresh general pig, fresh transgenic pig, and chemical-treated pig bone group. There was no systemic adverse effect on hematology or necropsy findings in all groups at 1 week and 4 weeks. In the microcomputed tomography analysis, bone volume increased significantly in the chemical-treated transgenic pig bone group, whereas bone mineral density decreased significantly in the fresh general pig bone group compared with other groups. Histological evaluation showed cellular infiltration located at the margin of the bone graft particles, especially in the fresh general pig bone group. These results indicate that fresh general pig bone can elicit a greater local inflammatory response than fresh transgenic pig bone. Further, chemical-treated transgenic pig bone graft was less immunogenic than fresh bone graft. In conclusion, transgenic pig bone is a more biocompatible graft material. In addition, chemical treatment can reduce bone graft immunogenicity by delipidizing and deproteinizing bone.

Virtual metrology(VM) is a promising technology which can convert off-line sampling inspection into on-line total inspection at the manufacturing process. This paper provides an economic evaluation model of VM system which predicts the defects of a target process with Bernoulli sampling inspection. For this purpose, we build M/G/1 queueing models of two systems. One is VM non-applied system and the other is VM applied one. We derive total costs per unit time of each system and conduct sensitivity analysis according to variations of input parameters such as defect rates, various process costs and VM prediction error rates. The proposed analysis model is expected to be used for evaluating economic values of VM system implementation projects.

The current study was conducted in order to investigate bone formation using matrigel and angiogenic factors with HA and poly ε-caprolactone (HA/PCL) in a rat calvarial defect model. Calvarial defect formation was surgically created in Sprague Dawley rats (n=36). Rats in the control group (CD group, n=6) did not receive a graft. The HA/ PCL scaffold was grafted with matrigel (M-HA/PCL group, n=6) or without matrigel (HA/PCL group, n=6); and 100 ng of vascular endothelial growth factor with HA/ PCL scaffold containing matrigel (VEGF100 group, n=6), 100 ng (PDGF100 group, n=6) and 300 ng (PDGF300 group, n=6) of PDGF with HA/PCL scaffold containing matrigel were grafted in calvarial defects, respectively. Four weeks after surgery, bone formation was evaluated with micro computed tomography (micro CT) scanning, and histologically. According to the results, bone mineral density was significantly increased in the VEGF100, PDGF100, and PDGF300 groups compared to the HA/PCL group, in which angiogenic factors were not applied. In histological evaluation, more new bone formation around scaffolds was observed in the PDGF100 and the PDGF300 groups, compared with the VEGF100 group. Thus, the results indicate that HA/PCL containing matrigel with VEGF and PDGF is an effective grafting material for enhancement of bone formation in critical-sized bone defects. Especially, due to its price and capacity for bone formation, PDGF may be more effective than VEGF.

We identified cdf based on screening of the Arabidopsis cDNA library for functional suppressors of the AtBI-1 (a gene described to suppress the cell death induced by Bax gene expression in yeast). The cdf was located on Chr. V and was composed of 5 exons and 4 introns. It encodes a protein of 258 amino acid residues with a molecular weight of 28.8 kDa. The protein has 3 transmembrane domains in the C-terminal region. The cdf has one homologue, named cdf2, which was found in Arabidopsis. Like cdf, cdf2 also induced growth defect in yeast. The effect of the cell growth defect factor was somewhat lower than Bax. cdf could arrest the growth of yeast. Its localization to the nucleus was essential for the suppression of yeast cell proliferation. Morphological abnormality of intracellular network, which is a hallmark of AtBI-1, was attenuated by expression of cdf.

Negative binomial yield model for semiconductor manufacturing consists of two parameters which are the average number of defects per die and the clustering parameter. Estimating the clustering parameter is quite complex because the parameter has not clear

The ACF(Anisotropic Conductive Film) is used for bonding Drive IC and OLED display device panel. If ACF bonding process is problem, a malfunction of line defect can occur. Because electric resistance increase between the panel and drive IC after a period of time, drive IC can not supply enough current to the panel. This paper is studied on a method of test for line defect.

A study of fracture to material is getting interest in nuclear and aerospace industry as a viewpoint of safety. Acoustic emission (AE) is a non-destructive testing and new technology to evaluate safety on structures. In previous research continuously, all tensile tests on the pre-defected coupons were performed using the universal testing machine, which machine crosshead was move at a constant speed of 5mm/min. This study is to evaluate an AE source characterization of SM45C steel by using k-nearest neighbor classifier, k-NNC. For this, we used K-means clustering as an unsupervised learning method for obtained multi -variate AE main data sets, and we applied k-NNC as a supervised learning pattern recognition algorithm for obtained multi-variate AE working data sets. As a result, the criteria of Wilk's λ, D&B(Rij) & Tou are discussed.

우리나라는 2000년에 제조물책임법이 제정하여 2002년 7월 1일부터 시행하였으며, 제조물의 제조, 설계, 표시등의 결함으로 인하여 발생한 손해에 대한 제조업자 등의 손해 배상책임을 규정하고 소비자의 결함 입증부담 경감과 피해자의 보호를 도모하자 하고 있다. 제조물의 표시등의 결함은 지시결함이나 경고결함에 관한 것으로 제조자는 그 위험에 의한 사고를 방지 회피할 수 있도록 소비자에게 정보를 제공하여야 하나 이를 이행하지 않아 발생된 결함이다. 본 논문에서는 A사(社)의 공기정화기 B모델 사용설명서에 나타난 정보제공사항을 주의 경고표시 가이드 등에 따라 검토하였으며, 그 결과 일부 지시 및 경고사항에서 보완해야할 사항이 발견하였다. 보완사항은 제안사항으로 기업내부 에서 처리하되 전문성이 부족한 분야는 외부의 PL전문가의 협력하에 바람직한 개선안이 도출될 수 있을 것이다.

The mechanical property of a phosphore layer was investigated by measuring the resolution (LP/mm) and by positron annihilation spectroscopy and SEM. Image plate samples containing the phosphore layer were irradiated by X-rays in a hospital numerous times over a course of several years. The LP/mm values of a (Ba,Sr)FBr : Eu image plate irradiated by X-rays varied between 2.2 and 2.0 over a period of four years. Coincidence Doppler Broadening (CDB) positron annihilation spectroscopy was used to analyze defect structures. The S parameters of the samples from hospital use varied from 0.6219 to 0.6232. There was a positive relationship between the time of exposure to the X-rays and the S parameters. Most of the defects were found to have been generated by X-rays.