Hamcho (Salicornia herbacea) extracts were evaluated for total polyphenol content, antioxidant and pro-oxidant activities. The total polyphenol content was 1.81 g and 0.72 g per 100 g of dried sample in water and ethanol extracts respectively. Both water and ethanol extracts of Hamcho significantly exhibited antioxidant activity. The scavenging activity of hydroxyl radical was 13.8~26.2% and 14.2~16.0% in water and ethanol extracts respectively. The inhibitory effect of conjugated diene formation was 24.6~39.1% and 28.4~39.6% in water and ethanol extracts respectively. However, pro-oxidative effect was also observed in the Hamcho extracts. The Hamcho water extract showed the pro-oxidant effect by enhancing the formation of hydroxyl radical and conjugated diene. The ethanol extract of Hamcho induced conjugated diene formation at 0.5 mg/mL but not at 1 mg/mL. The hydroxyl radical formation was not induced by the Hamcho ethanol extract. Taken together, these results show that Hamcho extracts can act as pro-oxidants by generating hydroxyl radical or conjugated diene in addition to their antioxidant properties. Therefore, this study suggests that the physiological properties of Hamcho and its use as food materials should be considered with caution because antioxidant dietary plants such as Hamcho possess possible adverse effects induced by pro-oxidant activity.

본 연구는 농촌관광마을의 브랜드 자산이 장소애착 및 친환경 행동의도와의 영향 관계를 검증하고자 하였다. 농촌관광마을의 브랜드자산은 브랜드인지도, 브랜드이미지, 지각된 품질, 지각된 가치로 분류되었으며, 장소애착은 장소의존성, 장소정체성, 사회적 유대감으로 구분되었다. 친환경 행동의도는 단일차원으로 도출되었다. 가설검증 결과, 첫째, 농촌관광마을의 브랜드자산인 브랜드인지도, 브랜드이미지, 지각된 품질, 지각된 가치가 장소의존성에 모두 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났으며, 둘째, 장소정체성은 친환경 행동의도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 분석되었으며, 장소의존성 또한 친환경 행동의도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 농촌관광마을의 브랜드자산 중 브랜드이미지와 지각된 가치가 친환경 행동의도에 유의한 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다.

This study set out to investigate consumers' attitudes toward pro-environment, and their actual purchasing behavior. It aimed to empirically examine the effects of the consumers' attitudes toward pro-environmental products, the importance of the product attributes and the perceived value of the companies' environmental activities, on their purchasing behavior of eco-friendly fashion products, including their satisfaction, trust, and repurchase intention. The questionnaires were administered on 304 married women with previous experience of buying eco-friendly fashion products. The results were as follows. First, the consumers' behavioral patterns in terms of environmental concerns and the purchasing of eco-friendly household items were significantly positive in relation to the purchasing behaviors of eco-friendly fashion products. Second, the importance of eco-friendly attributes was significantly positive in relation to the purchasing behaviors of eco-friendly fashion products. Third, the perceived value of corporate environmental activity was not related to the purchasing behaviors of eco-friendly fashion products. Finally, the purchasing behavior of eco-friendly fashion products was significantly positive in relation to the satisfaction with eco-friendly fashion products as well as the trust and repurchase intention, and satisfaction and trust positively affected the repurchase intention. The implication of the research and direction for future study were discussed.

Scientific evidence indicates that a significant human contribution towards the world’s climate change. Human lifestyles and behavior need changing to reach the goal of environmental sustainability. Previous studies indicate that fear or threat appeals in advertising campaigns can lead to changes in attitude and, subsequently, behavioral changes. The main aim of this study is to examine the impact of viewing different degrees of fear appeals of climate change on an individual’s intention to engage in pro-environmental behavior. In addition, the possible factors influencing an individual’s intention to engage in pro-environmental behavior may vary after viewing narratives of different degrees of fear-inspiring climate change are also examined. A total of 217 undergraduate students were assigned to one of the experimental conditions: no fear appeal, low-fear appeal, and high-fear appeal. The fear manipulation check results are consistent with the prominent hypothesis of the drive theory model, an inverted-U-shaped response pattern to increasing levels of fear. The results of ANOVA tests indicate that the participants who view the no-fear appeal text will have more intention of engaging in pro-environmental behavior than their counterparts, those who view the high-fear appeal text. The results of multiple regression equation analysis reveal that an individual’s moral obligations play an important determinant of his/her intention to engage in pro-environmental behavior across both conditions. But in the high-fear appeal condition, an individual’s perception of collective efficacy also plays an important determinant. Practical implications for pro-environmental behaviors are also provided.

In this paper, we study the effectiveness of social labeling as a technique to promote pro-environmental behaviors in children, and examine more specifically the potential moderating effect of children’s age. We run an experiment on a sample of 115 3rd to 6th grade children and show that 1/ children exposed to a social labeling actually declare more pro-environmental behaviors and that 2/ children at an intermediate age (between 9 years and a half and 11 years and a half) are the most responsive to the technique, underlying an inverted-U relationship between social labeling effectiveness and children's age. These results contribute to a better theoretical understanding of social labeling mechanisms and suggest implications for public policy makers.

The purposes of this study were to categorize of pro-environmental clothing purchasing and disposal behaviors and to identify impacts of health and environment consciousness on pro-environmental clothing purchase and disposal behaviors. The subjects were homemakers (n=381), and they were segmented into LOHAS group, environment conscious group, unconscious group, and wellbeing group according to their health and environment consciousness. Older homemakers were included in LOHAS group and environment conscious group. And these homemakers performed pro-environmental clothing purchasing and disposal behaviors better than wellbeing group or unconscious group. Health consciousness was positively related with the second-hand clothing purchasing and recycling. Environment consciousness was positively related with clothing made with organic, natural or functional materials, or the second-hand clothing purchasing, and recycling of the second-hand clothing. There was a need to develop continuing education programs to strengthen homemakers' health and environment consciousness, or to upgrade their pro-environmental clothing purchase and disposal behaviors.

휴먼서비스를 제공하는 사회적기업은 제조업과 달리 무형의 서비스를 상품화하여 판매하기 때문에 상품에 대한 자사의 경쟁적 우위의 서비스와 가치를 제공해야 한다. 또한 취약계층의 클라이언트들(clients)은 사회적기업 서비스와 그 서비스를 제공하는 종업원들에 의해 높은 기대치를 가지고 있다. 본 연구는 휴먼서비스만을 제공하는 사회적기업 종업원을 대상으로 이들의 서비스지향성에 대한 정확한 개념과 이를 구성하는 요인들은 무엇이며, 이러한 서비스지향성이 조직구성원의 서비스태도(예를 들면, 직무만족과 서비스몰입)와 친사회적 서비스행동에 어떠한 영향을 미치고, 이들이 어떻게 지각되고 있는지를 구체적으로 분석하여 차별화된 전략적 시사점을 사회적기업 연구자나 실무자에게 제공하는 것이다. 휴먼서비스 사회적기업은 인적자원관리 관점에서 볼 때 종업원의 서비스지향성 인식이 클라이언트 만족에 영향을 미칠 수 있으므로 서비스지향적 성향을 가진 종업원의 특성을 파악하고 관리해야 한다. 따라서 본 연구는 종업원 서비스지향과 관련된 종업원의 직무관련 태도를 예측하는 인과관계 모형을 제시함으로써 사회적 기업의 서비스지향성이 높을수록 직무만족과 서비스몰입이 높아져 클라이언트에게 친사회적 서비스행동으로 이어진다는 점에서 종업원을 친사회적 자산(pro-social capital) 관점에서 관리하고 평가해야 할 필요성을 제시하였다.

Park Hyu-yong. 2013. Critical analysis of contrasting identities and styles of anti- and pro-multicultural discourses in Korea. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea 21(3). In a multicultural society, social discourses composed of diverse voices, identities, and subjectivities collide and naturally create tensions. Adopting Rogers' (2004) methodological approach to critical discourse analysis and Castells' (2004) categorization of identity - legitimizing, project, and resistanceas a conceptual framework, this paper analyzes the discourses between antiand pro-multiculturalist sides in Korea. This paper surveys and analyzes the discourses hosted in cyber space, such as internet agora, portal site cafes, and personal blogs, which are the outlets of common people's voices and identities regarding multiculturalism. The concrete research questions of this paper are as follows: i) how are anti- and pro-multiculturalist voices and rationales categorized?; ii) what are the types of identities in anti- and pro-multiculturalist discourses, and how do they conflict; and iii) what styles do anti- and pro-multiculturalists bear in their own discourses? This paper argues that multicultural discourses in Korea are conjugated by diverse conflicting voices of people with different standpoints and beliefs on a multicultural society. This paper also stresses that the government or academia should monitor the voices, rationales, and attitudes of both sides to establish clear directions for future multicultural policies and legislation. (190 words)

One of the oldest board games in the world is the game of Go which is originated at least more than 2,500 years ago. In spite of its long history, the theoretical studies concerning to Go openings are still insufficient. We firstly used related-samples t-test using SPSS to the three countries' Go mean openings to find out their similarities and differences. Experimental result shows that there are no significant differences (p=.959) between Korean and Chinese mean openings, but meanwhile, there are just some slight similarities (p=.061) between Korean and Japanese mean openings. We secondly applied PCA and LDA classifiers with Euclidean distance to correctly classify a pro player's opening into his/her class obtained from the training openings. Result shows that the recognition rate (42.1%) of dependent LDA classifier is much better than that (27.9%) of PCA classifier; and also that dependent LDA classifier outperforms independent LDA classifier with the recognition rate of 35.0% .

본 연구의 목적은 지지체의 친수화가 압력지연삼투(Pressure retarded osmosis, PRO)막의 투과특성에 미치는 영향에 대해서 알아보고자 하였다. 소수성 지지체인 폴리에스테르를 친수성 고분자인 셀룰로오스 용액을 사용하여 친수화도를 조절하였다. 지지체의 친수화 특성만을 파악하기 위해서 지지층 없이 동일한 활성층을 사용하여 PRO 막 투과 특성을 비교하였다. 사용된 활성층은 1,4-dioxane과 cellulose tri-acetate (CTA, 13 wt%)를 사용하여 제조하였으며, 5 kgf/cm2 압력 하에서 행한 PRO 성능 평가의 경우 투과도가 친수화된 지지체를 사용한 경우와 친수화되지 않은 경우에 각각 1.2 L/m2hr와 0.8 L/m2hr로 친수화된 지지체를 사용할 경우 약 50% 투과량이 증가되는 특성을 보였다. 그러나 셀룰로오스 농도 변화에 따른 지지체의 친수화도 증가가 투과량 변화를 가져오지는 않았다. 이는 지지체를 친수화하기 위해 사용된 셀룰로오스의 농도가 증가함에 따라 지지체의 기공이 막히는 현상에 기인한 것으로 보인다. 이러한 결과를 통해 정삼투공정에서 투과유량을 높이기 위해서는 지지체로서 친수성 소재를 사용하여 분리막을 제조함과 동시에 지지체 기공을 유지하는 것이 중요함을 확인하였다.

Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Tp) as a storage mite inhabitats in stored grains, hay, and straw at agricultural areas. T. putrescentiae stimulates an immune response and triggers inflammatory cytokines release, and thus it is a source of allergen that sensitize and induce allergic reactions. Also, T. putrescentiae has been reported to cause asthma and atopic disease by cross-reactivity with Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (Dp). The study on T. putrescentiae in human monocytic THP-1 cells is not enough to understand cytokine expression and pathological mechanisms. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of T. putrescentiae extract (TpE) on production of inflammatory cytokines and expression of mRNA level in THP-1 cells. THP-1 cells are treated with TpE and supernatants were analyzed for the production of cytokines using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). mRNA level in the culture cells was measured by a reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). As a result of this study, TpE significantly induced secretion of interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) in THP-1 cells in time- and dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that TpE may play a role in contributing to inflammatory disease through stimulation of immune cell. Further research of T. putrescentiae is needed to understand the elucidation of the pathogenic mechanism.

Although the history of the game of Go is more than 2,500 years, the theoretical studies of Go are still insufficient. In recent years a lot of studies using Artificial Intelligent (AI) have been conducted, but they do not provide the prominent theoretical reality. We applied traditional Principal Component Analysis (PCA) algorithm to the Go openings, which are the early stage in Go, to analyze them especially focused on the Go game records of the Korean top 10 professional Go players. We firstly analyzed the number of most significant eigenvectors capturing most of variance. Experimental result shows that among the 361 eigenvectors the eight most significant eigenvectors capture most of the variance (96.2%). We secondly used PCA classifier with Euclidean distance to recognize a pro player's opening to a class obtained from the training openings. Result shows that the best average recognition rate of 22% is so much lower than the recognition rates reported in face recognition research.

The purpose of this study was to comparatively analyze the active stability of shoulder joints according to the frequency of overhead motions, such as serving and spiking, engaged in by female professional volleyball athletes who play different positions, and to provide the results as the basic data for developing exercise programs to prevent shoulder joint injuries. The subjects of this study were 50 Korean female professional volleyball players and positions were as follows: left and right attackers, centers, setters, and liberos. The external rotation and internal rotation muscle strength and muscle strength ratios of the dominant and non-dominant arms of all subjects were measured using Biodex. The results of this study are as follows: Frist, no significant differences were found in the internal and external rotation muscle strength of the dominant and non-dominant arms between positions. Second, for the shoulder joint muscle strength ratio of the dominant arm, by position, the setter showed significantly greater stability compared to the other positions. Third, for the shoulder joint muscle strength ratio of the non-dominant arm, by position, no significant difference in stability between positions was found. Fourth, it was found that the dominant arm had significantly greater instability of the shoulder joint than the non-dominant arm for attackers and centers, but no significant difference was found for setters and liberos. This study comparatively analyzed the muscle strength ratios of the external/internal rotations and dominant/non-dominant arms, which can determine the stability of the shoulder joints between female professional volleyball playing positions that engage in jumps and spikes using only the dominant hand and positions that do not.

[Background] Cordyceps militaris, a traditional medicinal mushroom, produces a component compound, cordycepin (3’-deoxyadenosine). Cordycepin has been known to have many pharmacological activities including immunological stimulating, anti-cancer, and anti-infection activities. However, the molecular mechanisms of inflammatory mediator’s activity by cordycepin remain poorly understood. In the present study, we investigat-ed the effects of cordycepin on the anti- inflammation cascades in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated BV2 microglia cells. [Methods] Cordycepin were administered and their effects on LPS-induced pro-inflammatory mediators and MAP kinases were monitored by Western blotting and RT-PCR analysis. [Result] Cordycepin significantly inhibited the production of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), and pro- inflammatory cytokines such as interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in a concentration- dependent manner without causing cytotoxicity. Also, cordycepin suppressed inducible NO, synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) expression on the mRNA and protein level. In addition, cordycepin suppressed NF-κB translocation by blocking IkappaB- α (IκB-α) degradation and inhibited the phosphorylation of Akt, ERK-1/2, JNK, and p38 kinase. Our results indicate that the inhibitory effect of cordycepin on LPS -stimulated inflammatory mediator production in BV2 microglia is associated with the suppression of the NF-κB, Akt, and MAPK signaling pathways. Conclusion: Anti-inflammatory properties of cordycepin may be useful for treating the inflammatory and deleterious effects of microglial activation in response to LPS stimulation.

Low back pain is a common phenomenon among the golfers. In an attempt to understand low back pain, the kinematic changes and golf swing motion analysis has been performed to focus on lumbar spine in pro. golfers. According to the swing pattern, significant variations of the lumbar joint forces and loads has related with muscles activities so the motion analysis of lumbar spine were discussed. The purpose of this study was to analyze motion of lumbar spine and it was to compare joint force during golf swing in pro. golfers. The swing motion of the subjects was tracked using a 3D motion analysis system by Motion Analysis Ltd. and SIMM software. The angle changes of lumbar spine rapidly in vx direction during the top back swing and the finish and in vy direction during the follow through and in vz direction during the down swing and the impact(Subject A). The angle changes of lumbar spine rapidly in vx direction during the top back swing and in vy direction during the down swing, the impact and the follow through and in vz direction during the down swing(Subject B). In conclusion, subject A and B both show sudden angle changes between 1st-3rd lumbar spine and 4th-5th lumbar spine during the stage from address to top back swing which caused by over upper body twisting.

Porphyromonas gingivalis is a major etiologic agent of chronic periodontitis and cytokines produced by macrophages play important roles in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases. In this study we investigated the cytokine response of phorbol myristate acetatedifferentiated THP-1 cells exposed to P. gingivalis. Compared with the prominent cell wall components of P. gingivalis (lipopolysaccharide and the major fimbrial protein FimA), live P. gingivalis stimulated much higher levels of cytokine production. In addition, whereas low multiplicity of infection challenges (MOI=10) of P. gingivalis 381 stimulated high levels of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and IL-1β, high dose challenges with this bacterium (MOI = 100) resulted in a substantially diminished production of MCP-1 and IL-6. Moreover, high MOI P. gingivalis challenges achieved only low levels of induction of MCP-1 and IL-6 mRNA. The decreased production of MCP-1 and IL-6 appeared to be mediated by P. gingivalis proteases, because high MOI challenges with congenic protease mutant strains of this microorganism (MT10 and MT10W) did not result in a diminished production of MCP-1 and IL-6. Similar to its protease mutant strains, leupeptin (a protease inhibitor)- treated P. gingivalis at high doses induced high levels of MCP-1 production. To examine the mechanisms underlying the diminished production of MCP-1 by P. gingivalis proteases, the activation of mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinases and NF-xB was compared between the 381 and MT10W strains. Whilst high doses of both 381 and MT10W similarly activated the three members of the MAP kinase family, the DNA binding activity of NF-xB, as revealed by gel shift assays, was greatly increased only by MT10W. Taken together, our data indicate that P. gingivalis stimulates the production of high levels of TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and MCP-1 but that high dose challenges with this bacterium result in a diminished production of MCP-1 and IL-6 via the protease-mediated suppression of NF-B activation in THP-1 macrophagic cells.

We conducted growth inhibition tests on oral microorganisms using three strains of Lactobacillus spp. which are widely known as their probiotic properties. In these experiments, we measured the number of oral microorganisms after directly contacting lactobacillus with them. In addition, we conducted a similar study using yogurts which are well known as a p robiotic food. I n these yogurts, w e identified t he t ype o f lactobacilli by 1 6s r RN A nucleotide analysis. In o ur study, the growth of most of oral microorganisms were inhibited by lactobacilli, and we also found that yogurts had the highest effectiveness in inhibiting the growth of most of oral microorganisms. The lactobacilli contained in the yogurts were identified as Lactobacillus casei, Lactobacillus paracasei, Lactobacillus helveticus, Lactobacillus casei, and Lactobacillus helveticus

게이머가 얼마나 잘 경기에 집중하는가의 문제는 경기에 승리하기 위한 중요한 요소이다. 이는 난관이나 장애물에도 불구하고 목표를 추구해 나가기 위해 필요한 자기 조절의 핵심이라 할 수 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 프로게이머의 주의집중력에 관련된 인지, 정서, 동기 및 성격 등의 심리적 변인들을 알아보는 것이었다. 연구 결과 주의력 조절 기능은 인지 유형이나 정서와 관련성은 없었고, 보상 민감성이나 추동 등의 동기 요인, 그리고 외향적 성격과 개방성 등의 성격 요인들과 관련이 있었다.