Volatile Organic Compounds in Urban Atmosphere are contributing largely at significant risks to human health andhave caused serious problems such as ozone formation. This study is to identify the effects of DRE (destruction andremoval efficiency) and carbonization of styrene when using the electron beam energy. The irradiation intensity of electronbeam energy was 1mA, 5mA and irradiation time were 5sec and 10sec. The styrene was completely destroyed at 5mA.Main by-products was aerosol particles. Aerosol particle formation was increased with increasing irradiation intensity.Most of the by-products of particle were carbon.

Carbonization using chicken manure was used to obtain an energy source. In order to estimate the reaction rate at theoptimal conditions for chicken manure in carbonization process it is estimated the reaction kinetics for the process. Thecarbonization process for chicken manure was optimized at carbonization temperature 300oC to 400oC in 20minutes. Fromthe examination of conversion characteristics of chicken manure, carbonization reaction can be described by the 1st orderkinetic reaction. Frequency factor(A) of reaction rate for chicken manure was evaluated to be 0.55×10−2min−1 and theactivation energy was estimated to be 3,815.0kcal/kmol. As increased carbonization temperature from 250oC to 400oC,reaction rate constant of chicken in the 1st order kinetic reaction is also increased from 0.0604min−1 to 0.1383min−1.In this study, carbonization degree of chicken manure in carbonization process was estimated by kinetic reaction deduction.The result of kinetic reaction in carbonization of chicken manure was evaluated to be 1st order kinetic reaction.

Hydrothermal carbonization (HTC) is a highly effective technique for treating lignocellulosic biomass and organic waste of various shapes and moisture content. The solid product of HTC is friable, hydrophobic, and increased in mass and energy densification compared to the raw biomass. also solid product is similar regardless of the type of biomass used. A liquid solution of five carbon and six carbon sugars, along with various organic acids and 5-HMF, is also produced from HTC of lignocellulosic biomass. The gaseous phase product consists mostly of CO2. Solid product has the similar characteristics to low rank coal. The solid fuel characteristics of feedstock was increased with reaction temperature and time via HTC process. However, mass yield was decreased with increasing temperature and time. Therefore, it is necessary to optimize the reaction temperature and time for HTC. The HTC process produces the solid product and a large amount of water. Thus the reuse or treatment techniques of liquid product is necessary. Therefore, potential of biological treatment of HTC liquid product was evaluated.

According to the quality standards of the BIO-SRF(Bio-Solid Fuel Products) in Act on the Promotion of Saving and Recycling of Resources enforcement regulations, chloride is regulated to less than 0.5wt.%. The reason why chloride was regulated may generate HCl and dioxin when bio-solid fuel was burnt. Chloride and chloride compounds can be presented the characteristic of corrosiveness. These materials is reacted with iron to produce ferric chloride. Ferric chloride is oxidized to ferric oxide and ferric oxide can cause a pipe corrosion to short boiler life in combustion facility. There are several reactions to reduce Cl concentration in organic wastes and some wastes can be used in nucleophile reaction as reductive agents. Nucleophile(Nu) material can be represented by phosphate, nitrate, sulfate etc. Nu materials can substitute them for chlorine-based compounds(X-: Cl-, Br-, I-). Nu materials can reduce the harmfulness and chlorine concentration by substituting them for chlorine-based compounds of the solid fuel product produced by carbonization. In order to produce solid fuel product from organic wastes, carbonization among pyrolysis processes is suitable because nucleophile reaction should be an endothermic reaction, which heat must be entered to solid fuel product from outside. In this study, sewage sludge is used as a reductive agent to evaluate the characteristics of the reduction reaction in carbonization process because a large amount of Nu material is contained in sewage sludge. In order to evaluate the effect of Nu materials to control chloride in the residue of carbonization, waste wood mixed with sewage sludge was used in carbonization process.

The hydrothermal carbonization is one of attractive thermo-chemical method to upgrade biomass to produce biochar with benefit method from the use of no chemical catalytic. Hydrothermal carbonization improved that the upgrading and dewatering algal biomass, microalga as Chlorella vulgaris, which is conducted at temperatures ranging from 180 to 350℃ with a reaction time of 30 min. These characteristic changes in algal biomass were similar to those of coalification reactions due to dehydration and decarboxylation with increase of hydrothermal reaction temperature. The biochar became a solid fuel substance, the characteristics of which corresponded with fuel between lignite and sub-bituminous coal. The results of this study indicate that hydrothermal treatment can be used as an effective means to generate highly energy-efficient renewable fuel resources using algal biomass.

Carbonization process with pig manure is carried out to estimate the reaction kinetics with increasing carbonizationtime and temperature in the process. From the examination of conversion characteristics of pig manure, carbonizationreaction can be described by the 1st order kinetic reaction. Degree of carbonization, which can be expressed by C/H moleratio, is increased with increasing carbonization temperature. As increased carbonization temperature from 250oC to 400oC,reaction rate constant in the 1st order kinetic reaction is also increased from 0.0622min−1 to 0.1999min−1. Frequency factorand activation energy in Arrhenius equation for pig manure in the carbonization process can be decided by 1.06×10−3min−1 and 5441.8kcal/kmole, respectively. From the results of the reaction kinetics including TGA and SEM analysis,it is desirable that pig manure should be carbonized below carbonization temperature 400oC.

In order to prevent the spreading infectious disease in domestic animal, livestock excretion should be controlled bysterilization. The basic concept of sterilization can be described by thermal treatment under vacuum state. From the basicconcept of sterilization, livestock excretion can be converted to produce renewable energy using the method ofcarbonization and the method of carbonization can also be reduced greenhouse gas effectively. Chicken manure is usedas a sample of renewable energy source in the carbonization reactor. The basic energy characteristics of chicken manuresuch as proximate analysis, and heating value are estimated. The carbonization residue of chicken manure which isobtained from carbonization experiment is subject to several analyses in order to examine the energy characteristics suchas heating value, fuel ratio, combustible index and yield. As increased carbonization temperature, both heating value andfuel ratio (fixed carbon/volatile combustible) of the residue are increased up to 350oC but yield of the residue is decreased.From the results of bulk density, fuel ratio and total heating value of the residue, the optimal conditions of carbonizationtemperature and time can be decided by about 350oC and 15min. Since the residue of chicken manure can not be satisfiedwith the standard of the third grade of solid fuel product, it is desirable that chicken manure be modified with othermaterials to improve an energy potential and to use as a clean fuel.

화석연료는 현재 가장 많이 이용되는 에너지 수단이다. 그러나 화석연료는 매장량이 한정되어 있고 사용하면서 배출되는 배출가스는 지구온난화와 여러 가지 환경문제를 일으키고 있다. 이러한 화석연료의 대체할 에너지로 자연 에너지로서 재생 가능하여 반영구적으로 사용이 가능한 재생가능에너지(Renewable energy)가 주목되어지고 있다. 바이오매스는 다른 재생가능에너지와는 다른 탄소계의 에너지 자원이고 전기에너지 이외에 고체, 액체, 기체연료나 화학연료 및 원료로 변환 할 수 있다는 장점이 있다. 또한 지역적으로 편재되어 있지 않고 carbon neutral 에너지로 지구온난화 문제에서도 자유로운 장점으로 인해서 현재 기술적, 경제적 관점에서 가장 현실적인 대체에너지라 할 수 있다. 그러나 이러한 바이오매스도 에너지밀도가 낮고 분산되어 있어 수집, 저장 및 운반비용이 크고 기후의 영향을 받으며, 다양성으로 인한 불균일성으로 인해서 사용 측면에서 어려움이 있다. 따라서 이러한 바이오매스의 단점을 극복하기 위한 방법으로 열수탄화 방법을 이용한 고형연료 생산기술이 주목을 받고 있다. 본 연구는 실험실 규모의 압력반응기로 바이오매스 중에서 폐목재를 이용하여 열수탄화 반응 특성을 반응조건별로 확인하였다. 생성된 고체생성물의 고형연료 특성과 액체생성물의 특성을 평가하였다. 반응온도와 반응 시간은 증가할수록 발열량은 증가하고 수득율은 감소한다. 또한 휘발분의 함량은 감소하고 고정탄소의 함량은 증가한다. 물과 폐목재의 혼합비율도 반응에 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 액체생성물은 반응온도와 시간이 증가할수록 COD와 유기산의 농도는 증가하고 총질소와 총인의 농도에는 변화가 없었다. 열수탄화 전후의 수분 재흡수성을 비교하면 반응 후 고체생성물의 수분 재흡수성이 크게 향상되는 것을 확인할 수 있다. 또한 기존의 반탄화(torrefaction) 고체생성물보다 성형성이 좋은 것으로 확인되었다.

This study was designed to synthesize mesoporous carbon, porous carbonic material and to characterize its surface in an attempt to adsorption methane gas(CH4). Synthesis of mesoporous carbon was carried out under two steps ; 1. forming a RF-silica complex with a mold using CTMABr, a surfactant, and TEOS, raw material of silica, and 2. eliminating silica through carbonization and HF treatment. The mesoporous carbon was synthesized under various conditions of synthesis time and calcination. Eight different types of mesoporous carbon, which were designated as MC1, MC2, MC3, MC4, MCT1, MCT2, MCT3, and MCT4, were prepared depending upon preparation conditions. The analysis of mesoporous carbon characteristics showed that the calcination of silica stabilized the mixed structure of silica and carbonic complex, and made the particle uniform. The results also showed that hydrothermal synthesis time did not have a strong influence on the size of pore. The bigger specific surface area was obtained as the hydrothermal synthesis time was extended. However, the specific surface area was getting smaller again after a certain period of time. In adsorption experiments, CH4 was used as adsorbate. For the case of CH4, MCT3 showed the highest adsorption efficiency.

According to the statistics of the Ministry of Environment, the emission of sewage sludge is increased by 7 ~ 9% yearly. In the future, it will be increased continuously because of extension of sewage disposal plants, high class treatment for removing nitrogen and phosphorus. The objective of this study is to examine the possibility of the carbonization of the sewage sludge by pyrolysis. The pyrolysis behavior of the sewage sludge was investigated by the thermogravimetric analysis as a function of heating rate. In the pyrolysis studies measurements in weight loss was made and reported as a function of test temperature. To minimize energy consumption used for drying sewage sludge, naturally dried sludge were applied evaluate characteristics of thermal and carbonization treatment using a fixed-bed reactor. The most effective treatment temperature of carbonized material production was 400oC. The temperature of highest total yield of char and oil was 500oC. In the pyrolysis studies measurements in weight loss was made and reported as a function of test temperature. According to the result, the optimum pyrolysis temperature of sewage sludge were found to be ranged from 100oC to 600oC, respectively. About 91% of pyrolysis was completed between 100oC and 600oC. If applying the carbonization, it can be easily utilized as the replaced resource of energy(fuel) in the countries whose energy resources are insufficient, like our country.

Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis was used to investigate the effects of carbonization and solvent extraction on the combustion characteristics of sewage sludge. Initial temperature (IT) and peak temperature (PT) represent combustion characteristics in carbonized sludge (CS). The sludge extracted (ECS) from CS using solvent extraction exhibited higher IT and PT than raw sludge (RS). First, indicate that carbonization was carried out at two different temperatures, 300 and 400oC, to produce CS300 and CS400; then, compare the corresponding IT and burnout temperature (BT). All IT and PT values for ECS300 were lower than those values for RS and CS. The activation energy determined for the combustions of CS300 and ECS300 was lower than the one for the combustion of RS. The ECS300 activation energy (combustion zone of char) was determined to be 90.7 ~ 99.1 kJ/mol, lower to the range of 109.3 ~ 126.9 kJ/mol for coal.

Mechanically pre-treated combustible waste was carbonized at 350 ~ 500oC. In order to determine the optimum carbonization temperature of the produced material, the energy yield, fixed carbon rate, fuel ratio, combustibility index, and characteristics of the coal band were studied. The sample (C425) carbonized at 425oC turned out to be the ideal one in terms of the energy yield and fuel characteristics. Grinding and washing were used for dechlorination of C425. Of these two methods, particle diameter of less than 0.125 mm and washing within two turns displayed chlorine concentration of 0.3%. These results not only satisfied the recommended standard for coal and mixed fuel (0.5wt.%) but also the quality standard for solid fuel (2.0wt.%). In conclusion, carbonization of combustible waste materials resulted in fuel characteristics similar to those of coal, indicating that this process allows for the production of solid fuel with low chlorine content.

This study has been conducted to develop a new recycling technology of sewage sludge using a carbonization process. The carbonizing yield, the calorific value and EC(electric conductivity) of carbonized sewage sludge had a tendency to be decreased with increase of the carbonizing temperature and time, but pH and the C/N were increased with increase the carbonizing temperature and time. The whole pore volume of carbonized sludge processed in the carbonizing furnace was 0.032㎤/g, which was smaller than that in the electric furnace. But, the rates of mesopore and macropore were found to account for 100% therein. Rate of color and organic materials removal for dyeing wastewater were determined 70～97%, 78～83% on cotton yarn, 88～96%, 69～80% on wool wastewater and 77～89%, 77～87% on towel compared with powder activated carbon. Effect of carbonized sludge on chrysanthemum growth was investigated. Plant height and number of leaves was better mixture of carbonized sludge than comparison.

Activated carbons were prepared from Korean coal by steam activation in this study. The variation of pore structure of the activated carbons were investigated according to different carbonization temperatures. Yield, surface area, pore volume and pore structure of this activated carbon were compared with those of activated carbon prepared without carbonization. The investigated carbonization temperature ranged from 700℃ to 1,000℃. Carbonization was carried out in nitrogen atmosphere for 70 minutes and activation was performed by steam at 950℃ for 210 minutes. Surface area and pore volume of the resulting activated carbons increased with carbonization temperature. Also pore volume increased by 20% compared to the activated carbon without carbonization. Especially, in mesopore region, the activated carbon carbonized at 900℃ had more pores by 60% than that of activated carbon carbonized at other temperature.