Alzheimer’s disease (AD), a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that deprives the patient of memory, is associated mainly with extracellular senile plaque induced by the accumulation of amyloid β protein (Aβ). Silybum marianum (Asteraceae; SM) is a medicinal plant that has long been used in traditional medicine as a hepatoprotective remedy owing to its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. The present study examined the methanol extract of the aerial parts of SM for neuroprotection against Aβ (25-35)-induced neuronal death in cultured rat cortical neurons to investigate a possible therapeutic role of SM in AD. The primary cortical neuron cultures were prepared using embryonic day 15 to 16 SD rat fetuses. Cultured cortical neurons exposed to 10 μM Aβ (25-35) for 36 h underwent neuronal cell death. At 10 and 50 μg/mL, SM prevented Aβ (25-35)-induced neuronal cell death and apoptosis in cultured cortical neurons. Furthermore, SM inhibited the Aβ (25-35)-induced decrease in anti-apoptotic protein, Bcl-2, and the increase in the proapoptotic proteins, Bax and active caspase-3. Cultured cortical neurons exposed to 1 mM N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) for 14 h induced neuronal cell death. SM (10 and 50 μg/mL) prevented NMDA-induced neuronal cell death. These results suggest that SM inhibited Aβ (25-35)-induced neuronal apoptotic death via inhibition of NMDA receptor activation and that SM has a possible therapeutic role in preventing the progression of neurodegeneration in AD.

Since April 2012, doctor fish in the breeding tank and in the quarantine tank in Hanwha Aquaplanet Yeosu Aquarium have been dying, accompanied by diffuse bleeding around the mouth, in the chin, and at the bottom of the abdomen. In this study, the cause of death would be examined through the bacteriological study of doctor fish and the rearing water quality in the aquarium. The water quality and the bacterial counts of the rearing water in the exhibit tank and in the quarantine tank were analyzed once a week, starting from August to November 2014. Water quality was measured based on the following data: temperature was in the range of 24.5~26.8℃, pH at 6.77~7.94, DO at 6.15~8.61 ppm, ammonia at 0~0.93 ppm, nitrite at 0.009~0.075 ppm, and nitrate at 1.1~40.9 ppm. Studies revealed that the differences in these water quality factors were not related to the death of doctor fish. Bacterial counts in the rearing waters of Garra rufa slightly increased to 103~104 CFU/ml, just before the death of the doctor fish. Twelve strains of bacteria were isolated from the dead fish and rearing waters. The isolates were identified as Aeromonas veronii, Citrobacter freundii, Pseudorhodoferax aquiterrae, Shewanella putrefaciens, and Vibrio anguillarum on the basis of 16S rRNA gene sequences. The most dominant species was C. freundii, which showed medium sensitivity to florfenicol and norfloxacin, and was resistant to amoxacillin, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, and trimethoprim. Ten isolates were confirmed to be pathogenic to the doctor fish. Doctor fish infected with C. freundii and S. putrefaciens showed high mortality in the experimental groups. These results indicate that the variation in bacterial numbers in the rearing water was related to the death of doctor fish. C. freundii and S. putrefaciens were directly implicated in causing the death of doctor fish in the aquarium.

본고는 창작생애라는 통시적 관점과 ‘생명미학’이라는 공시적 관점을 결합하여 沈從文 소설 창작 전반에서 죽음이 차지하고 있는 의미를 고찰하고자 하였다. 우선, 소설 창작 시기별 작 품 속 죽음의 양상과 작가의 생명미학에 대해 살펴보았다. 다음으로 창작 시기별로 ‘신과 관 련이 있는 죽음’, ‘사랑과 관련이 있는 죽음’, ‘아름다움과 관련이 있는 죽음’ 등에 대해 살펴 보았다. 이처럼 沈從文의 소설 속 죽음에 대한 양상을 창작시기별로 살펴보았을 때 沈從文의 죽음에 대한 사색은 타인의 죽음, 자신의 죽음, 만물의 죽음이라는 일반적인 발전과정을 밟고 있음을 알 수 있다. 하지만 沈從文의 죽음에 대한 사색은 문학 창작 특유의 형상사유로 진행 되었기 때문에 그 누구보다 죽음의 의미에 깊이 천착해 들어갈 수 있었고, 그 결과 沈從文 특유의 생명미학 세계를 형성할 수 있었던 것이다. 이것이 바로 沈從文 소설 속 죽음이 지니 는 의미일 것이다.

Taxol is an anti-cancer agent that stabilizes the microtubules of cancer cells, resulting in inhibition of mitosis and thus preventing the proliferation of cancer cells. However, many anti-cancer agents including taxol work on normal cells as well as cancer cells, resulting in side effects such as immunosuppression. A marine algae-derived sulfated polysaccharide, fucoidan, an anti-cancer agent, also showed immunostimulating effects. This study investigated the effects of fucoidan on taxol-treated spleen cells. Spleen cells were treated with taxol in a concentration-dependent manner and in combination with fucoidan. MTT assay and flow cytometry analysis were performed to measure the viability and activity of treated cells. Two assays demonstrated that taxol induced the death of spleen cells. Fucoidan clearly inhibited the cell death induced by taxol. In addition, fucoidan enhanced the production of nitric oxide in spleen cells, which was decreased by taxol. Taken together, taxol can induce the cell death of spleen cells, a major type of immune cells and fucoidan protects spleen cells from taxol-induced cell death. This finding suggests that taxol and fucoidan can be used in combination for lowering the immunosuppressive effects of taxol.

히니는 그의 첫 시 땅파기 에서 “내 검지와 엄지 사이에 뭉뚝한 연필 쉬고 있네/ 나 그것으로 팔 것이요.”라고 선언했다. 그의 시를 읽은 이제까지의 결론 은 그는 산고의 고통으로 새 스타일의 시를 만들기 위해 끊임없이 노력함으로써 위의 공언을 실천했다는 것이다. 본 논문은 시집 밭일, 산사나무 등불 그리고 환영보기의 시들만을 다루지만 필자의 결론은 히니는 그의 아버지가 경작에 있어 완벽을 추구하던 장인이었던 것처럼 글쓰기의 장인이라는 것이다.

The nature of molecular mechanisms governing embryonic cell block is largely unknown, but recent reports have demonstrated that proper execution of programmed cell death is crucial for this process. The main objective of this study is to determine effects of programmed cell death on porcine oocytes development in vitro after parthenogenesis. Among the blastocysts matured in 3MA, MAP1LC3A and ATG5 RNA gene expression level increased in the order of Cyst < 3MA < RP. However, Casp-3 and TNF-r RNA gene expression level decreased in the order of RP < 3MA < Cyst. Expression of mTOR within the RP-cultured blastocyst was the most highly to the inner cell mass, while 3MA-cultured blastocyst showed very lowest expression in inner cell mass. The expression of mTOR showed a pattern opposite to that of MAP1LC3A. That is, its expression was the lowest in Cyst group. When the enzymatic activity of MMP-2 and MMP-9 was assessed in culture, the level of active MMP-9 was higher expression in the medium of each RP treatment group, with the level of another treatment group being relatively higher. Analyses of TIMP-2 and TIMP-3 revealed that their expression was higher in groups that did not receive RP treatment. More specifically, the level of TIMP-2 was not affected by Cyst treatment, while the level of TIMP-3 was higher in 3MA and RP treatment group. There was highly cell division activation efficiency of parthenogenesis on cultured system of RP supplement IVC medium. Therefore, these results suggest that embryo development was significantly increased in conditional culture medium with active autophagy as compared to common cultured condition. Further investigation of this distinction may enable the development of innovative improvements for the production of porcine somatic cell nuclear transfer.

The early works of W. B. Yeats are mainly rose poems influenced by the symbolist movement and his other works reflect the poet’s consciousness absorbed in occultism and mysticism. And some of them are filled with confessions and revelations of love expressed in somewhat dreamlike and vague longing. These tendencies generally show unrefined sentimental contents and loosely woven poetic patterns. But, nevertheless, his early love lyrics effectively appeal to our emotion and have been popular and widely accepted. Those early erotic verses, especially based on the traditional Western culture of courtly love, attain the beloved’s love in literature as it is not achievable in reality. The tradition of the courtly love lyrics has passed down from Dante through Rossetti to Yeats. Following the poetic tradition, Yeats often implies that the beloved is absent, unattainable, or even dead. Therefore, Yeats’s early love lyrics generate their own love out of such absence and death. Love and death are mingled together in Yeats’s early love lyrics.

The large-sized, complex, and multi-storied construction industry caused the increasing construction amount together with insufficient skilled workers to increase the probability of occurring accident , resulting in the most construction accidents next to manufacturing industry. Death accidents have risen to serious level, compared construction industry with manufacturing industry along the numbers of workers. Due to the main feature of one-time industry receiving orders, open-air dispersed production activity and the long-complex production process, the continuous efforts to prevent and manage safety accidents were made but the results were of no effect. They didn't deeply analyze the falling accidents that consist of half death accidents in construction industry. This study has classified in detail Missteps, Slip, Trip, Unstability and the others on the basis of gait characteristics, occurrence types, frequency and intensity of death accidents. This study suggested the effective methods on the construction safety management according to the causes of falling accidents. This study will be expect to be used as the basic data in the procedure and the program of safety management.

Mycelial growth of Oyster mushroom is very important. Because the management of careless mycelial growth can be caused contamination and low yield of fruit body. To reduce contamination, it is necessary to maintain clean cooling room, inoculation room and cultivation room. First of all, we investigate death rate of microorganism according to ultraviolet(uv) irradiation in cooling room, inoculation room and contamination rate according to sterilization condition of substrate. Though contamination rates according to sterilization conditions were not showed big differences, the amount of electricity-used was the lowest at 121°C for 90 minute. As results of UV irradiation time effect on death rate of microorganism, density of bacteria was not detected after UV irradiation for 6 hours by using UV lamp(40watt) in the room of 56m3. However the death rate of fungi is not big in the same UV irradiation conditions.

During five years (Year 2009~2013), Total victims of 72 %( 81,560 people) and those 50.6 %( 1,258 people) of death accident occurs in small scale construction site which operate 2 million USD less construction budget. Especially, falling death accident account for 785 people, in the share of 33.2 %( 261 people) death disaster takes due to defect of original cause materials. The major safety issues in small scale work place take place while scaffold installation, disassembling, work-plate improper installation or non-professional skills of workers. Furthermore, labor subcontract systems make small construction site shortage of resources. Those workers regard work-plate as unnecessary and consumables supplies. Because of that most of workers use unsafe workplace in most construction site. Therefore, in order to prevent falling accident occurring in small scale work site, government should organize related regulations such as “Work site safety construction method” and then expands education support, financial aid, and sourcing safety supplies for work plate which offer broad variety experiences. Also, introduce certificate solutions for various work plates to improve safety function such as anchoring type method and anti sliding function.

셰이머스 히니가, 1939년 (예이츠가 별세한 해) 북 아일랜드의 한 농장에서 태어나 예이츠의 영향 아래서 살면서, 어떻게 자신을 새로운 시인으로 변모시키는 가하는 문제는 본 논문이 던지는 주요한 질문이다. 이 논문의 방법으로서, 몇 편의 시, 특히 첫 시집이면서도 아마 그의 뛰어난 시집인 순수의 죽음(Death of a Naturalist)에서 몇 편의 시의 가까이 읽기를 시도한다. 본 연구는 “폭포”와 “밭 갈기” 을 집중적으로 다룬다: 전자는 평론가들이 무시하거나 거의 논의된 적이 없고, 후자는 대부분 아주 평범한 시로 이해한다.

본고는 老莊의 生死觀을 고찰하여 민요에 수용되어 있는 한국인의 生死觀을 고찰하는 것이 목적이다. 한국 민요의 주제 중 ‘生死’는 사 실상 가장 큰 비중을 차지하고 있다. 老莊의 生死观역시 많은 곳에 서 주요 테마로 곧장 활용되는데, 그 빈도와 역할에서 儒家의 生死观 을 훨씬 넘어선다. 왜냐하면 삶과 죽음에 대한 비애와 공포를 문학적 으로 극복하는 데 결정적인 역할을 하고 있는 것이, 대자연 속에 귀 의하여 生死를 초월하고자 하는 老莊의 정통적인 生死觀이기 때문이 다. 이에 본고에서는 한국의 민요를 ‘不死志向形’과 ‘生死脫俗形’이란 두 개의 패러다임을 기준으로 다양한 실례를 들어 고찰하였다. 老莊의 生死观은 老子의 ‘死而不亡’과 莊子의 ‘死生一體’로 집약할 수 있다. 이것은 ‘死而不朽’를 추구하는 儒家의 입장과는 차이를 나타 낸다. 그러나 전자와 후자는 육체의 죽음을 인정하면서도 정신적인 영원성을 추구한다는 점에서는 동일하다. 만약 죽은 뒤 다시 태어남 을 강조하는 佛敎와 기독교의 生死观을 ‘死後新生’이라 한다면, 儒家 와 老莊의 生死观은 모두 ‘死而不亡’ 또는 ‘死而不朽’형으로 분류될 수 있을 것이다. 老子가 말하는 ‘摄生을 잘하는 자’와 莊子가 추구했던 ‘至人’의 ‘生 死를 초월하는 형상’은 정신적 측면을 설명하기 위한 신화적 비유였 지만, 道敎에서는 이를 육체적인 측면으로 생각하여 여러 가지로 죽 지 않는 법들을 탐구했다. 결과 老子의 生死观은 ‘不死志向形’으로 변 형되는데 반하여, 老莊의 生死观을 준수하는 ‘生死脫俗形’ 유형은 산 수자연을 道의 구현체로 보고 그곳으로 귀의하여 노니는 것으로 전 개된다. 後者를 老莊의 정통적인 生死观으로 부른다면, 前者를 老莊 의 生死观의 변형이라고 할 수 있다.

본 논문은 은둔적 삶을 살며, 파괴적 정체성과 분열된 자아로 자신의 창조적 충동을 일기처럼 짧은 시로 담아내었던 디킨슨과, 종교, 예술, 역사 신화, 사랑등에 대한 해박한 지식으로 삶을 경험하며 창조적 활동을 한 예이츠를 비교한다. 이 두 시인은 뛰어난 다층적 시각을 갖고 있었으며, 광대한 상상과 창조로 인생의 소용돌이에 휘말리지 않았고, 진부하고 통속적인 관념을 거부하였다. 또한, 삶과 죽음, 영원에 대한 끊임없는 사유의 투쟁을 멈추지 않았다. 또한, 디킨슨과 예이츠의 공통점은 고결함이다. 그들은 서로 다른 빛의 고결함을 의식 속에서 잃지 않았고, 우주의 불가사의한 힘을 반추하고 상상하였으며, 그 완성은 허황되지 않은 실체였으며, 그 고결성은, 인간의 존재와 영원성의 진리를 위해 끊임없이 외로운 투쟁을 치룬 그들의 깊은 긍지에서 승화된다.

Pliny the Elder said that multiple cultures agree that the painting began as a shadow trace. A daughter of Butades, the potter in Corinth, traced an outline around a man's shadow, and it was the very beginning of painting. In this anecdote, the profile, i. e. the portrait substitutes body of the absent lover. It makes the absent body present and replaces his place. In this context Hans Belting put the anthropological value to this visual practice. Human being made images to cope actively with the shock of death and the disappearing of body. With the aid of the representation of the bodily presence, the image struggles to resist the death. This paper is a study on the critical meaning of representation in the context of bodily survival by image. The representation is the paradoxical trick of consciousness, an ability to see something as 'there' and 'not there' at the same time. So the connection between image and the body would be suspicious. Although this relation was tight in the ancient shadow painting and the medieval effigies, the modern visual practice forsakes this connection and exposes the trick of representation. It insists that image was not real and even expels the medieval visual practice from the boundary of fine arts. The genealogy of the portraiture is formed by two different visual practices. The belief and the disbelief in the image are observed in the process of representation and anti-representation, and this ambivalence transforms the ontological meaning of portrait in the visual representation.

세계의 대부분 국가들은 사형을 폐지하고 있으며, 우리나라도 국내외적으로 폐지압력을 받고 있다. 우리는 1997년 이후 사형을 집행하지 않고 있지만, 법적으로 사형집행의 가능성은 여전히 남아있다. 사형은 형법에 규정되어 있고, 이에 대해 헌법재판소도 합헌이라는 입장이다. 이 논문은 사형제도가 위헌적인 측면이 있음을 밝히고 현대사회에서 더 이상 용납되지 않을 것이라는 점을 전제로 한다. 그러나 사형과 같은 기능을 하는 형벌이 존재하지 않는 한 곧바로 폐지하는 것만이 능사는 아니다. 우선 사형제도가 유지되는 현재에는 사형이 가능한 형법규정의 축소, 보다 엄격한 양형기준의 마련, 만장일치제 및 필요적 변론제도의 도입 등을 통해 사형선고를 제한하거나, 실제로 사형이 집행되는 가능성을 제한하도록 사형집행유예제도의 도입하거나, 교정시설에 수용중인 사형확정자에 대한 교화프로그램을 확장하는 등으로 형사사법제도를 개선하여야 한다고 본다. 종국적으로 사형제도가 폐지되는 경우 절대적 종신형제도를 도입하는 것이 타당하다.

In the Harry Potter Series, the magical power wizards and witches pursue avails its potential for the everlasting dream of eternal life as we used to see in religion. The dream comes true where magic makes it real as wizards desire to. Voldemort, Dumbledore, and Harry are described once as such. Voldemort tries to use magic to live eternally with the legendary philosopher’s stone as we have long known in alchemy, including ‘seven horcruxes’ into which Voldemort stores part of his soul to incarnate whenever he wants to. Dumbledore has the same dream with the three ‘deathly hallows’ he once possesses on his own; he finally changes his mind after he observes the death of his mother and sister. A prophecy reveals Harry as the Chosen One who defeats Voldemort, freeing the world from prevailing evil power; he rises after he willingly dies at the end of the story, just as Jesus Christ did.Religious significance in magic and the occult, including alchemy, astrology, clairvoyance, numerology, is seen in that Harry Potter puts together a vision of Christianity in the world of magic. In the story, magical power makes the vision possible on material basis, seemingly in religious significance, freeing body and spirit by sublime love in family, friends, and then people in the modern society. In the story, courage, sacrifice, forgiveness, love, friendship, fellowship, and freedom in body and spirit appear to be Christian virtues even in terms of the magical power Harry uses throughout the whole story in which evils are finally defeated and goods are raised.

The aim of this article is to analyze how the characters of Tolstoy's novel War and Peace experience the death of the others. After the death of his wife, Andrey feels very guilty, for he abandoned her, preferring his social ambition to the happiness of his family. Andrey's life in seclusion is the means by which he punishes himself and is itself his social and spiritual death. He is called again to life only after he meets Natasha, the symbol and embodiment of life in this novel. Maria goes through the process of grief after her father's death. Retrospection tums out to be a vital element in the process of grief. After she successfully detaches herself from her deceased father, she meets Nicholas, her future husband and she returns to a normal life. Another heroine of the novel, Natasha also undergoes the process of grief after the death of Andrey, her former fiancé. But life brings her back to itself by arousing love towards her family in her. Pierre learns from Karataev the lesson that everything happens according to God's will or fate and one must receive everything as it happens. He receives Karataev's death as natural, not even grieving over him. Karataev remains in his memory as an embodiment of goodness, truth and simplicity.

오늘날, 스마트폰의 보급으로 무선 헬스케어시스템에 대한 연구가 점차 활성화됨에 따라, 손쉽고 간편한 건강관리 시스템에 대한 수요도 증가하고 있다. 그 중에서도 사회문제로 크게 대두되는 독거노인의 고독사 방지를 위한 시스템 개발은 지속적으로 연구되고 있다. 본 논문에서는, 인체에 비침습적이며 무구속으로 생체 신호 계측이 가능한 광용적맥파법(photoplethysmography)으로 독거노인의 맥파를 계측하고 스마트 폰으로 전송하여, 원격진단이 가능한 감시시스템 개발을 목적으로 하였다. 광용적맥파법은 적색광이나 적외선광을 피부에 침투시켜 맥파를 검출하는 방법의 하나로 근래에는 손가락과 같은 인체 말단뿐만이 아니라 손목에서 맥파를 계측하는 연구가 진행되고 있다. 그러나 손목에서 맥파를 계측 시, 광량을 고정시킨 상태에서는 모세혈관의 회전이나 피부의 두께 등에 따라 정확한 맥파 검출을 하기에는 어려움이 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 잡음제거에 탁월하며 높은 이득을 가지는 차동 증폭기를 단일전원에서도 동작 가능하도록 개선하고, 인체의 피부 두께에 따른 오차를 줄이기 위해 광량의 침투 범위를 조절하여 다양한 피부 층에서 최적의 센싱을 할 수 있는 알고리즘을 설계하고 그 타당성을 확인하였다.