본 연구는 다국적기업 해외 자회사에 대한 본사의 세 가지 통제 방식(집권화, 공식화, 규범적 통합), 자회사 현지 직원의 상대적 박탈감과 문화적응 스트레스 간의 관계에 대한 것이다. 기존 문헌 검토를 통 해 도출한 가설은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 해외 자회사에 대한 본사의 집권화 수준은 자회사 현지 직원의 상대 적 박탈감에 정(+)의 영향을 미칠 것이다. 해외 자회사에 대한 본사의 집권화 수준이 높을수록 자회사 직원들의 자기 결정, 자존감, 자유 재량권 등이 감소하기 때문에 본국 또는 제 3국 출신 직원들에 대한 자회사 현지 직원들의 상대적 박탈감은 증가하는 것이다. 둘째, 해외 자회사에 대한 본사의 공식화 수준은 자회사 현지 직원의 상대적 박탈감에 정(+)의 영향을 미칠 것이다. 해외 자회사에 대한 본사의 공식화 수준이 높을수록 본사가 자회사를 감시, 감독하는 정도가 증가하고, 자회사 현지 직원들이 보다 높은 수준 의 역할 갈등을 경험하기 때문에 본국 또는 제 3국 출신 직원들에 대한 자회사 직원들의 상대적 박탈감은 증가하는 것이다. 셋째, 해외 자회사에 대한 본사의 규범적 통합 수준은 자회사 현지 직원의 상대적 박탈 감에 부(-)의 영향을 미칠 것이다. 해외 자회사에 대한 본사의 규범적 통합 수준이 높을수록 공동의 규범 과 가치관을 강조하며, 본사와 자회사 간의 의사소통이 원활하게 이루어지기 때문에 본국 또는 제 3국 출신 직원들에 대한 자회사 직원들의 상대적 박탈감은 감소하는 것이다. 넷째, 자회사 현지 직원의 상대적 박탈감은 자회사 현지 직원의 문화적응 스트레스에 정(+)의 영향을 미칠 것이다. 자회사 현지 직원들이 상대적 박탈감을 느낄수록 다국적기업 본국의 문화에 적응하지 못하고, 자신의 문화적 정체성에 혼란을 느끼기 때문에 자회사 현지 직원들의 문화적응 스트레스는 증가하는 것이다. 8개국 출신, 25개 다국적기 업 자회사에 근무 중인 242명의 현지(한국인) 직원들을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시한 자료를 활용하여 구 조방정식 모형분석과 소벨 테스트 등을 통해 이상의 가설들을 실증적으로 검증하였다. 결론 부분에서 본 연구의 의미와 시사점에 대해 논의하였으며, 아울러 본 연구의 한계점과 향후 연구방향을 제시하 였다.

Introduction The term “coping”refers to the actions or thoughts that people use to deal with stressful encounters (Folkman, Lazarus, Gruen, & DeLongis, 1986). Coping strategies are adopted to change the stressed person-environment relationship by either confronting and/or by regulating the emotions (Lazarus & Folkman, 1987). Research focusing on coping mechanisms has been a prolific area of study, emerged from a wide range of disciplines including psychology, sociology, and anthropology. However, for marketing researchers, questions still remain about the issue of how coping strategies are manifested in everyday consumption contexts. This represents an important area of research in that consumer coping behavior can determine critical post-purchase outcomes such as re-patronage intention, repurchase intention, and word of mouth (Raghunathan & Pham, 1999). When a service failure occurs, consumers frequently experience negative emotions and make decisions under emotionally taxing conditions (Yi & Baumgartner, 2004). Numerous scholars have made attempts to understand various consumption-related emotions and subsequent conditions corresponding to them (e.g., Raghunathan & Pham, 1999; Richins, 1997; Sujan et al., 1999). However, despite the large volume of studies focusing on consumer emotions, very few studies have examined the relationships between negative emotions with consumer coping strategies (Yi & Baumgartner, 2004). With that in mind, the primary aim of this conceptual paper was to propose a model that delineates consumer coping mechanisms derived from negatives emotions in a service failure and recovery context. Conceptual Model Coping strategies are closely linked with an individual’s attempt to manage a given stressful environment (Lazarus, 1991). Lazarus and Folkman (1984) defined coping as “constantly changing cognitive and behavioral efforts to manage specific external and/or internal demands that are appraised as taxing or exceeding the resources of the person”(p. 141). Menaghan (1983, p. 159) defined coping efforts as “specific actions (covert or overt) taken in specific situations that are intended to reduce a given problem or stress.”Duhachek (2005) defined coping construct as “the set of cognitive and behavioral processes initiated by consumers in response to emotionally arousing, stress inducing interactions with the environment aimed at bringing forth more desirable emotional states and reduced levels of stress.”Thus, the key aspects of coping includes a consequence of emotion, a dynamic process, and behavior and emotional domains of consumer responses (Duhachek, 2005). Implicit in this conceptualization is the idea that links the emotions aroused from a particular circumstance, coping strategies, and subsequent behaviors. As shown in Figure 1, our conceptual model classifies a wide range of negative emotions generated by a service failure that are linked to a set of consumer coping strategies. This will in turn influence subsequent consumer post-purchase behaviors. The behaviors will be either retaliatory (vindictive WOM, brand switching, complaining) or conciliatory (positive WOM, re-patronage intention, repurchase intention) responses. Related Literature When an individual encounters a stressful event, different negative emotions are triggered according to one’s distinct appraisals of the situation (Lazarus, 1991). These appraisals, in turn, affect how the consumer responds to the situation emotionally and behaviorally. These emotions remain powerful until the emotion eliciting problems are resolved. Proposition 1. Cognitive appraisal of the service failure situation evokes negative emotions. While some studies use combined negative emotions to explain resultant consumer behavior, others suggest separate emotion inventories (Lerner & Keltner, 2001) as different emotions trigger huge variation in cognition. Consumer negative emotions that are associated with a service failure condition can be categorized into several subsets (Watson & Clark, 1992). Many studies have utilized a limited number of negative emotions to explain consumer behavior in a service failure context (Nguyen & McColl-Kennedy, 2003). Bonifield and Cole (2006) used an appraisal-tendency framework to predict the underlying mechanism of anger and regret, associated with consumers’appraisals about service failure and their effects on post-purchase behaviors. Yi and Baumgartner (2004) focused on four negative emotions of anger, disappointment, regret, and worry in a purchase context to investigate their linkages to consumer coping strategies. Further, Tronvoll (2011) identified a set of negative emotions experienced in unfavorable service experiences leading to consumer complaint such as shame, sadness, fear, anger, and frustration. Although some marketing theorists consider the emotion of frustration to be an overlap with anger, they can be distinct emotions, especially in the context of service failure, because blaming someone else is different from blaming no particular others (Roseman, 1991). Therefore, the subsequent behavior and adapting coping strategy may differ. Thus, this study distinguished frustration separated from anger. Building on the aforementioned research, this study identified five different categories of negative emotions that are frequently found in a purchase-related situation: anger, frustration, disappointment, regret, and anxiety. Anger associates with feeling of attacking someone or yelling, resulting from an individual to be blamed on of the situation (Lazarus, 1991). Frustration tends to occur when people attribute a goal incongruent event to situational factors (Roseman, 1991). Disappointment refers to the feeling occurred due to the outcome insufficient to meet the expectation (Ortony et al., 1988). Regret is evoked when alternative option seems to be better than the selected one (Zeelenberg et al., 1994). Anxiety is linked to uncontrollable circumstances that are not directly under the purview of the provider or the customer (Ruth, Brunel, & Otnes, 2002). Proposition 1-1. Consumer negative emotions associated with a service failure situation are categorized into anger, frustration, disappointment, regret, and anxiety. Appraisal theorists contend that people use different coping strategies to reduce negative emotions accordingly (Lazarus 1991). In this study, consumer coping strategies were categorized into engagement (problem-focused, emotion-focused) and disengagement categories. Coping strategies in the engagement category involves individuals actively trying to manage, control, or change both problem- and emotion-focused aspects of the stressful person and/or environment transaction (Tobin et al., 1989). Problem-focused coping occurs when an individual tries to manage the source of the stress. Emotion-focused coping refers to where the individual changes the meaning of the event or regulates the expressing emotions (Lazarus & Folkman, 1984). In the disengagement category, mental disengagement strategy involves doing other things to take one’s mind off the problem, denial (refusing to believe that something has happened), distancing (refusing to think about the problem), and escape/avoidance (wishing problem would go away or somehow be over with). On the other hand, behavioral disengagement strategy involves consumers deciding to give up further action as nothing can be done about the situation. They acknowledge that a goal cannot be reached and that further efforts are futile. As the mechanism behind each type of coping strategy differs, the negative emotions generated from varying conditions are linked accordingly. Since anger arises from appraisals of other-responsibility, angry consumers often manifest in confrontive coping, aggressive action towards the blameworthy organization (Smith & Bolton, 2002). With respect to frustration, one is more likely to foster support-seeking coping as this does not imply blame attribution to a particular person or organization (Roseman, 1991), Further, previous work has suggested that person-related disappointment tends to result in confrontive coping behaviors such as direct complaining (Zeelenberg & Pieters, 2004) and behavioral disengagement (Yi & Baumgartner, 2004). On ther other hand, complaining about it or telling others is unlikely take place for regret as this may highlight he or she mistake (Zeelenberg & Pieters, 2004). Lastly, anxiety tends to be associated with escape behaviors (Roseman, Antoniou, & Jose, 1996). Thus, anxiety consumers often are linked with emotion-focused coping such as mental disengagement. In addition, more proactive, problem-focused coping is likely to take place as stated in some other studies (Yi & Baumgatner, 2004). Proposition 2. Negative emotions have differential impacts on consumer coping strategies. Service failure literature indicates that negative emotions influence diverse retaliatory responses. Romani Grappi and Dalli (2012) contended that negative emotions of anger, discontent, dislike, embarrassment, sadness, and worry are associated with behaviors such as switching, complaining, and negative word of mouth. Maute & Dubé(1999) also indicated that customer anger is liked to exit and negative WOM. Likewise, Blodgett et al. (1999) similarly suggested that consumers are prone to spread negative word of mouth when they perceive service failure. However, even if a particular coping strategy is activated, depending on the strategy applied, the subsequent behavior can be changed. Many researchers indicated that when a service failure is not recovered, it is more likely to lead to negative WOM and complaining behavior (Anderson, 1998). Especially, WOM behavior is more emotion-driven responses (Sundaram, Mitra, and Webster, 1998). Therefore, vindictive WOM behavior is more likely to occur when the emotions are not handled properly. In addition, Kau and Loh (2006) stated that dissatisfied customers who do not directly complain to the firm about their negative experiences may not only engage in vindictive word of mouth behavior, but also switch to another brand. Sabharwal, Soch and Kaur (2010) also suggested that dissatisfied non complaints are likely to exit the service provider more easily resulting in brand switching. Bonifield and Cole (2007) identified conciliatory behaviors to include positive WOM, willingness to return to a service provider, and feeling sympathy for the service provider. Blodgett et al. (1993) suggested that when service failure is recovered, positive word of mouth will take place. Voight (2007) revealed that when certain platform is provided for customers to express their feeling regarding their purchase, customer loyalty increases. Proposition 3. Coping strategies lead to either retaliatory responses or conciliatory responses. Proposition 3-1. Disengaging coping strategies are associated with vindictive WOM, brand switching, complaining behavior more than engaging coping strategies. Proposition 3-2. Engaging coping strategies are associated with positive WOM, re-patronage intention, re-purchase intention. Additionally, our model proposes two individual characteristics as moderators: self-efficacy and self-band connection. Especially, those with high self-brand connection are assumed to counter-argue negative brand information in a service failure situation as this concept captures a strong “self”relevant emotive tie between the brand and the consumer (Escalas, 2004). We contend that these consumers would use prior brand knowledge to neglect their negative emotions and make more brand favoring attributions following service failure. Therefore, depending on the the previous connection with the brand performing the service failure, corresponding coping strategy may change. As self-efficacy relates to the belief that an adequate coping response is available, both factors should relate to the strategies consumers use to cope (Sujan et al., 1999). Proposition 4. Individual characteristics such as self-efficacy and self-brand connection moderates the relationships between negative emotions and coping strategies. Conclusions This paper integrates a broad range of literature into a conceptual framework that delineates consumer coping strategies in a service failure and recovery context. In so doing, the model establishes clear categories for classifying negative emotions consumers experience in a service failure situation into testable elements, and it is argued that although the concept of coping is not a simple one, it should be central to any examination of the service failure and recovery phenomenon. Also, the proposed model considers where marketers’recovery efforts should be directed by describing the ways in which consumers cope with a service failure. How a firm responds to its customers when a service failure occurs can say more about that firm than any other customer interaction. If handled well, it can cultivate emotionally intense relational outcomes. However, if the firm handles the situation badly, it may cause highly negative reactions with customers taking their feedback to online reviews and social media conversations in a way that can seriously damage the firm’s reputation. Future research is needed to empirically test and extend the proposed model. Further empirical research in a particular service setting would advance marketing research as well as be of great managerial significance.

This study investigated peer-to-peer interaction during collaborative, computer-mediated reading tasks. Fourteen university EFL students in Korea worked in pairs to complete three gapfill tasks. The transcript data from these tasks were analyzed to determine: (1) how often collaboration occurs during collaborative reading tasks, (2) the ways in which peers help each other, and (3) how successful peers are in resolving the problems they collaboratively pursue. The results showed that each of these aspects of interaction varied among sets of pairs. On average, however, the participants collaborated to jointly solve 75% of the problems they encountered. They also used a range of helping behaviors during collaboration. While the participants correctly resolved nearly half of the problems they attempted, half were incorrectly answered or unresolved. Based on these findings, pedagogical implications are offered, in addition to suggestions for future research into collaborative reading tasks.

Repetitive applications of drugs to tumor tissues and animals induced resistance and/or tolerances which caused severe problem in agriculture and medicine. However, we still do not clearly understand the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying development of resistance and tolerance to chemicals. Drosophila is one of the most widely used model for studying fundamental phenomena in sciences using its available genetic and genomic resources. To investigate unknown molecular and cellular basis of drug resistance development, we applied Drosophila with two different concentrations of a chemical after treating them with Ethyl methanesulfonate mutatgenesis. We found that flies treating with two different concentration of chemicals showed different susceptibility to a chemical. We have established two different lines showing different susceptibility to a chemical. We will use these lines to compare any differences in mRNA expression profiling and enzyme activities. (This work was supported by project title: Investigation on cross drug resistance mechanisms using Drosophila as a model (PJ010821032016) from Rural Development Administration).

The human β-amyloid (Aβ) cleaving enzyme (BACE-1) is a target for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) treatments. This study was conducted to determine if acacetin extracted from the whole Agastache rugosa plants had anti-BACE-1 and behavioral activities in Drosophila AD models and to determine acacetin’s mechanism of action. Acacetin (100, 300, and 500 μM) rescued amyloid precursor protein (APP)/BACE1-expressing flies and kept them from developing both eye morphology (dark deposits, ommatidial collapse and fusion, and the absence of ommatidial bristles) and behavioral (motor abnormalities) defects. The RT-PCR and Western blot analysis revealed that the protective effect of acacetin on Aβ production is mediated by transcriptional regulation of BACE-1 and APP, resulting in decreased APP protein expression and BACE-1 activity, and reduced Aβ production by interfering with BACE-1 activity and APP synthesis, resulting in a decrease in the levels of the APP carboxy terminal fragments and the APP intracellular domain, and finally, resulting in a decrease in the number of amyloid plaques.

물질적인 풍요로움에 비해 정서적인 어려움을 겪는 한국 사회의 문제를 해결 하기 위해 인성교육이 중요하다는 문제제기가 부각되고 있다. 인성에 대한 이해 와 좋은 인성의 내용을 모색하는데 문학은 효과적인 텍스트이다. 그 중 김별아 의『미실』은 신라시대에 중요한 역할을 한 인물들의 권력 관계와 일상적인 삶, 신라시대의 독특한 풍속을 다룬 역사소설로 다양한 인물들을 통하여 인성의 형 성과 변용 과정을 잘 보여준 작품이다.『미실』을 통해서 볼 때, 인간의 인성이 란 선험적이거나 이상적이고 단일한 것이 아니라 사회적 조건과 시대정신, 인간 관계에 의해 변할 수 있는 것임을 알게 된다. 그리고 사회 구조와 인생의 희로 애락을 통해서 변용되는 것임을 통찰하게 된다. 인성교육은 건강한 시대정신과 사회적 가치가 먼저 마련될 때 효과적이며, 서로 존중하고 인정해주는 인간관계 를 중시하는 문화가 조성되어야 가능하다. 김별아의 미실은 다양한 인물을 통해서 오늘날 인성 교육을 하기 위한 중요한 인성형성의 기제를 성찰하게 해 주는 작품이다.

이 논문은『좌선의(坐禪儀)』와『천태소지관(天台小止觀)』에 나타난 수행자를 방해하는 장애인 마경(魔境)·마라(魔羅)와, 프로이드(Freud)의 자아방어기제 (self-defense mechanism)를 비교 연구하였다. 이를 통해 수행에 내적·외적 장애를 주는 마경과 인간심리를 불안하게 하고 마음에 왜곡되게 작용하는 방어 기제는 어떠한 상관관계가 있는지 살펴보고, 마경을 현대적으로 해석하여 상담 시 어떤 식으로 응용할 것인가에 대해 다루었다. 『좌선의』의 마경과『천태소지관』의 마사(魔事)는 수행도중에 찾아와 수행을 방해하는 마귀, 마군으로 수행을 하지 않는 일반인들에게 똑같이 나타나는 현상 은 아니다. 그럼에도 불구하고 수행과 무관하게 인간은 미래에 대한 불안과 걱 정, 과거경험의 그림자에 시달려 현재를 제대로 살아가지 못하는 경우가 많다. 수행자가 자신의 내면을 반조하고 마를 알아차려 극복, 포용, 치유할 수 있다면 예비수행자인 일반인도 얼마든지 자신의 마음을 치유하고 들여다볼 수 있을 것 이다. 모든 사람의 내면에는 참 성품인 불성(佛性)이 자리하고 있기 때문이다. 논의하는 초점은 다르겠지만 프로이드가 주장한 자아방어기제도 있는 그대 로의 내면을 드러내지 못하고 각 상황과 대상에 맞게 자신을 보호하는 역할을 하며 고통스러운 상황에 적응하려는 무의식적 노력이다. 방어기제의 사용은 불 안을 감소시킬 뿐 아니라 인간관계에 있어 긍정적 결과를 가져오기도 하지만 자아가 불안과 두려움에 대응하는 데 동원된 심리적 책략은 다양한 왜곡으로 나타나게 된다. 이러한 면에서 수행을 방해하고 바른 깨달음을 얻으려고 하는 수행자의 선근을 파괴하는 마와 방어기제는 상관성이 있다고 하겠다. 이에 선의 대표적인 수행법인『좌선의』의 마경과 프로이드의 자아방어기제 를 비교, 분석함으로써 두 이론이 서로 어떠한 상관관계가 있으며 현대 상담에 어떻게 접목하여 현대인의 불안을 직시하고 감소시킬 수 있는지를 고찰하였다.

최근 그리스 금융 위기 사태를 보더라도 주변국의 금융위기는 유럽 전체의 문제뿐만 아니 라 전 세계에 영향을 미친다. 또한 중국의 경제 성장 둔화로 인한 각 국가들의 대응도 발 빠르게 움직이면서 촉각을 세우고 있는 실정이다. 이는 향 후 한 국가의 금융 위기나 경제 문제가 글로벌한 문제로 대두되면서 각국의 리스크로 전이 된다는 것이다. 따라서 우리도 이러한 글로벌 금융위기를 자세히 분석하고 비교하여 다가 올 위기에 신속하게 대응 정책 방안을 마련하여야 한다는 것이 이 연구의 목적이다. 과거 사례를 토대로 금융위기를 유형별로 나우어 보면, 은행위기, 외환위기, 외채위기, 복 합위기로 구분이 가능하다. 우리나라의 과거 위기는 주로 정책적이고 시장 구조적 원인에 의해 발생하였지만, 최근의 금융 위기는 금융 및 산업구조의 고도화와 복잡화로 인해 금융 위기가 거대한 경제적 손실을 초래하는 복합위기로 나타나는 것을 감안 할 때, 무엇보다도 신속한 위기 대응이 관건이다. 위기의 유형은 상이하나 발생원인과 파급 경로 등이 유사한 점을 볼 때, 위기의 예측과 대비가 가능하다는 것이며, 위기 대응에 따른 해외 여러 나라의 사례를 참고하여 국내 위기 대응 정책 방안 수립을 하여야 한다.

고분자 PVDF 중공사막과 알루미나 평관형 정밀여과막의 침지식 여과에서 Sodium Alginate 파울링 거동을 관찰하였다. 공기폭기 없이 SA농도 (0.1 g/L)와 투과플럭스 (30 L/m²/hr)에서 PVDF막의 파울링 속도가 세라믹막 보다 높았다. SA 파울링 속도는 NaCl와 CaCl2 첨가 이온강도에서 더욱 높게 관찰되었다. 공기폭기를 적용 시 SA 파울링은 감소하였으나 동일한 공기유량에서 중공사막의 경우 세라믹막에 비해 감소효과는 더욱 높았다.

본 연구의 목적은 우리나라 고등학교 지구과학 수업의 담화적-인식적 기제들을 탐색하는 것이었다. 세 명의 현직 고등학교 교사들로부터 총 11편의 지구과학 수업 녹화물을 수집하였으며, 모두 전사한 후, 선행 연구에서 사용한 담화 분석틀을 이용하여 분석하였다. 그 결과로 고등학교 지구과학 수업에서 특정한 인식적 기능을 담당하는 기능적 집합으로서 담화적-인식적 기제들을 확인하였고, 그 특징을 인식적 기능을 중심으로 기술하였다. 또, 분석 결과를 선행 연구의 결과와 비교하여 지구 과학 수업의 담화적-인식적 기제들의 특징을 강조하였다. 앞으로의 연구를 위한 시사점으로 중학교 과학 수업과 대안적인 형태의 과학 수업에 대한 분석, 교사들과의 심층 면담과 같은 확대된 연구 방법을 통한 연구를 제안하였다.

본 연구는 모기업의 해외 자회사에 대한 경영 통제(management control) 방식이 해외 자회사의 분권화(decentralization) 수준에 미치는 영향을 탐색하였다. 이를 위해 2013년 현재 해외에 진출하여 경영활동을 수행하고 있는 국내 다국적기업의 해외 자회사 143개를 대상으로 조직의 분권화 수준을 종속변수로 하여 실증분석을 수행한 결과, 본사가 해외 자회사에 대해 비전의 공유와 같은 집단적 유대관계 형성을 통한 사회화(socialization)에 기반한 통제 수준을 높일수록 해외 자회사의 분권화 수준은 높아지는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 본 연구의 이론적 예측과는 달리, 본사가 해외 자회사의 부문별 경영 활동에 대해 직접적으로 관여하는 공식화(formalization)에 기반한 통제 수준을 높일 경우에도 분권화 수준이 높아질 가능성을 시사하는 결과가 도출되었다. 이러한 연구 결과는 해외 자회사의 역량 창출자로서의 역할이 중요해지는 최근 글로벌 경쟁에 있어 한국 다국적 기업의 해외 자회사 운영 설계에 있어 의미 있는 시사점을 제공한다.

We investigated the adsorption of Na on graphene and graphene oxide, which are used as anode materials in sodium ion batteries, using density functional theory. The adsorption energy for Na on graphene was -0.507 eV at the hollow sites, implying that adsorption was favorable. In the case of graphene oxide, Na atoms were separately adsorbed on the epoxide and hydroxyl functional groups. The adsorption of Na on graphene oxide-epoxide (adsorption energy of -1.024 eV) was found to be stronger than the adsorption of Na on pristine graphene. However, the adsorption of Na on graphene oxide-hydroxyl resulted in the generation of NaOH as a by-product. Using density of states (DOS) calculations, we found that the DOS of the Na-adsorbed graphene was shifted down more than that of the Na-adsorbed graphene oxide-epoxide. In addition, the intensity of the DOS around the Fermi level for the Na-adsorbed graphene was higher than that for the Na-adsorbed graphene oxide-epoxide.

The inhibitory activities of the Cordyceps pruinosa butanol fraction (Cp-BF) were investigated by determining inflammatory responses of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated RAW264.7 macrophage cells and by evaluating HCl/ethanol (EtOH)-triggered gastric ulcers in mice. The molecular mechanisms of the inhibitory effects of Cp-BF were investigated by identifying target enzymes using biochemical and molecular biological approaches. Cp-BF strongly inhibited the production of NO and TNF-α, release of reactive oxygen species (ROS), phagocytic uptake of FITC-dextran, and mRNA expression levels of interleukin (IL)-6, inducible NO synthase (iNOS), and tumour necrosis factor-alpha (TNF)-α in activated RAW264.7 cells. Cp-BF also strongly down regulated the NF-κB pathway by suppressing IKKβ according to luciferase reporter assays and immunoblot analysis. Furthermore, Cp-BF blocked both increased levels of NF-κB-mediated luciferase activities and phosphorylation of p65/p50 observed by IKKβ overexpression. Finally, orally administered Cp-BF was found to attenuate gastric ulcer and block the phosphorylation of IκBα induced by HCl/EtOH. Therefore, these results suggest that the anti-inflammatory activity of Cp-BF may be mediated by suppression of IKKα and its downstream NF-κB activation. Since our group has established the mass cultivation conditions by developing culture conditions for Cordyceps pruinosa, the information presented in this study may be useful for developing new anti-inflammatory agents.

본 연구의 주요목적은 진정성 리더십이 종업원의 태도 (직업 자기 효능감과 종업원간 신뢰), 행동 (업무몰입), 그리고 성과에 미치는 영향을 살펴보고, 또한 진정성 리더십과 종업원의 성과간의 관계에서 태도와 행동의 매개효과를 살펴보는 것이다. 이러한 연구목적을 달성하기 위해 본 연구는 SEM 및 회귀분석과 같은 통계적 기법들을 사용하였다. 실증분석 결과, 진정성 리더십은 종업원의 태도와 행동에 정(+)의 영향을 미치며, 종업원의 태도와 행동은 역할 성과에 정(+)의 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 또한 종업원의 태도가 진정성 리더십과 종업원의 행동 간의 관계에서 부분매개 역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 종업원의 행동은 종업원의 태도와 역할성과 간의 관계에서 부분 매개역할을 하는 것으로 나타났다. 이러한 연구결과를 토대로 종업원의 태도와 행동을 긍정적으로 변화시킬 수 있는 방안뿐만 아니라 종업원의 역할 성과 향상을 위해서 리더가 조직 내에서 어떤 역할을 해야 하는지에 대해서도 제시하였다.

본 논문에서는 공공연구개발사업의 기술파급측정을 위한 이론적/방법론적 기반을 제공하기 위하여 기술파급현상을 고찰하고 이를 측정하는 방법론에 관하여 논의하고자 한다. 본 논문은 다음과 같이 구성된다. 첫째, 일반적인 기술파급메커니즘에 관하여 논의하며 파급현상 및 파급경로를 정리한다. 둘째, 기존에 문헌들에서 사용된 주요 방법론을 소개하고 방법론의 장단점을 논의한다. 셋째, 방법론과 기술파급현상에 대한 이해를 기반으로 기술파급현상과 측정의 문제를 고찰한다. 마지막으로 공공연구개발 사업의 기술파급효과 측정을 위한 선행조건을 제시한다. 본 논문의 목적은 연구자 및 정책입안자들에게 기술파급현상과 측정에 관한 이해를 넓히고 여러 방법론으로 측정된 기술파급측정의 결과를 올바르게 평가를 할 수 있도록 하기 위해서이다. 본 연구는 향후 공공연구개발 사업의 파급효과를 측정하고자 할 때 방법론적 한계를 인식하여 파급현상과 측정 결과의 간극(gap)을 인지하여 이를 기반으로 더 향상된 측정 방법을 고안하는데 도움을 줄 것이다.

Anatatus orientalis is an important natural enemy parasitizing eggs of lanternfly Lycorma delicatula White. In order to effectively utilize this parasitoid, the parasitism rates of lantern-fly and emergence of its parasitoid were surveyed in different areas. Results showed that the emergences of wasp Anatatus orientalis from different areas had significant differences. Those parasitoids emerged from lantern-fly eggs collected from Yangling of Shaanxi province, Qinhuangdao of Hebei province, and Dagang District of Tianjin City came out focus on May only, while wasps from Yantai of Shandong province showed 2 obvious emergence peaks in May and September respectively. Wasp populations with emergence asynchrony in Yantai area were analyzed by different periods. Results revealed that the emergence percentages in spring (May) were significantly lower than that in fall (September), but the sex ratios did not differ significantly between the two seasons. The emergence asynchrony of parasitoid may be induced by the diapause of species, which is a long-term coevolutional outcome of parasitoid with host for maintaining its population. These findings provided some scientific bases for the rational utilization of this parasitoid in practice.

The contact mechanism of devices is usually researched at electrode contacts. However, the contact between a dielectric and channel at the MOS structure is more important. The graphene was used as a channel material, and the thin film transistor with MOS structure was prepared to observe the contact mechanism. The graphene was obtained on Cu foil by the thermal decomposition method with H2 and CH4 mixed gases at an ambient annealing temperature of 1000˚C during the deposition for 30 min, and was then transferred onto a SiO2/Si substrate. The graphene was doped in a nitrogen acidic solution. The chemical properties of graphene were investigated to research the effect of nitric atoms doping. The sheet resistance of graphene decreased after nitrogen acidic doping, and the sheet resistance decreased with an increase in the doping times because of the increment of negative charge carriers. The nitric-atom-doped graphene showed the Ohmic contact at the curve of the drain current and drain voltage, in spite of the Schottky contact of grapnene without doping.

In semiconductor manufacturing, the circuit integrity of packaged BGA devices is tested by measuring electrical resistance using test sockets. Test sockets have been reported to often fail earlier than the expected life-time due to high contact resistance. This has been attributed to the formation of Sn oxide films on the Au coating layer of the probe pins loaded on the socket. Similar to contact failure, and known as "fretting", this process widely occurs between two conductive surfaces due to the continual rupture and accumulation of oxide films. However, the failure mechanism at the probe pin differs from fretting. In this study, the microstructural processes and formation mechanisms of Sn oxide films developed on the probe pin surface were investigated. Failure analysis was conducted mainly by FIB-FESEM observations, along with EDX, AES, and XRD analyses. Soft and fresh Sn was found to be transferred repeatedly from the solder bump to the Au surface of the probe pins; it was then instantly oxidized to SnO. The SnO2 phase is a more stable natural oxide, but SnO has been proved to grow on Sn thin film at low temperature (< 150˚C). Further oxidation to SnO2 is thought to be limited to 30%. The SnO film grew layer by layer up to 571 nm after testing of 50,500 cycles (1 nm/100 cycle). This resulted in the increase of contact resistance and thus of signal delay between the probe pin and the solder bump.

We previously prepared a standardized and purified extract of Salvia miltiorrhiza, PF2401-SF, and showed that it protected against hepatic injury more effectively than ethanol based extraction. In this study, we determined the hepatoprotective mechanisms of PF2401-SF in vivo. Hepatic injury was induced in mice by using carbon tetrachloride (CCl4). Treatment with PF2401-SF (1 or 10 mg/kg, p.o.) significantly reduced the levels of alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST) in the plasma. PF2401-SF treatment resulted in further elevation of the CCl4-induced heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression, which contributed to the PF2401-SF-mediated liver protection. Additionally, PF2401-SF treatment significantly reduced the c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) phosphorylation induced by CCl4. Taken together, these results suggest that the protective effect of PF2401-SF, a standardized fraction of S. miltiorrhiza, against CCl4-induced hepatic injury in mice arises from its induction effect on HO-1 and inhibitory effect on JNK phosphorylation.