LED 혼합광에 따른 표고 품종별 특성을 1주기를 기준으로 조사한 결과 다음과 같다. ‘산조701호’의 경우 백 색광 보다 white+green에서 수량이 147g으로 가장 많았고, 유효경수도 4.7개로 백색광원 보다 많았다. 갓크기 는 white+blue에서 60.1로 다른 처리구에 비해 가장 컸고, 갓굵기도 26.4mm로 가장 컸다. 대길이와 대굵기는 처리구 모두 크게 차이가 나지 않았다. 갓의 명도값은 white+green에 34.4로 다른 처리구에 비해 다소 높았으 며, 황색도와 적색도에서는 크게 차이가 나지 않았다. 갓의 경도값도 처리간 차이가 크게 발생하지 않았다. ‘농진고’의 경우 수량은 white+green에서 80.3g으로 가장 많았고, 유효경수도 1.2로 다른 처리구에 다소 많은 경향이었다. 갓직경은 white+blue에서 68.3mm로 가장 컸고, 갓굵기는 white+green에서 24.8mm로 다른 처리구 에 비해서 크게 나타났다. 대길이는 white+green에서 43.3mm로 가장 컸고, 대직경은 White에서 16.1mm로 가 장 컸다. 갓의 명도, 황색도, 적색도는 모두 크게 차이가 나지 않았으며, 갓의 경도도 처리간 차이가 크게 발 생하지 않았다. 이상의 결과 수량성과 유효경수는 ‘산조701호’와 ‘농진고’ 모두 white+green에서 우수한 결과 가 나타났으나 갓의 생장특성에서는 다소 다른 차이가 나타났다.

Polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based carbon fibers have high specific strength, elastic modulus, thermal resistance, and thermal conductivity. Due to these properties, they have been increasingly widely used in various spheres including leisure, aviation, aerospace, military, and energy applications. However, if exposed to air at high temperatures, they are oxidized, thus weakening the properties of carbon fibers and carbon composite materials. As such, it is important to understand the oxidation reactions of carbon fibers, which are often used as a reinforcement for composite materials. PAN-based carbon fibers T300 and T700 were isothermally oxidized in air, and microstructural changes caused by oxidation reactions were examined. The results showed a decrease in the rate of oxidation with increasing burn-off for both T300 and T700 fibers. The rate of oxidation of T300 fibers was two times faster than that of T700 fibers. The diameter of T700 fibers decreased linearly with increasing burn-off. The diameter of T300 also decreased with increasing burn-off but at slower rates over time. Cross-sectional observations after oxidation reactions revealed hollow cores in the longitudinal direction for both T300 and T700 fibers. The formation of hollow cores after oxidation can be traced to differences in the fabrication process such as the starting material and final heat treatment temperature.

The UN Security Council adopted Resolution 2270 against North Korea’s fourth nuclear test on January 6, 2016, and its subsequent rocket launch. This resolution contains tougher sanction measures than any others adopted in the past, but is not expected to effectively stop North Korea’s nuclear weapons program. This essay analyzes the critical loophole of the rule of law in global society regarding nuclear proliferation systems as well as regional governance. It further suggests legal and policy options to resolve this nuclear dilemma. The parties concerned are asked to alter the status quo of hostile co-existence and instead revert to the spirit of the Geneva Agreed Framework.

In this study, the effect of wear resistance was investigated in Al 7075 alloys. For this purpose, three wear factor which are wear loss, coefficient of friction and friction forec applied to test wear-resistance. Wear test of ball-on-disk has been performed using steel balls to determine the variation of wear characteristics. Finally, the coefficient of wear was calculated by the Archard wear equation in Al 7075 alloys.

Environmental changes exert harmful effects on organisms inhabiting coastal regions. These changes are also associated with reduced production in aquaculture farms. In this study, we investigated internal and external responses of two Bivalvia species (Crassostrea gigas and Mytilus galloprovincialis) in Gamak Bay under stressful environmental conditions in aquaculture farms. We investigated external responses such as weight, size, and environment exposure time, and analyzed the expression of the HSP70 gene. C. gigas HSP70 gene expression level was significantly high in the C3 aquaculture farm site, but the weight and size of C. gigas were high in the C2 aquaculture farm site. The response of C. gigas HSP70 mRNA was associated with the environmental exposure time in each aquaculture farm. Expression of M. galloprovincialis HSP70 gene was found to be significantly higher in the M2 aquaculture farm site than in the M1 site, whereas the weight of M. galloprovincialis was observed to be higher in the M1 site. The size and environmental exposure time of M. galloprovincialis were similar between M1 and M2 sites. In addition, HSP70 sequences of C. gigas and M. galloprovincialis showed high similarity with that of another marine species. According to our results, there were differences in internal responses following environmental stress in aquaculture farms, with respect to HSP70 gene expression. The results suggest that the HSP70 gene is a useful molecular indicator for monitoring stress responses in Bivalvia species in the field.

본 연구는 광복이후 수용자 기본권 확장의 역사를 분석하여 실질적 법치교정을 구현하는데 목적을 두고 이루어졌다. 교정정책의 주요한 변화에 따라 혼란과 전란에 맞선 애국교정, 교정이념의 도입과 조직의 정비, 교정에 대한 통제강화와 수용자 인권의식의 신장, 교정법치의 확립과 치료적 교정프로그램의 도입기 등 4개의 시대로 구분하고, 법령과 판례의 변천을 통해 본 수용자 기본권 확장의 역사를 형집행법의 변천, 헌법재판소와 대법원 판례 변화를 중심으로 살펴보았다. 그 결과 수용자에 대한 형집행의 순화가 이루어졌고, 인권에 대한 수용자와 국민의 의식이 향상되었으며, 궁극적으로 교정시설에서 수용자 처우에 적법절차 관행이 자리 잡고 수용자의 인간다운 삶의 보장으로 이어졌다. 부정적인 부분은 수용처우에 있어 소송대비 등 형식주의를 의미하는 관료주의화가 나타났고, 수용자의 경우 수용생활 편의 목적의 진정, 고소⋅고발 등 다양한 형태의 소일거리에 직면하게 되었다는 점이다. 향후 실질적 법치교정을 위해서는 최근 시행되고 있는 정신질환자 및 성폭력범죄인을 위한 교육프로그램의 시행인 치료중심의 교정패러다임 확립, 과밀수용 완화를 통한 인간다운 수용환경의 조성 및 교정업무와 조직구성원의 전문화가 필요한 것으로 나타났다.

The heat shock proteins (Hsps), one of the most highly conserved groups of proteins, play crucial roles in protecting cells against environmental stressors, such as temperature, salinity, heavy metals and pathogenic bacteria. The glutathione S-transferases (GST) have important role in detoxification of oxidative damage, environmental chemicals and environmental stress. The purpose of this study is to investigate the gene expression of Hsp70 and GST on change of temperature and salinity in Mytilus coruscus. The M. coruscus was cultured in incubator of separate temperature and salinity (8, 20, 30℃×20‰, 25‰, 30‰) for 28 days. Ten individuals in each group were selected after each 14 and 28 days exposure. Results that the expression of Hsp70 mRNA was no significant changed in M. coruscus exposed to temperature (8℃, 20℃, 30℃) and salinity (20‰, 25‰, 30‰) for 14 days. Whereas the expression of Hsp70 mRNA was increased in exposure to temperature 30℃ and salinity (20‰, 25‰, 30‰) for 28 days. The expression of GST mRNA was increased in exposure to temperature 30℃, salinity (25‰, 30‰) for 14 days and temperature (8℃, 20℃, 30℃), salinity (20‰, 25‰, 30‰) for 28 days. These results suggest that Hsp70 and GST were played roles in biomarker gene on the thermal and salinity stress.

In this work, ceramic coatings were prepared on Al7075 aluminum alloy using microarc oxidation (MAO) process in a silicate-fluoride based electrolyte solution. The effect of OH− concentration, by adding NaOH to the solution on the microstructural and mechanical properties of the coating was investigated. Surface morphology and cross sectional view of the coating was analyzed using SEM while XRD was used to examine the phase compositions of the coatings. From XRD α-Al2O3 phase was found to be increased by adding NaOH to the electrolyte. Thereby, the hardness and the wear properties of the MAO coatings were found to be superior to those of the coatings prepared without NaOH addition or with amount maximum than 2 g/l NaOH. Moreover, the morphology of the coatings was transformed form nodule-based cluster to crater based structure with the addition of NaOH to the MAO electrolyte solution.

Five heat shock protein 70 (hsp70) isoforms (hsc70-3, hsc70-4, hsc70-5, hsc70cb, hsp70Ab) of Apis mellifera were identified from Honeybee genome database. Specific primers for each isoform were designed for the quantitative realtime RT-PCR analysis, then analyzed transcript levels of the abdomen of adult workers (3-4 weeks old) in respond to heat shock and imidacloprid ingestion. Heat shock at 45°C for 1 h induced all 5 genes but highest in hsc70cb, hsp70Ab. Ingestion of imidacloprid pesticide did not change any hsp70 isoforms at 33°C but those bees also highly responsive to heat shock at 45°C. In addition, expression level of each hsp70 isoform was various and heat shock response of each isoform was tissue-specific. For example, hsc70-3 was highest in midgut, hsc70-4 was in hypopharyngeal gland, but hsp70Ab was in fat bodies. However, heat shock response of all 5 isoforms was the highest in the fat body than brain, hypopharyngeal gland, midgut, flight muscle and integument. Our results provide information for the understanding of complicated protective mechanism of honey bee against thermal stress.

We investigated the high dispersion spectra that had been secured at the center of the planetary nebula NGC 7027 with the Bohyunsan Optical Echelle Spectrograph (BOES) on October, 20, 2009. We analyzed the forbidden lines of [OI], [SII], [OII], [NII], [ClIII], [ArIII], [OIII], [ArIV], [NeIII], [ArV], and [CaⅤ] in the 3770-9225Å wavelength region. The expansion velocities were derived from double Gaussian line profiles of the emission lines, after eliminating the subsidiary line broadening effects. The radial variations of the expansion velocities were obtained by projecting the derived expansion velocities: 19.56-31.93 kms ¯¹ onto the equatorial shell elements of the inner and the outer boundaries of the main shell of 2.5(2.1)'' and 3.8(3.6)'', according to the ionization potential of each ion. Analysis of equatorial shell spectra indicated that the equatorial shell generally expands in an accelerated velocity mode, but the expansion pattern deviates from a linear velocity growth with radial distance. NGC 7027, of which age is about 1000 years or less, might be still at its early stage. During the first few hundred years, plausibly in its early stage, the main shell of PN expands very slowly and, later, it gradually gain its normal expansion speed.

Target strength (TS) information is an important parameter that estimates the detection, distribution, and abundance of Aurelia aurita. In order to investigate the biological TS of jellyfish, some factors such as size (bell diameter), tilt angle, pulsation, and symbion should be known. In the ex situ TS measurements, the tilt angles and pulsation from synchronized swimming behavior of four live A. aurita (bell diameters in the air: 54.2 ~ 94.2 mm) were measured with the acoustic data at 70 kHz. The reduced target strength (RTS) of A. aurita was found to change ranged from 13.4 ~ 16.5 dB according to the incidence angles from –30° to 24°. When the change rate of bell diameter in the water was 0.2, the TS value showed a 7.2 dB change. These results could be utilized as an important data to understand the acoustic characteristic scattering of A. aurita.

This study aimed to characterize the use of spices in Korean cookbooks published from the 1400’s to 1700’s. We conducted a content analysis of seven old cookbooks (「Sangayorok」,「Suunjapbang」,「Eumsikdimibang」),「Yorok」,「Jubangmun」,「Somunsaseol」, and 「Jeungbosallimgyeongje」). We collected a total of 238 food recipes, including spices as ingredients. We analyzed the types of spices used and characteristics of the recipes according to 18 dish groups. As results, a total of 10 spices were used as ingredient: ginger, pepper, Chinese pepper, garlic, sesame, chili, mustard, cinnamon, fennel, and clove. Among 238 food recipes analyzed, ginger was used most often (40.3%), followed by pepper (36.1%), Chinese pepper (30.3%), garlic (17.2%), and so on. In particular, chili was used in 18 different kinds of food recipes, which were 「Somunsaseol」and「Jeungbosallimgyeongje」published in 1700s. Spices were used in different dish groups mostly as condiments. Among 18 dish groups, Chimchae was the most frequent dish group (44 recipes), followed by Jjim · Seon (31 recipes), Jang · Yangnyeom (20 recipes) and rice cake · cookie (20 recipes). Pepper or Chinese pepper were the most frequently used spices in all food groups except Chimchae, Hoe, Jang · Yangnyeom and rice cake · cookie, in which garlic, ginger, sesame and ginger were used most frequently, respectively.