A rapid and simple method for the quantitative determination of volatile fatty acids (VFAs; propionic acid, n-butyric acid, i-valeric acid and n-valeric acid) and indoles (phenol, p-cresol, 4-ethyl phenol, indole and skatole) in pig slurry and dog excrement using solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) coupled to gas chromatography was evaluated. 50/30 ㎛ DVB/CAR/PDMS (Divinylbenzene/Carboxen/Polydimethylsiloxane) fiber was used to extract the target compounds in aqueous media. Sample amount and adsorption time was standardized for the routine analysis. Detection limits were from 0.11 to 0.15 ㎍/L for VFAs and from 0.12 to 0.28 ㎍/L for indoles and the correlations observed (R2) were 0.975～1.000. This method was applied to the pig slurry, fertilizer, compost and dog excrement. In nearly all cases, the indoles were detected in concentrations of higher than their limits of detection (DOLs). But the VFAs in swine manure were below their DOLs.

Rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) oil with high oleic acid content is of great interest for both food and non-food uses. The ‘Tamla’ variety, characterized by oleic acid content of approximately 69%, was treated with 1% ethyl methane sulfonate (EMS) to induce mutations in the fatty acid biosynthesis pathway. M1 plants were selfed and subsequent generations (M2, M3, and M4 mutants) were analyzed to identify mutants having increased levels of oleic acid. M2 mutants showed oleic acid content ranging from 13.5% to 76.9% with some mutants (TR-458 and TR-544) having up to 74.7% and 76.9% oleic acid, which was an increase of nearly 5% and 7%, respectively, compared to untreated cv ‘Tamla’. We selected two M3 mutants with >75% oleic acid content. One mutant (TR-458-2) had increased oleic acid (75.9%) and decreased linoleic acid (12.5%) and linolenic acid (4.4%) contents. The other (TR-544-1) showed increased oleic acid content (75.7%) and decreased linoleic acid (13.5%) and linolenic acid (3.3%) contents. The accumulation or reduction of oleic acid content in the selected M4 mutants was also accompanied by a simultaneous decrease or increase in linoleic and linolenic acid contents. The high-oleic lines could be utilized further in breeding programs for improvement of rapeseed oil quality.

We investigated the effects of sea urchin shell powder on 2 volatile fatty acids, acetic and butyric acid, in poultry litter. A total of 60 1-d-old male broiler chicks (Arbor Acres) were allocated to 2 treatments (basal diet and 1% sea urchin shell powder) with 3 replicates of 10 birds each. During the 4-week experimental period, significant differences in acetic acid and butyric acid concentrations were observed between treatments (P < 0.05), except for acetic acid at 1 week. Additions of 1% sea urchin shell powder resulted in lower acetic and butyric acid concentrations compared to the litter of control birds. We conclude that the sea urchin shell powder used in this study might prove beneficial in reducing environmental pollution caused by poultry litter.

In this study, the general compositions, amino acids, fatty acids and collagen content of three abalones, which were harvested in Wando, Heuksando and Jeju Island in Korea, were analyzed and compared. The abalone body and viscera were separated from each other and the physicochemical properties were investigated. The moisture and protein contents of the viscera were lower than that of the body; while the lipid, carbohydrate, and mineral contents were higher. The general compositions and mineral contents also presented fluctuation among the three abalone groups. The amino acid content via hydrolysis in the abalone viscera ranged from 93.16 to 127.02 mg/g, which was lower than the amino acid content of the abalone body of approximately 145 mg/g. However, the free amino acids level in the abalone viscera ranged from 16.81 to 20.10 mg/g, which was higher than that of the abalone body level of approximately 7.90 to 10.59 mg/g. The fatty acid analysis revealed that while the saturated fatty acid percentages in the abalone body were higher than in the abalone viscera, the percentages of the monoenoic and polyenoic fatty acids of the body were significantly lower. The body of the abalone harvested in Wando contained the highest level of collagen (2.26±0.46 mg/g), followed by the abalone harvested in Jeju Island and Heuksando. The abalone viscera contained much lower collagen, which ranged from 0.37±0.15 mg/g to 0.20±0.03 mg/g. The results of this study will provide useful information for the future research of abalone.

The objective of this study was to rapidly evaluate fatty acids in a collection of millet (Panicum miliaceum subsp. miliaceum) of different origins so that this information could be disseminated to breeders to advance germplasm use and breeding. To develop the calibration equations for rapid and nondestructive evaluation of fatty acid content, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRs) spectra (1104-2494 nm) of samples ground into flour (n =100) were obtained using a dispersive spectrometer. A modified partial least-squares model was developed to predict each component. For foxtail millet germplasm, our models returned coefficients of determination (R2 ) of 0.89, 0.89, 0.89, and 0.92 for palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and total fatty acids, respectively. The prediction of the external validation set (n=10) showed significant correlation between references values and NIRs values (r2 =0.64, 0.90, 0.79, and 0.89 for palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and total fatty acids, respectively). Standard deviation/standard errors of cross-validation (SD/SECV) values were close to 3 (2.62, 2.40, 1.85, and 2.23 for palmitic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and total fatty acids, respectively). These results indicate that these NIRs equations are functional for the mass screening and rapid quantification of the oleic and total fatty acids characterizing millet germplasm. Among the samples, IT153514 showed an especially high content of fatty acids (48.14mg~;g-1 ), whereas IT123909 had a very low content (34.44mg~;g-1 ).

전통식품인 콩나물의 고부가가치화를 위한 우량 나물콩 품종 육성의 기초 자료를 제공하고자 특성이 다른 5종의 장려품종 나물콩으로 재배한 콩나물의 지방산 및 식이섬유 함량을 분석한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 생콩나물과 데친 콩나물의 지방산 조성은 큰 차이가 없어 가열 처리가 지방산 조성에는 영향을 끼치지 못하였다. 2. 전체 콩나물과 콩나물의 자엽 부위 지방산 조성은 원료콩과 비슷하였으나 배축 부위는 원료콩에 비해 포화지방산 함량이 높았으며 변이도 자엽 부위보다 컸다. 3. 가열 처리된 콩나물이 생콩나물보다 식이섬유 함량이 높았다. 4. 지방산 조성과 식이섬유 함량은 품종별로 차이가 있었다.

The objective of this study was to determine the fatty acid composition of newly developed tissues of germinated soybean seeds. Five soybean accessions with varied fatty acid composition were allowed to germinate in sand under greenhouse conditions. Seedlings were picked up after 4, 6, 8, 10 and 12 days of germination and freeze dried. The fatty acid composition of the newly developed tissues was analyzed by gas chromatography. Significant variation in fatty acid composition was observed between accessions, days of germination, and variety × day of germination in whole and the cotyledons. In the case of newly developed five tissues, significant variation in fatty acid composition were observed between days of germination except oleic acid for root, hypocotyl and epicotyl stem and except stearic acid for hypocotyl and unifoliate leaves while all the parameters were significantly different for accession. Significant interactions of accession and days of germination were observed for palmitic, linoleic and linolenic acid in all tissues; only for oleic acid in hypocotyl, epicotyl and unifoliate leaves; and only for stearic acid in root, hypocotyl, epicotyl and unifoliate leaves. During germination, the fatty acid composition of newly developed tissues changed dramatically but whole seedlings and cotyledons changed slightly. These tissues contained five major fatty acids as found in original seeds, but compositions were totally different from that of the seed: higher in palmitic, stearic and linolenic acid and lower in oleic and linoleic acid. New tissues conserved their fatty acid compositions regardless of genotypic variation in the original seeds.

Biological characteristics of 5 Zanthoxylum schinifolium (Zs) fruits such as Z1 (early August), Z2 (middle August), Z3 (middle September), Z4 (early October) and Z5 (middle October) according to harvesting time were evaluated. As fruits ripened, average weight of Zs increased from 4.8mg (Z1) to 50.7mg (Z5), while moisture contents decreased from 74.6% (Z1) to 55.2% (Z5). Crude fat contents of the fruits during ripening increased from 1% (Z1) to 10.6% (Z5). The major fatty acids in Zs were palmitic (C16:0), palmitoleic (C16:1), oleic (C18:1), and linoleic (C18:2) acids. Linoleic acid (C18:2) was a main fatty acid in Z1 and Z2, whereas oleic acid (C18:1) was found as a main one in the other Zs. The ratio of unsaturated fatty acid to total fatty acids increased from 60% (Z1) to 80% (Z3~Z5) during ripening. Among ripening stages, Z4 had the highest contents of total fatty acids (3,355μg/g) and total unsaturated fatty acids (2,753μg/g). Forty six volatile compounds in Zs were also identified. The major volatile compounds were α-pinene, β-myrcene, β-ocimene, 2-nonanone, estragole, 2-undecanone, and β-caryophyllene. Major volatile components of Z1 were β-ocimene (20.8 peak area %) and α-pinene (9.7 peak area %). In Z2, estragole (30.1 peak area %) was a main volatile compound, but the contents of α-pinene (0.4 peak area %), β-myrcene (0.3 peak area %), and β-ocimene (0.6 peak area %) were lower than those in Z1. Especially, estragole used as perfumes and as a food additive for flavor was drastically increased to 91.2 (Z3) and 92% (Z4) as fruits ripened.

In this study, the detection limits of lower fatty acids in air were investigated by using Dynamic SPME(Solid Phase Micro-Extraction), i.e. improved Head Space - SPME method(HS-SPME). This Dynamic SPME, called SPDE(Solid Phase Dynamic Extraction), is the analytical method for volatile compounds in air with the extraction by using a stainless steel needle of which inner surface is coated with adsorption material and following the gas chromatographic analysis by inserting the needle into a injection port of GC and subsequently, desorption of the volatile compounds into a gas- chromatographic column. Extraction was carried out by passing the sample air through the needle with a suction pump which has been used for a detection tube. The result of measurement for the 6 lower fatty acids showed that the detection limits ranged from 0.10 ppm to 0.44 ppm and the linear correlation coefficients were over 0.99. Relative standard deviations obtained from 5 analytical repetition of a ca. 1.6 ppm standard mixture were in the range of 1.87%∼2.47%. This method has been shown to be a adequate for the measuring C2∼C5 fatty acids in air in the concentrations of over several hundreds ppb.

Some fatty acids(palmitic acid, stearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid) in foxtail millet seeds were evaluated. In this study, 32 varieties of accession collected from different place of South Korea were used in order to evaluate their fatty acid composition and concentration. These samples were analyzed by GC with HP20 column. Significant variability in individual fatty acids was observed. The palmitic acid ranged from 10.9 to 13.5%, stearic acid from 2.5 to 8.3%, oleic acid from 10.0 to 15.8%, linoleic acid from 62.5 to 67.9% and linolenic acid ranged from 3.0 to 5.2%. This variability can be exploited for selection of plant and for studying the genetic variability in millet. These selections can also be utilized for genetic improvement of the crops.

The objective of this study was to rapidly evaluate fatty acids in a collection of foxtail millet (Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv) of different origins so that this information could be disseminated to breeders to advance germplasm use and breeding. To develop the calibration equations for rapid and nondestructive evaluation of fatty acid content, near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRs) spectra (1104-2494 nm) of samples ground into flour (n=100) were obtained using a dispersive spectrometer. A modified partial least-squares model was developed to predict each component. For foxtail millet germplasm, our models returned coefficients of determination (R2) of 0.91, 0.89, 0.98 and 0.98 for strearic acid, oleic acid, linoleic acid, and total fatty acids, respectively. The prediction of the external validation set (n=10) showed significant correlation between references values and NIRs values (r2=0.97, 0.91, 0.99 for oleic, linoleic, and total fatty acids, respectively). Standard deviation/standard error of cross-validation (SD/SECV) values were greater than 3 (3.11, 5.45, and 7.50 for oleic, linoleic, and total fatty acids, respectively). These results indicate that these NIRs equations are functional for the mass screening and rapid quantification of the oleic, linolenic, and total fatty acids characterizing foxtail millet germplasm. Among the samples, IT153491 showed an especially high content of fatty acids (84.06 mg g-1), whereas IT188096 had a very low content (29.92 mg g-1).

본 연구에서는 자연산 말전복과 양식산 참전복의 일반성분을 비롯한 지방산, 아미노산 및 핵산관련물질을 비교 분석하여 전복에 대한 기초자료로 활용하고자 하였다. 자연산 말전복과 양식산 참전복을 육과 내장으로 분리하여 실험한 결과, 육의 경우 자연산 말전복이 양식산 참전복에 비해 수분함량이 높게 나타났으며, 내장도 동일한 결과를 나타냈다. 조단백질 함량은 자연산 말전복에 비해 양식산 참전복에서 더 높게 나타났고, 조지질 함량은 자연산말전복과 양식산 참

Crude protein is about 40% in soybean seed, and oil extracted from soybean seeds is one of the major vegetable oils. Also soybean oil is a good source of essential fatty acids, and sugars in soybean seed is composed of water-soluble saccharides, and most of them are oligosaccharide namely sucrose, raffinose, and stachyose. Although the production of soybean decreased in Korea, the consumption of soybean increased in recent time because soybean is well known as a well-being and healthy food. Therefore, this experiment was conducted to know the variation of crude protein, crude oil, fatty acids, and sugar contents in Korean domestic black soybean cultivars grown at different latitudinal locations, Suwon (37°16'N) and Milyang (35°30'N). In most black soybean cultivars, oleic acid content was higher, while linoleic acid, or linolenic acid contents were lower at higher latitudinal Suwon compared to lower latitudinal Milyang. Sucrose content in Geomjeongkong # 3, raffinose contents in Gemjeongkongkong # 3, # 4, Ilpumgeomjeongkong, and Cheongjakong, and stachyose content in Gemjeongkong # 1 grown at lower latitudinal Milyang was higher compared to higher latitudinal Suwon. The variations of crude protein, crude oil and fatty acids contents seemed to be affected by genotype than growing locations according to different latitude as they did not show the significant interaction between cultivars and locations. In contrast, the variations of glucose, sucrose, and stachyose contents maybe affected by environmental condition as different latitude than the genotype because they showed the significant interaction between cultivars and locations.

본 연구에서는 6종류의 종실에서 기름을 착유하여 조지방 함량(crude fat content) 측정 및 총 지방산 조성과 위치별 지방산 조성을 비교 분석 하였으며, triacylglycerol(TAG)의 조성과 tocopherol 함량을 분석하였다. Folch법을 이용하여 분석된 조지방 함량은 들깨 21.64%, 홍화씨 13.85%, 고추씨 9.60%, 석류씨 8.85%, 녹두 2.25%, 결명자 2.00%로 나타났다. 추출된 종실유의 지방산 분

The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effects of chemical additives on total phosphorus (TP), soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP), and total volatile fatty acids (total VFAs) in hanwoo slurry. The treatments in this study were ferrous sulfate, alum, and aluminum chloride, and applied at the rate of 0, 0.5, and 1.0 g/25 g of hanwoo slurry. All of the chemical treatments significantly lowered TP (11 to 53% of the untreated control), SRP (41 to 99.9% of the untreated control), and total VFAs (22 to 48.5% of the untreated control) by reducing hanwoo slurry pH (3.42 to 6.86). Among these chemical amendments, addition of 0.5 g ferrous sulfate, alum, and aluminum chloride to hanwoo slurry were the best results evaluated on farms with respect to reducing negative environmental impacts. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate that the use of chemical amendments should be considered in the development of best management practices (BMPs) for the hanwoo industries.

한반도에 자생하는 갯방풍의 부위별 식물성 스테롤과 지방산을 탐색해 자생지역별 함량의 차이를 비교해 보았다. 잎에 있어서 지방산 함량은 영광에서 채취한 시료의 경우 스테아르산과 올레산 함량비율이 각각 삼척, 영덕, 부안, 해남에 비해 2배 이상 높았으나, 뿌리와 종자의 지방산 함량비율은 지역별 로 차이를 보이지 않았다. Phytosterols의 평균 함량은 campestreol이 3.8μg g-1, stigmasterol이 16.8μg g-1, β-sitosterol이 33.7μg g-1이었으며, 울진에서 채취한 시료에서 가장 높았다.

The objectives of this study were conducted to determine the effects of two chemical amendments on volatile fatty acids (VFA) and nitrogen contents in poultry litter after broiler chicks were raised in poultry houses for 6 weeks. Two different additives were applied as a top dressing to the litter at a rate of AlCl₃∙6₂2O (200 g)+CaCO₃ (50 g) or Alum (200 g)+CaCO₃ (50 g)/kg of rice bran; untreated litter served as controls. Application of AlCl₃+CaCO₃ and Alum+CaCO₃ reduced total VFA contents by 67% and 51% at 6 weeks, respectively, compard to the control groups. The decrease in litter pH with two chemical treatments results in decreased proportion of VFA and increased nitrogen contents of the litter. These results indicate that treating AlCl₃+CaCO₃ and Alum+CaCO₃ to poultry litter offers the potential for reducing an environmental impact.

Quality protein maize(QPM) 육성계통의 화학적 특성과 지방산 및 아미노산 조성을 검토하기 위하여 KS5/QPM 계통의 BC1F2 및 KS135/QPM 계통의 BC1F2 자식계통을 대상으로 opaque-2 specific micro-satellite marker인 umc1066를 사용하여 QPM 26계통을 선발하고 non-QPM 34계통을 공시하여 얻어진 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. QPM계통은 non-QPM계통에 비하여 지방함량이 유의하게(p<0.05) 증가되었으나 단백질함량은 통계적 유의차가 없었다. 2. QPM 계통과 non-QPM 계통 모두 linoleic acid(Cl8:2)의 조성비가 가장 높고 oleic acid(Cl8:1), palmitic acid(Cl6:0), linolenic acid(Cl8:3), stearic acid(Cl8:0)의 순으로 지방산 조성비가 높았다. 3. QPM 계통은 non-QPM 계통에 비하여 포화지방산의 비율이 다소 높고 불포화지방산의 비율은 non-QPM 계통에 비하여 조성비가 낮았으나 통계적 유의성은 없었다. 4. QPM 계통은 non-QPM 계통에 비하여 lysine의 조성 비율이 높고 황함유 아미노산(cystine, methionine)의 비율이 증가되었다. 5. QPM 계통의 필수아미노산의 조성비율은 28.1%였고 non-QPM 계통은 27.1%로 QPM 계통이 영양학적인 면에서 유리한 것으로 판단되었다.