An analysis of the courses from American architectural institutions during the period of $1890^{\sim}1950$ 수식 이미지 reveals an emergence of a distinction between a purely architectural and an architectural engineering discipline. A reflection of the economic growth, industrialization and urbanization of a nation; the education of the American architect during that period assumed a professional character. In contrast to European technical institutions which concentrate on the engineering aspects of architecture, American institutions developed a more comprehensive, design oriented curriculum within the framework of the American university system. The establishment of a system of formal education for architects and architectural engineers, replacing the tradition of apprenticeship, made it possible to train future professionals according to their ideals. But the objectives, contents and products of these curricula took on divergent characteristics from institution to institution. The growth of legal regulations( ie. ACSA, NAAB, NCARB, ASEE, etc.) governing the registration of architects and engineers, emphasized the legitimate concern within the profession to determine an acceptable standard of professional education. Such regulatory standards influenced the transition of architectural engineering education in institutions including the case of MIT. As a result, the ambivalence in architectural engineering programs found specific resolution in programs, such as architectural engineering, building engineering, construction or civil engineering.

This study was undertaken to determine factors associated with infant feeding practices among highly educated Korean mothers living in Texas, USA and local populations. In both groups, infant's birth order, maternal age, prenatal education, husband's attitude, mother's attitude and infant's taking a bottle to bed were not associated with infant's feeding patterns significantly. However, there was a significant difference in initiating time for introduction of supplementary foods between Koreans and Americans. Thus Korean mothers introduced supplementary foods earlier than American counterparts. Furthermore the infant's feeding method among all participants affected the time for introducing supplementary foods significantly. Though attitude of Korean mothers toward breastfeeding was slightly more positive than that of American mothers, the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Koreans was much lower than that in Americans. It might be suggested that effective nutrition education program for Korean subjects should be developed to practice breastfeeding from positive attitude and knowledge. It might be also suggested that participation of prenatal nutrition education involving fathers should be encouraged for promotion of rates of initiation and duration of exclusive breastfeeding of mothers.

맨틀 불균질성은 지구 내부의 휘발성 성분의 분포 및 순환과 밀접한 관련이 있으며, 맨틀에서 휘발성 물질의 거동은 규산염암의 유변학적 특성에도 큰 영향을 미친다. 이와 같은 상부맨틀의 물리화학적 특성은 미 구조와 유체포유물의 형태로 맨틀 포획암에 기록될 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 미국 리오 그란데 리프트 지역에 서 산출되는 페리도타이트 포획암의 미구조와 유체포유물의 특성과 관련된 이전 연구결과들을 요약 및 리뷰 하였으며, 이를 통해 이 지역의 상부맨틀의 진화과정과 불균질성에 대해 이해하고자 한다. 리오 그란데 리프 트에서 맨틀 포획암이 산출되는 지역은 크게 리프트 중심부인 리프트 축(rift axis) 지역(EB: Elephant Butte, KB: Kilbourne Hole)과 리프트 연변부인 리프트 측면(rift flank) 지역(AD: Adam’s Diggings)으로 나눠진다. 전자(EB 및 KB 페리도타이트)의 경우 응력이 낮고 물함량이 적은 조건에서 형성되는 type-A 격자선호방향 이 보고되었고, 후자(AD 페리도타이트)의 경우 응력이 낮고 물함량이 많은 조건에서 형성되는 type-C 격자선 호방향이 보고된 바 있다. 특히, AD 페리도타이트의 경우 초기(type-1: CO2-N2) 및 후기(type-2: CO2-H2O)와 같은 최소 두번의 유체 침투 사건이 사방휘석 내에 기록되어있다. 이와 같은 미구조 및 유체포유물에 기록된 상부맨틀의 불균질성은 북미 판과 Farallon 판 사이의 상호작용에 기인한 것으로 추정된다.

본 연구는 특수교육 관련 지표를 선정하고, 국내외 특수교육 관련 통계자료를 수집 및 비교 분석함으로써, 국가별 특수교육 현황과 한국 특수교육이 나아가야할 시사점을 도출하고자 하였다. 본 연구를 위해 한국, 미국, 일본, 독일, 호주 총 5개국에 대한 특수교육 통계 자료를 각 국가별 교육부 또는 특수교육 관련 기관에서 보고한 통계자료를 수집하였고, 분석 지표를 기준으로 국가별 통계 자료 제시 및 통계 결과를 비교·분석하였다. 본 연구의 구체적인 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 국가별로 특수교육대상자 배치 및 통합교육에 대한 통계 결과를 제시하였다. 둘째, 특수교육대 상자 현황, 특수학교 현황, 통합교육 현황, 특수교육교원 현황에 대해 한국, 미국, 일본, 독일, 호주 의 통계 결과를 비교하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과를 바탕으로, 한국 특수교육 정책 및 통계조사에 대한 시사점을 논의하였다.

Many traditional designs and products can be seen to be out of step with modern society. While being marginalized from the contemporary market for this reason, they are highly regarded in terms of their historical and traditional values embedded in ways of life in the particular community over time and transmitted from generation to generation. This paper aims to explore cultural significance embodied in such designs and products and clarify its meaning and interpretation for people today who make and/or use them. This will help craft makers and designers better understand what to bear in mind while trying to revitalize them without losing its essential meaning and value. Employing an in-depth case study method, 11-day field research was undertaken to explore traditional designs and products in New Mexico, USA as a successful example of well-sustained and thriving art and craft culture acknowledged both locally and internationally. Based on key informant interviews and site visits, research findings are discussed mainly around three areas: traditional crafts, artisans and place. Based on the analysis of research findings, key success factors of traditional designs and products in Santa Fe are discussed, from which implications for important elements that consist of cultural significance attached to the products can be drawn.

Purpose - This work analyzes, in detail, the specification of vector error correction model (VECM) and thus examines the relationships and impact among seven economic variables for USA - balance on current account (BCA), index of stock (STOCK), gross domestic product (GDP), housing price indices (HOUSING), a measure of the money supply that includes total currency as well as large time deposits, institutional money market funds, short-term repurchase agreements and other larger liquid assets (M3), real rate of interest (IR_REAL) and household credits (LOAN). In particular, we search for the main explanatory variables that have an effect on stock and real estate market, respectively and investigate the causal and dynamic associations between them. Research design, data, and methodology – We perform the time series vector error correction model to infer the dynamic relationships among seven variables above. This work employs the conventional augmented Dickey-Fuller (ADF) and Phillips-Perron (PP) unit root techniques to test for stationarity among seven variables under consideration, and Johansen cointegration test to specify the order or the number of cointegration relationship. Granger causality test is exploited to inspect for causal relationship and, at the same time, impulse response function and variance decomposition analysis are checked for both short-run and long-run association among the seven variables by EViews 9.0. The underlying model was analyzed by using 108 realizations from Q1 1990 to Q4 2016 for USA. Results – The results show that all the seven variables for USA have one unit root and they are cointegrated with at most five and three cointegrating equation for USA. The vector error correction model expresses a long-run relationship among variables. Both IR_REAL and M3 may influence real estate market, and GDP does stock market in USA. On the other hand, GDP, IR_REAL, M3, STOCK and LOAN may be considered as causal factors to affect real estate market. Conclusions – The findings indicate that both stock market and real estate market can be modelled as vector error correction specification for USA. In addition, we can detect causal relationships among variables and compare dynamic differences between countries in terms of stock market and real estate market.

원전의 안전한 해체 관리를 위해 원전 해체 비용 평가는 매우 중요하다. 가장 많은 원전 해체 경험을 갖고 있는 미국의 경우 1970년대부터 원자력시설의 해체를 위하여 비용평가 연구를 진행하였다. 미국 NRC는 다양한 로형 및 원자력시설에 대한 해체 기술, 안전성 및 비용에 대한 연구를 수행하였다. 전체 해체 비용에서 운영허가종료비용이 가장 큰 비중을 차지하며, 그 다음으로는 사용후핵연료 관리, 부지복원순으로 평가되었다. 해체비용은 전체비용에 있어 운영허가종료가 제일 큰 비중을 차지하며 사용후핵연료관리, 부지복원 순으로 평가되었다. 즉시해체의 경우 지연해체에 비해 사용후핵연료관리 비용이 증가하였으며 지연 해체의 경우 운영허가종료의 비용이 증가하였다. 전반적으로 즉시해체에 비해 지연해체의 경우가 뚜렷하게 이득이 보이지 않고 있다. 국내 원전 해체 비용 평가시 부지 조건에 따른 평가를 고려해야할 필요가 있다고 판단된다. 또한 국내의 경우 IAEA의 권고사항을 적용하여 방사성폐기물 분류체계를 재정비하였다. 이에 따라 해체시 발생하는 방사성폐기물 물량 산정시, 선행 미국 원전해체 자료를 신분류체계에 적합하게 활용하기 위한 방법을 개발해야할 필요가 있다. 특히 자체처분 대상폐기물 평가 방법론 설정은 해체비용의 정확성을 확보하는 중요한 인자로 작용할 것이다. 또한 국내 원전해체 비용 평가를 위하여 시설 특성과 작업 특성에 적용할 수 있는 정보자료 구축이 필요하다.

게임 플레이어 캐릭터는 사건의 중심에 있으며 몰입에 지대한 영향을 미친다. 미국과 일본 게임시장의 소비자를 이해하기 위해 플레이어 캐릭터 기초 특성인 나이와 성별을 비교분석할 필요가 있다. RPG와 어드벤처 장르에서 미국과 일본의 15년간 게임어워드 수상작을 연구대상으로 선정하여 나이와 성별을 분류하고 비교분석하였다. 일본 게임은 나이와 성별을 명시한 설정된 캐릭터 비율이 94.3%, 88.6%로 압도적으로 높았으나 미국 게임은 나이를 명시하지 않고 설정된 캐릭터가 가장 높았다. 본 연구는 미국과 일본 게임의 플레이어 캐릭터 나이와 성별에 설정에 차이가 있다는 점을 인식하게 하고 플레이어 캐릭터 설정의 가이드라인이 되어 게임 디자인 발전에 기여하고자 한다.

Roadside native vegetation provides important habitat for plants and animals, and provides visual amenity and beauty for drivers and rural areas. In particular, native wildflowers create and maintain attractive landscaping and scenic vistas while help protect and restore the natural environment. However, it is lacking in government policies and guidelines about using native wildflowers for roadside vegetation and alien invasive plants are a major threat to our environment. The purpose of this study is to review the regulations and programs for roadside vegetation, especially native wildflowers in USA in order to learn lessons about developing wildflower policies in Korea. A summary of results follows: (1) the goals of roadside vegetation have been shifted from beautification for pleasant driving experience to sustainable and economical maintenance. (2) Various funds and laws by federal and local government are essential for native wildflower planting and roadside enhancement. (3) Ongoing projects on seed collection and seed banking of native plants are conducted by wildflower research centers to conserve and propagate endangered plants. (4) Recognizing that wildflower viewing holds tremendous potential, increasing local governments try to grow wildflower tourism for economic benefits. In conclusion, we should establish a long-range plan and regulations on roadside wildflowers planting in order to create safe and sustainable transportation corridors in Korea. In addition, more research on wildflower habitat and propagation should be warranted and landscape architects should play a definitive role in providing pleasant driving experiences and promoting wildflower tourism.

게임을 포함한 모든 미디어에서 테마는 작품의 핵심이다. 성공적인 게임을 개발하기 위해서 는 게임의 테마를 효과적으로 표현해야 한다. 이를 위하여 게임 테마의 특성을 이해하고 잘 활 용할 수 있어야 한다. 본 연구에서는 선행 문헌 연구를 통하여 게임 테마의 11가지 특성을 추 출하고 정리하였으며, 학계와 업계 전문가 인터뷰를 통하여 게임 테마의 4가지 핵심 특성인 공 감성, 방향성, 일관성, 통합성을 도출하였다. 미국과 일본의 대표적인 RPG 게임에서 공통적으로 게임 테마의 4가지 핵심 특성이 잘 표현되고 있음을 설문조사를 통하여 정량적으로 검증하였 다. 미국과 일본의 RPG는 공통적으로 4가지 핵심 특성에서 5점 만점에 3.45~4.59를 받아 높게 평가받았다. 미국과 일본의 성공적인 RPG 게임에서 게임 테마의 4가지 핵심 특성을 정량적으 로 분석하였고 이는 다른 게임에서 테마에 대한 가이드라인이 될 것이다. 게임 테마의 특성을 효과적으로 활용하여 성공적인 게임 디자인과 개발을 하는데 기여하고자 한다.

Concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and several of its particle constituents measured outside homes in Houston, Texas, and Los Angeles, California, were characterized using multiple regression analysis with proximity to point and mobile sources and meteorological factors as the independent variables. PM2.5 mass and the concentrations of organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), benzo-[a]-pyrene (BaP), perylene (Per), benzo-[g,h,i]-perylene (BghiP), and coronene (Cor) were examined. Negative associations of wind speed with concentrations demonstrated the effect of dilution by high wind speed. Atmospheric stability increase was associated with concentration increase. Petrochemical source proximity was included in the EC model in Houston. Area source proximity was not selected for any of the PM2.5 constituents' regression models. When the median values of the meteorological factors were used and the proximity to sources varied, the air concentrations calculated using the models for the eleven PM2.5 constituents outside the homes closest to influential highways were 1.5-15.8 fold higher than those outside homes furthest from the highway emission sources. When the median distance to the sources was used in the models, the concentrations of the PM2.5 constituents varied 2 to 82 fold, as the meteorological conditions varied over the observed range. We found different relationships between the two urban areas, illustrating the unique nature of urban sources and suggesting that localized sources need to be evaluated carefully to understand their potential contributions to PM2.5 mass and its particle constituents concentrations near residences, which influence baseline indoor air concentrations and personal exposures. The results of this study could assist in the appropriate design of monitoring networks for community-level sampling and help improve the accuracy of exposure models linking emission sources with estimated pollutant concentrations at the residential level.

A historic urban landscape has to be preserved wholly, not only as a cultural heritage site, but also as an environment and a neighborhood. However, cultural heritage sites have their own unique social-commercial environments, and these are not easy to integrate during the preservation process even though they are located in the same area. To examine ways of overcoming the difficulty in integrating the preservation of heritages, this study analyzes the historic urban landscape preservation of St. Augustine, Florida in the United States. The preservation of St. Augustine's historic urban landscape can be identified by its unique system of government-academy cooperation. For integrated preservation of the historic landscape of St. Augustine, Florida's state government owns the properties, which are not designated but have a heritage value, and are located next to the nationally designated heritage sites. The properties receive trust administration by the University of Florida. This cooperation between the government and the university can benefit both stakeholders. To the government, the relationship gives the benefit for professional, long-term management for the properties and their environments. To the university, the cooperation provides a place for practical education, funding, and opportunities for research and management. The government-academy cooperation model argued for this study can be applied to many Korean historic cities' urban landscape preservation planning.

Incineration allows for the recovery of energy from combustible waste. It would be highly beneficial to society if this heat could be used efficiently. However, due to the difficulties involved with storing and transporting heat energy, consumers would need to live near incineration facilities in order to make efficient use of this heat energy. Moreover, it is usually difficult to achieve a balance between heat demand and supply. For instance, although there is a significant demand for heat in Northern Europe, the demand for electricity in that region is larger than the demand for heat in Central/Southern Europe. Hence, the preferred form of energy recovery differs depending on the nation or regional conditions. However, there are no limitations with regard to electricity because it can be used in a variety of ways. As a result, leading countries such as those in the European Union and the United States have been developing technologies and building facilities to recover electricity. In Korea, stable operation (steam condition 200-300℃, 20-25bar) was given priority over energy recovery because the country’s background with regard to the measure for dioxin is different from that of Europe or the United States. In addition, the produced energy has been mostly self-consumed rather than sold. While Korea is implementing incineration energy recovery, the country’s incineration power generation is considerably lower than that of leading nations. According to the 6thbasic plan for power supply(2013–2027), which was announced in 2013, the government of Korea is planning to secure a power generation capacity of 688 MW (as of 2012, a level of 74 MW was attained) from waste. Accordingly, this paper examined trends and efficiency improvements for incineration power generation in leading countries.

본 연구의 목적은 미국의 학교정원운동의 사상적 배경과 그 발 전과정을 고찰한 후 국내 학교정원 교육에 시사점을 제시하는 것이 다. 연구결과, 19세기 말, 유럽의 진보주의 교육사상과 미국의 Nature-Study 교육사상이 미국 학교정원운동의 사상적 배경이 되 었음을 알 수 있었다. 학교정원운동의 발전과정은 형성, 쇠퇴, 재부 흥의 과정을 거쳤다. 1891년을 시작으로 1914년까지 학교정원은 교육개혁차원에서 국가적인 학교정원운동으로 형성되었다. 그러 나 1914년부터 1918년까지 학교정원은 세계대전을 위한 식량생 산의 목적으로 활용되었다. 전쟁이 끝난 이후 학교정원운동은 쇠퇴 의 양상을 보였고 1950년대 이후 기술(technology)이 주도하는 사 회가 되면서 학교정원이 점차 사라졌다. 그러나 1990년대 이후 심 각해지는 어린이 비만과 자연결핍의 문제를 개선하고 학업성취도 향상을 위해 학교정원운동이 새롭게 확산되고 있다. 본 연구를 통해 국내 학교정원 교육에 주는 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 학교정 원의 존재목적을 명확하게 정의해야 한다. 둘째, 교과목과 연계된 학교정원 커리큘럼을 개발해야 한다. 셋째, 학교정원운동의 대중 화를 위해 개척가적 리더십이 필요하다. 넷째, 교육현장에 성공적 으로 구현되기 위해서 다양한 분야의 파트너십이 필요하다. 마지막 으로 지역사회와 학교상황에 맞는 융통성 있는 학교정원 교육모델 이 필요하다.

This paper conducted comparison of the bridge maintenance index of South Korea, China and USA. In this paper summarized that The agency who take the maintenance activity, maintenance manual and characteristic of the bridge maintenance index. Also, based on summary and comparison, this study proposed sugesstions for improvements of bridge maintenance index.

Purpose The paper tested the – relationship between the stock markets of the Middle East and the USA with the oil price and US dollar index as threshold variables. Research design, data, and methodology – The stock price indices of the USA, the Middle East (Abu Dhabi, Jordan), WTI spot crude oil price, and US dollar index were daily returns in the research period from May 21, 2001 to August 9, 2012. Following Hansen (1999), the panel threshold regression model was used. Results – With the US dollar index as the threshold variable, a negative relationship existed between the stock price indices of Jordan and the USA but no significant result was found between the stock price indices of Abu Dhabi and the USA. Conclusions – The USA is an economic power today:even if it has a closer relationship with the US stock market, the dynamic US economy can learn about subsequent developments and plan in advance. Conversely, if it has an estranged relationship with the US stock market, thinking in a different direction and different investment strategies will achieve good results

In U.S.A. maize breeding, exotic germplasm is considered as high-risk and usually introduced by backcrossing specific traits into elite lines. The U.S.A. maize germplasm base is narrow. Only a few open-pollinated varieties are well represented in current programs. Currently, the barrier in using of exotic germplasm in the U.S.A is less formidable than in the 1980s. The major reason is that U.S.A materials are now used in tropical breeding to accelerate earlier maturity and lodging resistance. These exotic materials, developed with U.S.A germplasm, are being introduced back into the U.S.A.Since1994, the ARS-led Germplasm Enhancement of Maize (GEM) project has sought to help broaden the genetic base of America’s corn crop by promising exotic germplasm and crossing it with domestic lines. New hybrids derived from such crosses have provided corn researchers and the producers. These may include improved or alternative native source of resistance to insect pests such as corn rootworms and diseases like northern leaf blight. GEM’s aim is to provide source of useful genetic maize diversity to help the producers to reduce risks from new or evolving insect and disease threats or changes in the environment or respond to new marketing opportunities and demand. During the 2009 growing season, the Ames (Iowa) and Raleigh (North Carolina) locations managed or coordinated evaluations on 17,200 nursery plots as well as 14,000 yield trial plots in Ames and 12,000 in Raleigh. A new “allelicdiversity” study is devoted to exploring and capturing the genetic variation represented by over 300 exotic corn races. Since 2001, GEM has released 221 new corn lines to cooperators for further development into elite commercial new hybrids. GEM has already identified about 50%-tropical, 50%-temperate families tracing primarily to tropical hybrids that are competitive with commercial checks. In North Carolina State University program, they have examined the potential of tropical inbredand hybrids for U.S.A. breeding by crossing temperate-adapted, 100%-tropical lines to U.S.A hybrids. There should be favorably unique alleles or genomic regions in temperate germplasm that can be helpful in tropical maize improvement as well as utilization of tropical lines in temperate areas.