포켓몬고 게임의 인기로 실외 증강현실 게임에 대한 관심이 높아졌다. 본 논문은 실외 증강현실 슈팅 게임을 위한 권총형 모션 컨트롤러와 이와 연동하는 증강현실 게임 콘텐츠를 소개한다. 기존의 증강현실 게임용 총 컨트롤러는 방아쇠 인터랙션만 지원하고 있지만, 제안하는 장치는 모션 인터랙션으로도 게임을 조작할 수 있어, 실외에서도 총기류를 이용한 슈팅 게임을 몰입하여 즐길 수 있다.

This study started with the issue that the criteria for the general image scale used in outdoor color planning are vague and the vocabulary and expressive area of the scale are not accurate. As an exterior color planning guideline, it is required to suggest a sensible image scale, which is an appropriate assessment tool for outdoor environment. We identified psychological attributes of colors and set the color image scale axis as “Soft–Hard” in a vertical and “Warm–Cool” in a horizontal. 26 sensibility languages were finally selected for the image scale through literature review, pre-analysis, and expert evaluation. All types of colors extracted from analyzing over 600 photo images were categorized according to 26 sensibility languages. 3 colors by each sensibility language were finally selected and arranged in the color image scale in accord with the outdoor environment of the apartment houses. The significance of this study is that wide range of color position in the color image scale could be utilized as an effective guideline for actual color planning by upgrading the existing color image scale to a higher level with the color reflecting sensibility language. The result also implies that the development of diversified color palette is required especially for the exterior color planning of apartment houses, and the systematical color design process should be established in order to improve the quality of color environment.

FPS 게임 속 시가지 맵에서 간판, 현수막, 벽보 등의 옥외광고가 흔히 등장한다. 본 논문은 실제 상권들의 옥외광고를 FPS 게임의 시가지 맵에 자동으로 배치하는 방법을 제안한다. 옥외 광고는 실제 제품이나 기업의 광고이며 서버에서 관리된다. 실제 광고가 업데이트 되는 경우 게임 소스를 수정하지 않고도 자동으로 배치된다. 광고의 배치에 있어서 플레이어의 위치와 실 제 상권의 위치의 관계, 실제 상점의 서비스 형태 등을 활용한다. 수집한 속성들에 우선순위 점 수를 부여하여 높은 순위가 우선적으로 맵에 배치된다. 제안하는 배치 방법은 플레이어의 위치 를 기반으로 광고를 배치하므로 친근감 유발과 함께 광고 효과를 높일 수 있다.

This study conducted to investigate the role of the horticultural activities to create and manage the outdoor space of the school, are as follows: Most of the students have had experiences of horticultural activities cultivating vegetables, fruits, flowers, trees, etc., and took part in activities such as planting plants, growing plants, and harvesting plants. These activities were done through the house veranda, garden, or school classes. We found that much of the horticultural activities are done at school, home, and communities, as the students have quite a few experiences in external experiential events or allotment farms. Students had more than average amount of interest in horticultural activities. In particular, the more gardening activity the student experienced, the higher interest they had. About half of the students observe the plants at least once a month and know the names of 3.42 plants among the plants at school. The students in the school that had done the school forest project are aware of relatively many plants and show high observation frequency. Although the schools done horticultural activities in accordance with the curriculum, they usually consist of one-off activities such as planting and seeding in schools without gardens as the activities are done with pots inside the classrooms. The satisfaction with the external school environment was relatively high at schools that done the school forest project, and this was affected by flowers, trees, and resting area. In other words, students must have plenty of flowers and trees to be satisfied with the external school environment and should also have an appropriate outdoor resting area. It is important to provide opportunities to allow students to continue experiencing gardening activities at school and home, because they have a high abundance of experience and interest in horticultural activities. Therefore, the space for horticultural activities considering the school curriculum and preferences of students should be secured and a variety of flowers and trees should be planted in order to create the external environment of school.

This study investigated the association between PM2.5 concentrations obtained with portable real-time monitors and those obtained with gravimetric methods in national urban air-quality monitoring sites in Seoul, South Korea. We used the SidePak AM510 Personal Aerosol Monitor (TSI Inc., 500 Cardigan Road Shoreview, MN) and DustTrak DRX 8533 (TSI Inc., 500 Cardigan Road Shoreview, MN) as portable real-time monitors for measuring PM2.5 concentrations and compared these values with those measured with the PMS-103 or SEQ 47/50 models operated by Federal Reference Method (FRM) or the European Committee for Standardization(ECS), respectively, in national urban air-quality monitoring sites in Seoul. Measurements were conducted every other day in the winter and spring seasons of 2014. The estimated daily mean concentrations of PM2.5 ranged between 13.4 and 161.9 μg/m3 using AM 510 and between 22.0 and 156.0 μg/m3 using DustTrak. The Spearman correlation coefficient for PM2.5 concentrations between AM 510 and gravimetric results was 0.99, and the correlation between DustTrak and gravimetric results was 0.87. The correction factor suggested was 0.42 and 0.29 for AM 510 and DustTrak, respectively. We found that PM2.5 concentrations measured with real-time monitors could overestimate true PM2.5 concentrations and therefore the application of a correction factor (0.43) is strongly suggested for quantification when Real-time monitors were operated of PM2.5 levels at urban atmospheric environment of South Korea.

본 연구는 유아가 유치원 주변의 자연물을 직접 탐색하고 실외모래놀이에 활용해 보는 활동이 유아의 자 연친화적 태도에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 연구대상은 강원도 J군에 소재한 2개의 공립유치원에 재원중인 만 3․4․5세 유아 31명이며, 주 3회씩 8주 동안 총 24회 실시하였다. 연구도구는 유아의 자연친화적 태도를 측정하기 위해 이성민(2012)의 「자연친화적 태도 검사」도구를 사용하였다. 그 결과 자연물과 함께한 실외모래놀이 활동이 유아의 자연보호태도, 자연사랑태도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 즉 자연물과 함께한 실외모래놀이 활동이 유아의 자연친화적 태도에 긍정적인 영향을 미 쳤다고 할 수 있다. 이를 통해 자연친화교육으로서 자연물과 함께한 실외모래놀이가 주는 가치를 새롭게 인식하는 것에 의의가 있다.

This study tried to compare and analyze the thermal comfort index according to GVZ of school green space. For the analysis, this study performed a correlation analysis with weather elements by measuring and calculating UTCI, PMV, and WBGT according to GVZ. GVZ was in the order of Type 3 (5.68 m3/m2) > Type 2 (4.71 m3/m2) > Type 1 (3.37 m3/m2). The average temperature and solar radiation, surface temperature, globe temperature among weather characteristics was in the order of Type 1> Type 2 > Type 3. The UTCI in the school green space was in the order of Type 1 (33.95°C) > Type 2 (33.68°C) > Type 3 (32.73°C). At Type 3 that the GVZ is higher than other Types, it is belongs to range of 26~33°C which gets normal heat stress, and other Types belong to range of 33~38°C which gets strong heat stress. The PMV was in the order of Type 1 > Type 2 > Type 3, and the estimated rate of unsatisfaction was appeared as 100%, so it is uncomfortable even in the school green space that it requires measure on heat wave. The WBGT was in the order of Type 1 > Type 2 > Type 3. The result of the correlation analysis according to the heat comfort index shows that, the higher the green ratio and GVZ are, the UTCI has negative relationship, and PMV and WBGT were analyzed as have no relationship according to green characteristics, but this result was considered as measured at green space when the temperature was at its highest so the uncomfortable feeling was also highest. The result of correlation analysis of green characteristics and the weather elements shows that GVZ and insolation, temperature has negative relationship, so it is considered that the higher the GVZ is, the solar radiation and the temperature are decreased.

본 고는 동절기 이후 무근 콘크리트의 상부에서 쉽게 발생하는 스케일링 현상에 주목하여 무근 콘크리트의 동해 발생원인을 고찰하고, 이에 대한 내구성을 향상시키기 위한 방안을 기존문헌조사를 통하여 1) 강도향상, 2) 진공배수공법 적용, 3) 흡수방지재 시공의 방법을 선정하였다. 그 후 각 방법의 동결융해저항성 향상 평가를 정량적으로 평가하기위하여 동결융해 시험을 통한 상대동탄성계수를 측정하였다. 그 결과 1), 2)번의 경우 동탄성계수가 약 15% 향상, 3)의 경우 강도에 따라 7~13%향상됨을 실험적으로 확인하였다. 따라서 상기의 방법 모두 무근 콘크리트의 동결융해 저항성 향상에 유효한 방법으로 판단되며, 이를 통해 무근콘크리트의 빈번히 발생하는 품질저하 및 이로인한 유지보수비용 절감을 도모할 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

본 연구는 공동주택 옥외공간에 도입된 이용프로그램의 현황을 파악함으로써 옥외공간 이용 활성화를 높일 수 있는 이용프로그램 도입 및 개발에 필요한 기초자료를 제시하고자 370개소 공동주택 관리소장을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였고 그 결론은 다음과 같다.1.공동주택 옥외공간 이용프로그램은 총 조사대상지역의 16.5%가 실시하는 것으로 나타났으며, 지역, 단지규모, 준공시기에 따라 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 이는 모두 옥외공간과 밀접한 관계를 갖는 것으로 옥외공간 넓이의 증가, 설계요소의 다양성, 공익적 기능의 강화 등이 옥외공간에서의 이용프로그램에 영향을 미치는 것으로 판단된다. 2.공동주택 옥외공간에서 현재 실시하고 있는 이용프로그램은 운영이 쉬운 체육강습이 가장 높게 나타났고, 주민의 선호도가 높은 축제, 장터, 정원관리, 텃밭가꾸기도 높게 나타났다. 운영방식은 외주보다 주민이 자체적으로 프로그램을 실시하고 있었다. 따라서 향후 프로그램 도입시 운영하기 쉽고 주민 선호도가 높은 프로그램을 도입하고 주민과 관리자가 쉽게 프로그램을 운영할 수 있도록 프로그램 매뉴얼을 제작 보급하는 것이 필요한 것으로 판단된다.3.이용프로그램 참여 연령층은 성인과 노인이 대부분으로 모든 연령층이 함께 참여할 수 있는 프로그램 및 연령별 요구에 맞는 프로그램을 모두 개발하는 것이 필요하다. 프로그램 진행시 활용되는 옥외공간은 대부분 커뮤니티 공간이었는데 최근 커뮤니티 공간의 계획 및 설계가 활발히 이루어지고 있어 앞으로 이들 공간을 활용한 다양한 프로그램을 개발하는 것이 필요한 것으로 판단된다. 4.이용프로그램을 진행하는데 있어 문제점으로는 낮은 참여도가 가장 많은 빈도를 보이고 있었고 이용프로그램이 도입되지 않는 이유로도 낮은 참여도가 가장 높은 빈도를 보이고 있었다. 이용프로그램의 도입과 원활한 진행을 위해서는 주민 참여율이 관건이며, 이를 위해 주민들의 참여를 독려하는 홍보를 하고 아파트 자생단체와 커뮤니티 전문가 제도들을 활용하여야 할 것이다.5.공동주택 주민이 좋아할 것으로 예상되는 이용프로그램은 바자회가 가장 많았고 요가, 꽃밭가꾸기, 영화상영, 음악회, 텃밭가꾸기 순으로 나타났다. 이러한 주민 선호도가 높은 프로그램들은 프로그램 개발시 우선적으로 고려해야 하며 특히 영화상영이나 음악회와 같은 문화예술프로그램은 선호도는 높으나 현재 공동주택 옥외공간에서 실시하고 있는 빈도는 낮아 앞으로 주민 재능 기부 등의 전문인력 도입시 활발한 참여가 이루어질 것으로 판단된다.이상과 같이 공동주택 옥외공간 이용프로그램 도입현황 및 선호도를 조사하였으며 향후 프로그램 개발을 위하여 주민을 상대로 프로그램 만족도 및 선호도 조사를 실시하여 프로그램에 대한 주민의 요구를 파악하는 것이 필요하다고 보여 진다.

In this paper, a high precision outdoor positioning system is newly proposed using multiple GPS receivers based on the Extended Kalman Filter (EKF). Typically, the GPS signal has the instantaneous errors that degrade the positioning seriously. Using the multiple GPS receivers instead of an expensive DGPS receiver, the positioning reliability and accuracy are improved in this research as a low cost solution. To incorporate the small displacement, an INS data have been tightly coupled to the GPS data, which has the inherit disadvantage of the cumulative error occurring over time. To achieve a stabilized and accurate positioning system, the multiple GPS receiver data are fused with the INS data through the EKF process. Through real navigation experiments of an outdoor mobile robot, the performance of the proposed system has been verified to be accurate comparable to DGPS system with a lower cost.

Global positioning system (GPS) is widely used to measure the position of a vehicle. However, the accuracy of the GPS can be severely affected by surrounding environmental conditions. To deal with this problem, the GPS and odometry data can be combined using an extended Kalman filter. For stable navigation of an outdoor mobile robot using the GPS, this paper proposes two methods to evaluate the reliability of the GPS data. The first method is to calculate the standard deviation of the GPS data and reflect it to deal with the uncertainty of the GPS data. The second method is to match the GPS data to the traversability map which can be obtained by classifying outdoor terrain data. By matching of the GPS data with the traversability map, we can determine whether to use the GPS data or not. The experimental results show that the proposed methods can enhance the performance of the GPS‐based outdoor localization.

One of the requirements for autonomous vehicles on off-road is to move stably in unstructured environments. Such capacity of autonomous vehicles is one of the most important abilities in consideration of mobility. So, many researchers use contact and/or non-contact methods to determine a terrain whether the vehicle can move on or not. In this paper we introduce an algorithm to classify terrains using visual information(one of the non-contacting methods). As a pre-processing, a contrast enhancement technique is introduced to improve classification of terrain. Also, for conducting classification algorithm, training images are grouped according to materials of the surface, and then Bayesian classification are applied to new images to determine membership to each group. In addition to the classification, we can build Traversability map specified by friction coefficients on which autonomous vehicles can decide to go or not. Experiments are made with Load-Cell to determine real friction coefficients of various terrains.

Automation and robotization has been required in construction for several decades and construction industry has become one of the important research areas in the field of service robotics. Especially in the steel construction, automatic recognition of structural steel members in the stockyard is emphasized. However, since the pose of steel frame in the stockyard is site dependent and also the stockyard is usually in the outdoor environment, it is difficult to determine the pose automatically. This paper adopts the recognition method based on the augmented reality to cope with this problem. Particularly focusing on the light condition of the outdoor environment, we formulated the optimization problem with the constraint and suggested the methodology to evaluate the optimal camera arrangement. From simulation results, sub-optimal solution for the position of the camera can be obtained.

Security robot has gradually developed and deployed in order to protect civilian’s lives as well as fortune and subjugate the shortcomings of CCTV which lacks of mobility. We have developed a security robot for outdoor environment and the main purpose of the driving mechanism is to overcome the bumps or projections with high speed. The robot platform consists of 4 omnidirectional wheel-based driving mechanisms and suspension for each driving mechanism. In this paper, principal suspension parameters of outdoor security robot for overcoming obstacles with stability are studied and approximately optimized using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) since it is difficult to find the exact relationship between suspension parameters and the shock, which is significantly associated with stability of the robot, at the robot platform. Simulation using ADAMS is conducted for assessing the feasibility of optimized design parameters.

The most important factors relating to the indoor air environment are temperature, airflow, humidity, and contaminant concentration. A sensitivity analysis of indoor environment factors was carried out to grasp influences along with changes of atmospheric conditions. An integrated multizone model was used to predict these sensitivities. This model was applied to an apartment with six zones. Airflow rates are influenced very seriously by changes of wind direct or wind velocity, but are influenced very slightly by changes of outdoor air temperature and are not influenced at all by changes of outdoor air humidity or contaminant concentration. Indoor air temperatures are influenced very directly by changes of outdoor air temperature, but are influenced very slightly by wind direction or wind velocity and are not influenced at all by changes of outdoor air humidity or contaminant concentration. Indoor air humidities are influenced very directly by changes of outdoor air humidity, but are not influenced at all by changes of outdoor air contaminant concentration and have little or no influence by changes of wind direction, wind velocity, or outdoor air temperature. Indoor air contaminant concentrations are influenced very seriously by changes of wind direct or wind velocity, but are influenced somewhat by changes of outdoor air contaminant concentration and are influenced very slightly by changes of outdoor air temperature and are not influenced at all by changes of outdoor air humidity.

In this paper, a new driving mechanism of security robots which should overcome obstacles with stability even though moving in high speed is introduced. The driving mechanism has spring-based suspension and two wheels positively necessary to overcome obstacles. From the driving mechanism, it is mainly discussed how we can decrease overshoot and impulse occurred when the robot is in the process of overcoming obstacles. Finally, design parameters of the driving mechanism which guarantees stable motion while overcoming obstacles is deduced based on simulation results. Experiments are also followed to demonstrate how well the manufactured system works in its early stage of the practical use.

Indoor air quality can be affected by indoor sources, ventilation, decay and outdoor levels. Although technologies exist to measure these factors, direct measurements are often difficult. The purpose of this study was to develop an alternative method to characterize indoor environmental factors by multiple indoor and outdoor measurements. Using a mass balance model and regression analysis, penetration factor (ventilation rate divided by the sum of ventilation rate and deposition constant) and source strength factor (source strength divided by the sum of ventilation rate and deposition constant) were calculated using multiple indoor and outdoor measurements. Subsequently, the ventilation rate and NO2 generation rate were estimated. Mean of ventilation rate was 1.41 ACH in houses, assuming a residential NO2 deposition constant of 0.94 hr-1. Mean generation rate of NO2 was 16.5 ppbv/hr. According to house characterization, inside smoking and family number were higher NO2 generation rates, and apartment was higher than single-family house. In conclusion, indoor environmental factors were effectively characterized by this method using multiple indoor and outdoor measurements.