요통은 산업화된 현대사회에서 흔히 발생하는 질환이다. 요통의 다양한 원인 중에서도 척추의 정상 가동범위를 넘은 불안정성이 요통의 한 원인으로 보고되고 있다. 이 문헌고찰의 목적은 요추 부위의 안정성을 부여하는 운동 프로그램 후 근육 기능의 강화, 통증의 감소를 보고한 논문들을 비교, 분석하는 것이다. 그리하여 요통의 한 원인인 척추의 안정성을 증가시켜 요추 부위의 통증을 감소시키고 기능을 향상시키는 운동 프로그램의 효과를 입증하는 것이다.

For the purpose of disclosing the effects of progressive low intensity exercise on the activity of the elderly, questionnaire survey and physical fitness examination were performed on the subjects who were 65 years old or older. The subjects were assigned into two groups using paired matching on gender and age: experimental group (33 persons) and control groups (35 persons). The subjects in experimental group was put on the low intensity exercise program (exercising upper and lower limbs for 12 weeks using dumbbell and lead-packed weight). The results showed that the difference of physical and social behavior scores among activities before and after exercise were significantly higher in all variables of general characteristics, health habits and status, perception, and physical fitness. The findings of this research suggested that the progressive low intensity exercise improves the activities of the elderly, physical activity, self assessed activity, activities of daily living, instrumental activities of daily living, social behavior of the elderly be affected by general characteristics, health habits and status, perception, and physical fitness.

The present study was performed to investigate the prevalence rate of idiopathic scoliosis and to determine the effect of exercise training on scoliotic angle in elementary school children. In this study, two out of five elementary schools in Seosan city were chosen by random sampling. Seven hundred sixty four students (from four grade to the sixth grade student) were selected in two schools. Screening tests were conducted to find idiopathic scoliosis. Among the 764 individuals, 139 subjects who showed positive sign in physical examination took whole spine radiography. Thirty six subjects who had a curve of 10 or greater and consented to participate in the exercise program were selected for the exercise program. The exercise program was performed four times a week for 5 months. The results of this study were as follows: 1) One hundred thirty nine subjects showed positive sign in the scoliosis screening test. 2) The overall prevalence of curve of greater in X-ray finding was 8.15%. The prevalencies of curve of greater in male and female were 7.1% and 9.2%, respectively. 3) Scoliosis curves were observed at thoracic area (48.4%), at thoracolumbar area (27.4%) and at lumbar area(24.4%). 4) Right side curve was 59.7%, and left side curve was 40.3%. 5) After the 5 month exercise program for scoliosis, the Cobb's angle was significantly decreased. 6) There was no significant difference of Cobb's angle change respect to sex, grades, and scoliosis curve site. Results shown here indicates that an early detection and early exercise for scoliosis can result in decreased the Cobb's angle in elementary school children.

The purposes of this study were to assess the effect of therapeutic exercise and to offer an approach to the physical therapy and rehabilitation procedure of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) following surgery. In this research, 42 patients with TMJ surgery were assigned one of two groups. The experimental group included 21 patients who performed therapeutic exercise, and the control group included 21 patients who did not perform therapeutic exercise. Conservative therapy such as an ice pack, a hot pack, and pulsed ultrasound was applied to both groups. Treatment was applied twice a day during the admission period and, after discharge, everyday for six weeks. Visual analogue scale (VAS), incisal biting force, and joint ROM were measured before surgery and at 30 days after surgery. The results were as follows: VAS (p<0.05), mouth opening (p<0.01), lateral excursion to unaffected side (p<0.05), and protrusion (p<0.05) between experimental group and control group showed statistically significant differences. Incisal biting force and lateral excursion to affected side between experimental group and control group showed no statistically significant difference.

It was recently reported that exercise-induced fatigue is related to joint position sense although some controversy remains. The purposes of this study were to examine the effect on the accuracy of reproducing the knee angles after a fatiguing isokinetic quadriceps exercise at four different levels (10%, 30%, 50%, and 70% of maximal force) and to find the optimal exercise level without causing knee joint proprioception impairment. Forty healthy women, ages 19 to 27, were randomly assigned to four experimental groups. Before and after the exercise, accuracy of positioning with respect to auditory feedback for specific angles was estimated by calculating the mean errors between specific angles and reproduction angles. Fatigue was measured by EMG signals displayed by a frequency spectrum analysis during the quadriceps exercise. Results showed that there was no significant difference in accuracy of the knee joint positioning sense following the exercises in group 1, group 2, and group 3 (10%, 30%, and 50% of maximal force, respectively); the exception being group 4 (70%). Fatigue level was significantly increased in group 4 but there were no significant increases of fatigue level in group 1, group 2, or group 3. The results concluded that the optimal exercise level to acquire the therapeutic exercise effectiveness without position sense impairment was at 50% of maximal force. Further studies using large sample size and patient groups with poor knee joint proprioception would be needed to confirm this conclusion and to clarify the possibility of clinical applications.

The nature of entrainment between the locomotor and the respiratory rhythm was investigated while normal human subjects were walked or running on a treadmill. The purpose of this study was to analyze the incidence and type of coordination between the locomotor and the respiratory rhythm during running at different work load. The experiments were carried out on 12 untrained volunteers exercising at 3 work loads (2 METs, 3 METs, 4 METs in randomized order). The gait cycle was measured by electromyography (EMG) signal of gastrocnemius firing and the respiratory cycle was measured by a thermometer. We found that the ratio between the locomotor and the respiratory rhythm existed and 2:1 ratio between the locomotor-respiratory coupling was dominant at 2 METs and 3 METs

The objective of this study was to identify the effects of pelvic tilting exercise on gait patterns of hemiplegic patients. The subjects of this study were 31 hemiplegic in- and out-patients of the Rehabilitation Hospital, Yonsei University Medical Center, from September 24, 1997 through November 5, 1997. Pre- and post-treatment change in gait patterns were measured using a ink foot-print. The data were analyzed by the paired t-test, one-way ANOVA, and independent t-test. The findings were as follows: The difference in gait patterns between pre- and post-treatment was statistically significant, with an increase in gait velocity to 7.98 cm/sec post-treatment; an increase in cadence to 7.29 steps/min; a narrowing of the base of support to 1.33 cm; an increase in step length of 3.92 cm on the less affected side and 3.73 cm on the more affected side; an increase in stride length of 5.82 cm on the less affected side and 5.92 cm on the more affected side(statistically not significant in foot angle). In relation to sex, age, cause of stroke, and laterality of paralysis, the difference in gait patterns between pre- and post-treatment was not statistically significant. Where there was no significant difference of the effects of pelvic exercise regarding the degree of spasticity, the presence of a decrease in proprioception, and the duration of treatment. In conclusion, hemiplegic pelvic tilting exercise was found to have transmitting positive effect in improving gait patterns.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether the vastus medialis oblique muscle(VMO) had greater electrical activity than the vastus lateralis muscle(VL) when hip adduction and knee extension exercise were performed. Electrical activity of the VMO and VL was measured on 42 healthy subjects (28 men, 14 women) during maximal voluntary isometric contractions of hip adduction and knee extension by an EMG-BIOFEEDBACK. The results showed that the electromyographic activity of the VMO was significantly greater than that of the VL during the hip adduction exercise. Differences noted with knee extension by performing hip adduction exercises. Isometric hip adduction exercises, therefore, may be advisable in the treatment of patients with patellofemoral pain.

Our purpose of this study was to determine the most effective cool-down exercise. The recovery times of dynamic strength after isometric and isotonic cool-down exercise were measured immediately post cool-down exercise, 30 seconds later and 60 seconds later in 30 normal, healthy men from 19 to 29 years, using dumbells(Model, Iron). The recovery time of dynamic strength had a significant positive correlation with isotonic and isometric cool-down exercise using the Chi-square method (p<0.01). Sources of significant differences were determined by the Wilcoxon signed-ranks test (p<0.01). The isometric cool-down exercise significantly shortened the recovery time of dynamic strength. We suggest that the isometric cool-down exercise may be more effective than isotonic cool-down exercise in shortening the recovery time of dynamic strength.

The effects of exercise and selenium added high fat diet on edurance and serum lipid components were studied in rats. A total of 72 male Sprague-Dawley (150±35g, body weight) were divided into trained group and untrained group and were bred for 7 weeks. Each group had 6 different dietary subgroups; namely, basal diet, 20％ shortening and 20％ soybean oil subgroup and selenium (0.01mg％) added each subgroups. Exercises of 8-min treadmill running and 10-min swimming were given to the trained group every other day during the experimental period while only treadmill running was given to the untrained group during the last week. The amounts of food intake, changes in body weight and endurance were determined once a week and serum lipid components were measured before and after experimental period. Following are the results obtained : 1) The untrained group took a slightly larger amount of food than that in the trained group. The food efficiency is, however, higher in the trained group. Body weight increased more in untrained group, while high fat diet resulted in greater increment in body weight than that in normal diet groups. 2) The trained group showed remarkably longer endurance than the untrained group and selenium added high fat diet enhanced the effect. 3) The trained group showed lower blood level of T-chol., TG and TG/PL than the untrained group. All the other blood values of HDL-chol., PL, MDL-chol./T-chol., HDL/LDL and A/G ratio were higher in trained group. 4) Soybean oil added dietary groups exibited lower blood levels of T-chol., TG, TG/PL and A/G than those in shortening added dietary groups. On the contrary, the former groups showed higher blood HDL-chol., PL., HDL, HDL-chol. and HDL/LDL ratio than those of soybean oil added dietary groups. 5) LDH5 was the most abundant one among serum LDH isozymes. The electrophoretic pattern of serum LDH isozymes was not changed by exercise training and selenium added high fat diet. 6) Exercise training lowered blood GOT and TBA. These effects were enhanced by soybean oil added diets. From the above results it was concluded that a regular and long term exercise training as well as a small amount of selenium added high fat diet result in reduction of body weight and TBA and improve dietary efficiency and physical endurance in rats.

목적: 본 연구는 필라테스 운동 시 지도자의 피드백 유형이 운동참여자의 운동몰입 및 만족도에 미치는 영향을 알아보고 참여자들이 운동을 지속하기 위한 도움이 되는 기초자료를 제공하고자 한다. 방법: 2022년 수도권을 중 심으로 필라테스를 하고 있는 성인 302명을 대상으로 설문을 진행하여 자료를 수집하였으며, 수집된 자료는 Jamovi 2.2를 사용하여 빈도분석, 탐색적 요인분석, Cronbach’ α 계수, Pearson’s 상관분석과 다중회귀분석을 이 용해 분석을 실시하였다. 결과: 운동참여자의 운동몰입에 대한 하위요인 중 인지몰입에는 지도자의 피드백 유형 의 하위요인인 수행지식 피드백, 긍정일반 피드백, 긍정적비언어 피드백이 영향을 미쳤으며, 행위몰입에는 긍정일 반 피드백, 긍정적비언어 피드백, 부정적비언어 피드백이 영향을 미쳤다. 운동참여자의 만족도에 대한 하위요인인 지도자행동만족, 운동능력만족, 운동환경만족 모두 수행지식 피드백, 긍정일반 피드백, 긍정적비언어 피드백이 영 향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 지도자의 피드백 유형은 운동몰입과 만족도에 유의미한 영향을 미치는 것으 로 나타났다. 운동참여자들의 필라테스 참여의 지속을 위하여 필라테스 지도자는 긍정적인 분위기를 바탕으로 상 황에 맞는 피드백의 활용을 통하여 참여자의 운동몰입과 만족도를 높일 수 있어야 한다.

12주간의 복합운동프로그램이 노인의 스트레스와 자율 신경계 활성도에 미치는 영향을 규명하는데 있다. 방법: 연구대상자들은 65∼75세의 노인 14명으로 7명의 노인을 대상으로 복합 운동프로그램을 7명의 노인을 대 상으로 걷기 운동을 12주 동안 주 2회 실시하였다. 중재를 실시하기 전과 12주 후의 평가 결과를 분석하였다. 자 료 분석 방법은 SPSS 23.0 프로그램을 이용하여 t-검정, 반복측정 분산분석으로 분석하였다. 결과: 복합 운동프로 그램 그룹의 경우 12주 후 스트레스 저항도와 전체 자율신경 활성도에서 유의한 증가를 보였다. 비록 지각된 스 트레스와 신체수행능력 점수에서 대조군과 유이한 차이를 보이지 않았지만 복합 운동프로그램 그룹에서 중재 후 유의한 개선을 보여 긍정적인 양상을 볼 수 있었다. 결론: 이러한 연구결과를 통해 노인들의 자율 신경계 활성도 를 높여 심혈관계 질환을 예방하기 위한 운동 프로그램으로 복합 운동 프로그램을 제안한다.

목적: 본 연구에서는 통증전문 운동치료인 SNPE(Self Natural Posture Exercise) 참여 후, 통증과 우울감소에 미치 는 직접영향력과 신체상 자기차이와 신체적 자기개념의 상호작용이 우울정서 경험에 미치는 간접영향력을 함께 검증하였다. 방법: 반복측정실험설계를 통해 만성통증을 겪고 있는 참여자 104명(여자=93명)을 대상으로 12주간 SNPE 프로그램 참여 전/후 통증, 우울, 신체상과 신체적 자기개념을 측정하였다. 결과: SNPE 참여 전과 비교했 을 때, 통증과 우울은 감소하였고, 더 마른 체형을 원하는 갈망 또한 줄어들었으며, 신체적 자기개념은 좋아졌다. SNPE 참여 전 통증과 우울의 부적관련성이 SNPE 참여 후 낮아졌으므로 SNPE 참여 후 감소된 통증이 우울감소에 긍정적 영향을 미쳤을 것으로 예상할 수 있다. 그리고 참여자의 체지방이 감소할 때, 신체상 자기차이가 우울 정서 감소로 이어지는 간접효과도 함께 존재하는 것으로 나타났다. 논의: SNPE와 같은 운동치료법은 통증감소는 물론, 신체상 자기차이로 인하여 유발되는 우울감 개선에도 도움이 되므로 운동치료법이 지닌 여러 장점을 재확인 할 수 있었다. 본 연구결과로 실용적으로 현장에 적용할 수 있는 방안과 함께 연구의 한계점과 향후 연구방향에 대해서도 논하였다.

목적: 본 연구는 초등학생의 운동시간이 교우관계에 미치는 영향에서 공동체의식의 종단매개효과를 검증하는 것이다. 방법: 종단매개모형 검증을 위해 한국청소년정책연구원에서 실시하고 있는 한국아동·청소년패널조사의 ‘초등학교 4학년 패널’ 중 1, 2, 3차 년도 자료를 활용하였고, 결측치를 제외한 2163명의 자료를 통해 체육수업 중 운동시간, 공동체의식, 교우관계를 측정한 문항들이 잠재성장모형 분석에 사용되었다. 결과: 운동시간과 교우관계는 학년이 올라감에 따라 선형적으로 증가하였으나, 공동체의식은 선형적으로 감소하였고, 세 변인 모두 초기값과 변화율은 통계적으로 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 다음으로 종단매개모형 검증을 실시한 결과, 운동시간의 초기값이 교우관계의 초기값에 미치는 직접효과는 유의하지 않았으나 공동체의식의 초기값을 매개로 한 간접효과는 유의한 것으로 나타났으며, 운동시간의 변화율 또한 공동체의식의 변화율을 매개로 교우관계의 변화율에 간접적으로 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 초등학생들의 운동시간이 교우관계에 미치는 영향에서 공동체의식의 종단매개효과가 있다는 것이 검증되었다. 결론: 이러한 결과는 체육수업 중 실제 운동참여시간이 더 많은 학생들이 공동체 의식이 강하고 교우관계도 좋다는 결론과 함께, 운동시간을 점차

Astragalus membranaceus is a well known oriental medicinal herb. The polysaccharides of the aboveground parts (AMA) and the radix (AMR) of A. membranaceus are the most important functional constituents. Methods and Results: The aim of this study was to determine the effects of AMA and AMR on the oxidative damage induced in the skeletal muscle of rats subjected to exhaustive exercise. Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into exercise and non-exercise groups; in the groups receiving the test compounds, AMA and AMR were administered orally for 30 days. Skeletal muscle samples were collected from each rat after running to exhaustion on a treadmill to determine the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT) and the concentation of malondialdehyde (MDA). The antioxidant enzyme activities of SOD and GSH-Px of skeletal muscle of AMA- and AMR-treated groups were significantly higher than those of the control and commercial sports drink (SPD)-treated groups in exhaustive exercise rats. In addition, MDA concentrations in the skeletal muscle of the AMA- and AMR-treated groups were significantly lower than those of the control and SPD-treated groups. In the present study, the effects of AMA and AMR on exercise endurance capacity were also evaluated in mice subjected to a swimming exercise test. AMA and AMR supplementation prolonged the swimming time of mice and enhanced exercise endurance capacity. AMA and AMR possess the ability to retard and lower the production of blood lactate, and prevent the decrease of serum blood glucose. Conclusions: These results showed that, AMR and AMA exerted beneficial effect in mice, increasing the activity of the antioxidant systems and inhibiting oxidative stress induced by exhaustive exercise. The compounds improved exercise performance and showed anti-fatigue effects against exhaustive exercise.

목적: 이 연구는 10주간의 유산소운동과 복합(유+무산소운)운동에 따른 대학생의 안면 피부상태와 주관적 안녕감의 변화를 사례연구설계로 알아보는 것이었다. 방법: 남녀 대학생 2명씩 4명을 대상으로 총 16주간(기초선 3주, 운동처지 10주, 운동철회 3주)의 실험을 진행하였다. 운동처치는 남녀 각 1명씩에게 유산소운동 혹은 복합운동을 무선으로 배정하여 실시하였다. 결과: 모든 참가자의 안면피부에서 수분은 운동처치 단계에서 증가하다가 운동철회 단계에서 감소하였다. 안면의 유분은 운동처치단계에서 감소하다가 운동철회단계에서 다시 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 주관적 안녕감의 하위요인인 긍정정서와 삶의 만족도는 전체 운동기간에 걸쳐 점진적으로 증가하였고, 다른 하위요인인 부정정서는 점차적으로 감소하는 추세를 보였다. 피부건강과 주관적 안녕감의 관계도 운동단계 별 추이를 통해 연관이 있음을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론: 유산소운동과 복합운동은 모두 안면피부상태와 정신건강에 긍정적인 영향을 미친다는 결론에 도달하였다.

목적: 본 연구는 운동참여자들의 운동심상, 운동결과기대, 운동지속의도의 구조관계에서 운동결과기대의 매개효과를 규명하여 운동참여를 지속시키기 위한 심리 행동적 중재전략으로써, 개인의 운동행동을 평가하고 예측할 수 있는 기초자료 제공에 그 목적이 있다. 방법: 연구대상은 운동에 참여하고 있는 성인 남·여 303명으로 설정하였고 수집된 자료는 기술통계 분석, 빈도분석, 신뢰도분석, 확인적 요인분석, 상관관계분석, 구조방정식모형분석을 통해 분석하였으며, 매개효과는 bootstrapping 방법으로 검증하였다. 결과: 첫째, 운동심상은 운동결과기대에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 둘째, 운동심상은 운동지속의도에 긍정적 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 운동결과기대는 운동지속의도에 긍정적인 영향을 미치는 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 운동심상과 운동지속의도의 관계에서 운동결과기대는 부분 매개하는 것으로 나타났다. 결론: 운동심상, 운동결과기대, 운동지속의도는 상호 긍정적인 영향관계가 있으며, 운동심상과 운동지속의도의 관계에서 운동결과기대는 매개효과가 있음을 확인하였다. 그러나 국내에서 일반운동참여자들의 운동심상 연구가 아직 초기단계인 점을 고려할 때, 운동행동과 관련된 운동심상의 효과를 확인하는 지속적인 후속연구가 필요하다.

Background: Polysaccharides are the most important functional constituent in Astragalus membranaceus. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effect of polysaccharides isolated from the aboveground parts of A. membranaceus (AMA) and polysaccharides isolated from the roots of A. membranaceus (AMR) immune function by modulated cytotoxic T cell and Th1- and Th2- related cytokines kinetics. Methods and Results: Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into exhaustive exercise case groups and non-exercise case, AMA and AMR samples were administered orally for 30 days (500 ㎎/㎏/day and 10 ㎎/㎏/day, respectively) and were compared to those rats in the groups fed commercial sports drink (SPD) and vehicle. Both exhaustive exercise groups and non-exercise groups had a lower ratio of CD4+ and CD8+ cells in the spleens of the rat fed AMA and AMR compared to those in the rats fed SPD and vehicle group. These results suggested that AMA and AMR promote an increase in the proportion of cytotoxic T cells. The IL-4- producing T lymphocytes decreased significantly in the AMR (10 ㎎/㎏/day) group compared to SPD and vehicle, whereas the AMA group increased the IL-4 concentration more than the SPD and vehicle in exhaustive exercise group. However, the populations of IFN-γ-producing T lymphocytes of AMR and AMA increased. AMA decreased the concentration of IFN-γ to inhibit the Th1 response and thereby increased the concentration of IL-4 to induce a Th2 response that was related to humoral immunity in the non-exercise group. Conclusions: These results showed that, in addition to Th1/Th2 regulation, AMR and AMA played an important immuno-modulatory role after exhaustive exercise-induced Th1/Th2 lymphocyte imbalance, which might be correlated with cytokine producing immunoregulatory cells.