The study is about variations in Carbonyl compounds concentration within apartment buildings according to pre-residence and residence. We consecutively investigated indoor air pollutants in 120 households in 6 cities at pre-residence and residence. Carbonyl compounds were collected using the 2,4-DNPH cartridge and were analyzed using HPLC. The carbonyls concentration of indoor air in the new apartments before occupation measured formadlehyde(76.0㎍/㎥), acetone(85.9㎛/㎥), acetaldehyde(13.8㎍/㎥). The carbonyls concentration of indoor air in the new apartments after occupation measured formadlehyde(233.1㎍/㎥), acetone(128.9㎍/㎥), acetaldehyde(29.8㎍/㎥), respectively. As a result, the mean concentration of carbonyl compounds within the pre-occupancy stage was lower than those of residence.

The most important factors relating to the indoor air environment are temperature, airflow, humidity, and contaminant concentration. A sensitivity analysis of indoor environment factors was carried out to grasp influences along with changes of atmospheric conditions. An integrated multizone model was used to predict these sensitivities. This model was applied to an apartment with six zones. Airflow rates are influenced very seriously by changes of wind direct or wind velocity, but are influenced very slightly by changes of outdoor air temperature and are not influenced at all by changes of outdoor air humidity or contaminant concentration. Indoor air temperatures are influenced very directly by changes of outdoor air temperature, but are influenced very slightly by wind direction or wind velocity and are not influenced at all by changes of outdoor air humidity or contaminant concentration. Indoor air humidities are influenced very directly by changes of outdoor air humidity, but are not influenced at all by changes of outdoor air contaminant concentration and have little or no influence by changes of wind direction, wind velocity, or outdoor air temperature. Indoor air contaminant concentrations are influenced very seriously by changes of wind direct or wind velocity, but are influenced somewhat by changes of outdoor air contaminant concentration and are influenced very slightly by changes of outdoor air temperature and are not influenced at all by changes of outdoor air humidity.

Because of the building is made airtight, Indoor Air Quality(IAQ) is go from bad to worse. There are many source of indoor pollution in any home. These include irritation of the eyes, nose, and throat, headaches, dizziness, and fatigue. Such immediate effects are usually short-term and treatable. In this study was measured and analyzed VOCs exposure levels and characteristic of Indoor air pollutant from new apartments in Korea. VOCs were measured indoor pre-residential and residential in new apartment and analyzed GC/MS. The concentration levels of indoor respirable TVOC were found to be higher than those of outdoor TVOC for new apartments. Before occupation, the average indoor and outdoor concentrations were 1498.61 ug/m3 and 468.38 ug/m3, respectively. After being occupied, the average indoor and outdoor concentration were 847.04 ug/m3 and 102.84, respectively. The concentrations of TVOC in new apartments before occupation were shown in the order of Toluene(328.12 ug/m3) > m,p-Xylene(163.67 ug/m3) > Ethylbenzene(80.70 ug/m3)>o-XYlene (67.04ug/m3). In addition, the TVOCs concentrations after occupation were also found in the order of Toluene (272.28 ug/m3) > m.p-Xylene(121.79 ug/m3) > Ethylbenzene(53.92 ug/m3)>O-Xylene(24.94 ug/m3). As a result, the concentrations of VOCs in new apartment houses were shown to be affected by indoor environment according activity patterns. So new apartments need to be controled in indoor air quality so that the residents can have more comfortable and healthier living environment.

신축공동주택에서는 BAKE OUT등의 입주 전(前) 전처리후 저 농도의 잔여 오염원의 제거를 위해서는 단시간에 고효율의 공기정화기능에 맞춰진 기계적 장치보다는 설치 및 유지, 운영비가 저렴하고 비교적 안전한 생물학적 처리법이 더 효율적이므로 생물학적 실내공기정화 기술의 개발이 시급한 실정이다. 이를 위해 본연구는 실내공기자연정화효과가 있는 식물에 의한 biofilter의 개발을 목표로 하였으며, biofilter hardware의 안전하고 지속적인 기능성 향상을 위해 토양별 공기유동과 수분유지력을 실험을 하였다. 식물에 의한 biofilter는 공기유동과 함께 오염원이 필터내로 유입되어 생물학적 오염 정화 기능으로 인해 정화된 공기가 배출되는 원리이다. 그러나 식물에 의한 biofilters는 공기유동이 높아지면 수분유지력이 낮아지는 특성이 있어 공기유동과 수분유지의 최적 조건을 찾는것이 중요하다. 또한 공기유동과 수분유지에 영향을 미치는 요인은 biofilter내 토양은 공기유동, 수분유지력은 biofilter의 성능과 안정성을 결정짓는 가장 중요한 요인이라 할수 있다. 실험결과, 기기내 공기유동은 3번째 모델에서 공기의 유입과 출입이 가장 최적이며, 토양구성은 vermiculite/ perlite/ peatmoss=v/v/v=0.25/0.25/0.50으로 구성된 토양에서 가장 효율적을 알수 있었다. 이때, 재관수시점은 토양수분의 60%를 관수시점으로 산정하였을 경우 4th-model은 24시간, 3rd-model은 24시간, 2nd-model은 18시간, 1st-model은 18시간, control은24시간으로 나타났다. 그러므로 본연구에서 개발된 biofilter는 공기유동 과 수분을 장시간 유지할수 있으므로 공기유동시 biofilter내 여러 자연 필터와 함께 식물이 실내오염원을 정화할수 있는 유용한 장치가 될 수 있다고 하겠다.

Interior space in most buildings is divided into several zones. The most important factors relating to the indoor air environment are temperature, airflow, humidity, and contaminant concentration. An integrated multizone model to predict these environmental factors simultaneously was developed. Also, a computer program for this model was written by the language of VISUAL BASIC. The proposed model was applied to a apartment with five rooms that had been tested by Chung11). Comparison of predicted results by this study with measured results by Chung showed that their variations were within 14% for airflow rates, 1% for temperatures, 12% for humidities, and 5% for concentrations. It was seen that the opening operation schedule of building has a significant effect on the air moisture and contaminant removal. Thus, this model may be available for predicting the indoor air environment and may be contributed to design the ventilation plan for controling of indoor air quality.

The concentrations of HCHO(formaldehyde), PM10(particulate matter), CO₂(carbon dioxide) and TBC(total bacteria counter) distribution in schools(Chung-Nam Area) were examined, and the results were compared with the recommended criterion of the administration law of indoor air. The subjects were an elementary school, a middle school and a high school in Chung-Nam area, and the concentration of TBC was examined by Single Stage Air Cascade Sampler, which applied the inertia collision catching method of 28.29L/min(flux) during 5 months from March, 2007 to July, 2007. The instrument(LD-3B, SIBATA Company)was used to examine PM10, by a light scattering method and a light transmission method. The instrument(Airboxx(KD Engineering) was used to examine CO₂. The instument(Z300XP(Environmental sensor)was used to examine HCHO. The result indicated that the PM10 average concentrations of the surveyed classrooms were 49 μg/m3 in Spring and 59 μg/m3 in Summer. The CO₂ average concentration of the surveyed schools were 576 ppm in the classroom and 527 ppm in the stateroom. The average concentration of TBC were 729 CFU/m3 in an elementary school, 401 CFU/m3 in a middle school, 381 CFU/m3 in a high school. The HCHO average concentration of the surveyed schools were 0.03 ppm in the classroom, 0.02 ppm in the stateroom.

가스성 오염물질의 지표를 제공하는 이산화탄소를 시료로 사용하여, 식물의 공기정화 능력을 분석한 실험 결과는 다음과 같다. 공시 6가지 식물 모두 광합성이 활발한 낮 시간 동안에는 식물이 오염원을 흡수함에 따라, 이산화탄소 농도가 빠르게 감소하였다. 호흡작용을 통해 이산화탄소가 방출되므로 빛이 차단되는 밤 시간에는 농도가 다시 증가하였고, 특히 18시 ~ 20시 사이에는 급격한 농도 증가율을 보였다. 다음 날 아침 빛을 쬐기 시작하면 다시 오염원이 흡수되면서 농도가 감소한다. 이러한 이산화탄소 농도의 교환 현상을 통해, 빛의 양이 증가함에 따라 식물의 광합성량이 증가하며 그 결과 이산화탄소 제거율 역시 증가함을 알 수 있었다. 24시간 동안 측정한 식물별 광합성량과 호흡량을 가감한, 식물별 이산화탄소의 정화총량은 엽면적 1000 cm2 당 Ficus benjamina 49 ppm, Epipremnum aureum 99 ppm, Chamaedorea elegans 34 ppm, Fatsia japonica 123 ppm, Spthiphyllum spp. 115 ppm, Hedera helix 42 ppm으로 나타났다. 이산화탄소 순간소모량의 최대치를 보인 시간대는 각 식물별로 상이한데, 대개의 경우 광량 0.67 ~ 1.54 mW/cm3의 조건에서 가장 활발한 이산화탄소 흡수율을 보였다. Epipremnum aureum의 경우, 이산화탄소의 흡수가 비교적 높은 속도로 장기간 지속되었으며, 다른 식물에 비해 상대적으로 낮은 호흡량을 보였다. Fatsia japonica는 매우 대칭적인 이산화탄소 농도변화곡선을 보여, 광합성과 호흡이 일정하게 일어남을 알 수 있었다. 광량의 변화에 그리 민감하지 않아 폭넓은 광량조건의 실내공간에도 적합하다고 판단된다. Spthiphyllum spp. 역시 장기간에 걸쳐 비교적 안정적으로 광합성이 일어났다. Hedera helix는 1.24 mW/cm3이상의 광조건에서 상당히 높은 이산화탄소 흡수율을 보였으나, 1.00 mW/cm3이하에서의 낮은 제거율로 보아 저광도 실내공간보다는 고광도의 전이공간이나 실외에 적합하다고 판단된다. 위의 연구결과를 통하여 이산화탄소 제거에는 Fatsia japonica, Spthiphyllum spp., Epipremnum aureum 순서로 효과적임을 알 수 있었다.

본 연구는 실내식물의 공기정화능을 연구하기 위하여 Ficus benjamina, Epipremnum aureum, Chamaedorea elegans, Fatsia japonica, Spthiphyllum spp., Hedera helix를 사용하여 동일한 환경조건의 밀폐 챔버 내부에 넣은 후, 250 ppb의 포름알데히드를 투입하여 광합성과 호흡을 통한 두 가스물질의 농도 변화량 및 제거속도를 24시간 동안 일정시간간격으로 측정하였다. 식물별 엽면적 1,000㎠ 당 제거량은 Ficus benjamina 128.6 ppb, Epipremnum aureum 152 ppb, Chamaedorea elegans 127.8 ppb, Fatsia japonica 165.9 ppb, Spthiphyllum spp. 156 ppb, Hedera helix 115 ppb로 나타났으며 포름알데히드의 농도변화곡선을 분석한 결과, Fatsia japonica와 Spthiphyllum spp.가 가장 폭넓은 광조건에서 비교적 높고 안정적인 감소율을 보였다. Epipremnum aureum의 경우, 총 제거량은 높았으나 시간대별 제거율이 불규칙하여 특정범위의 광량조건을 필요로 하는 것을 알 수 있었다. 특히 Hedrera helix의 경우, 매우 불규칙적인 농도변화로 포름알데히드 농도에도 민감함을 알 수 있었다.

새로운 환경문제로 실내공기 오염이 대두되면서 건축 실내공간뿐만 아니라 자동차, 지하철 등 육상의 교통시설 내부의 공기오염에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 그러나 해상의 중요한 교통수단인 선박의 실내 공기오염에 대한 관심은 그리 높지 않다. 특히 선박은 일반 건축물에 비해 기밀성이 매우 높고 항해 중이거나 선상 근무시에는 오랜 시간을 선박의 실내에서만 생활하기 때문에 선박의 실내 공기질은 승선자의 쾌적성 뿐만 아니라 건강을 위해 매우 중요한 요소이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 선박의 실내공기환경을 개선하기 위해 새로 건조된 선박을 대상으로 실내 공기질을 측정 분석하였다.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are well known for strong carcinogen. However, the human exposure anslysis of PAHs is quite difficult and unreliable because of hard for estimation of actual expose dose. Then urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) has been a biological marker of exposure to PAHs. The purpose of this study was to investigate total amount from exposure to PAHs acused by indoor occupational exposure, and residence at Seoul metropolitan area and Kyeonggi province in Korea. Thirty-five housewives were included in this study from April 2003 through February 2004. Dietary habit and general characteristics such as age, type of building, existence of passive smoking, period of residence, fuel type for heating and ventilation type were obtained by self administered questionnaire. Urine samples were collected at morning and freeze quickly. Urinary creatinine was measured for converting into 24 hr urine. Concentration of the indoor PAHs was examined by NIOSH method number 5506. Urinary 1-OHP and PAHs were analysed by HPLC. Correlation coefficient between urinary 1-OHP levels and pyrene concentration of indoor air was 0.66 and statistically significant(P<0.01). The difference of urinary 1-OHP level due to dietary habits were not significant. Urinary 1-OHP level of Spring, Summer, Autumn, and Winter were 0.21±0.12, 0.10±0.17, 0.16±0.12, 0.17±0.14 ㎍/g cr, respectively. The arithmetic means of urinary 1-OHP for four season wee 0.16±0.14 ㎍/g cr. There was a trend that urinary 1-OHP level of residents who dwelling in apartment were higher compared with detached home. Comparison of 1-OHP level between heating by kerosene and LPG, Much higher gas heating type than kerosene type (P<0.05). This result implies that the urinary 1-OHP can be applied as the PAHs exposure indices.

Indoor air quality is the dominant contributor to total personal exposure because most people spend a majority of their time indoors. Especially when indoor environments have sources of contaminants, exposure to indoor air can potentially pose a greater threat than exposure to ambient air. In this study, estimations of volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde emission rate in indoor environments of new apartments were carried out using mass balance model in indoor environment, because indoor air quality can be affected by source generation, outdoor air level, ventilation, decay by reaction, temperature, humidity, mixing condition and so on. Considering the estimated emission rate of volatile organic compounds and formaldehyde, it is suggested that new apartment should be designed and constructed in the aspect of using construction materials to emit low hazardous air pollutants.

Despite the wide distribution of air pollutants, the concentrations of indoor air pollutants may be the dominant risk factor in personal exposure due to the fact that most people spend an average of 80% of their time in enclosed buildings. Researches for improvement of indoor air quality have been developed such as installation of air cleaning device, ventilation system, titanium dioxide(TiO2) coating and so on. However, it is difficult to evaluate the magnitude of improvement of indoor air quality in field study because indoor air quality can be affected by source generation, outdoor air level, ventilation, decay by reaction, temperature, humidity, mixing condition and so on. In this study, evaluation of reduction of formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide emission rate in indoor environments by TiO2 coating material was carried out using mass balance model in indoor environment. we proposed the evaluation method of magnitude of improvement in indoor air quality, considering outdoor level and ventilation. Since simple indoor concentration measurements could not properly evaluate the indoor air quality, outdoor level and ventilation should be considered when evaluate the indoor air quality.

This study introduces a method to eliminate formaldehyde and benzene, toluene from indoor air by means of a photocatalytic oxidation reaction. In the method introduced, for the good performance of the reaction, the effect and interactions of the TiO2 catalyst and ultraviolet in photocatalytic degradation on the reaction area, dosages of catalysts, humidity and light should be precisely examined and controled. Experiments has been carried out under various intensities of UV light and initial concentrations of formaldehyde, benzene and toluene to investigate the removal efficiency of the pollutants. Reactors in the experiments consist of an annular type Pyrex glass flow reactor and an 11W germicidal lamp. Results of the experiments showed reduction of formaldehyde, benzene and toluene in ultraviolet /TiO2/ activated carbon processes (photooxidation-photocatalytic oxidation-adsorption processes), from 98% to 90%, from 98% to 93% and from 99% to 97% respectively. Form the results we can get a conclusion that a ultraviolet/Tio2/activated carbon system used in the method introduced is a powerful one for th treatment of formaldehyde, benzene and toluene of indoor spaces.

The work of hairdressers includes washing, coloring, bleaching, permanent waving, conditioning, and cutting hair. Hairdressers are subjected to a number of physical and toxicological hazards. The toxicological hazards are those resulting from exposure to a wide range of chemicals that are usually classified active processes. In this study, twenty beauty shops were selected to assess the exposure to indoor air pollutants such as VOCs and particulate matter (PM10) during one month from September 1 to September 30, 2003. Indoor air quality of beauty shops might be worse by vehicle emissions because the beauty shops were generally located near roadways. Personal exposures to VOCs and PM10 were related to indoor concentrations of beauty shops. According to the questionnaire, hairdressers complained of sore throat, eye irritation, and nervousness as physical symptoms. The measured mean concentrations of respiratory particulates were 30.5ng/㎥ in indoor, 30.5ng/㎥in outdoor and 44.0ng/㎥ on personal levels. The personal concentration was found higher than indoor and outdoor concentrations. The heavy metals mean concentrations were shown as indoor (Na>Zn>Cr), outdoor (Cr>Zn>Pb), and personal (Na>Cr>Zn) levels. Conclusively, customers as well as workers in the beauty shops might be highly exposed to air pollutants from indoor and outdoor sources. Therefore, proper management should be taken to improve the indoor air quality in beauty shops.

Indoor air quality has been addressed as an important atmospheric environmental issue and has caught attention of the public in recent years in Korea. Good indoor air quality in classrooms favour student's learning ability, teacher and staff's productivity according to other studies. In this study, each classroom at four different schools was chosen for comparison of indoor and outdoor air quality by means of source generation types such as new constructed classroom, using of cleaning agents and purchased furniture. Temperature, relative humidity (RH), carbon dioxide (CO2), formaldehyde (HCHO), total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) and particulate matter with diameter less than 10 ㎛ (PM10) were monitored at indoor and outdoor locations during lesson. HCHO was found to be the worst among parameters measured in new constructed classroom, HCHO and TVOCs was worst in classroom with new purchased furniture, and TVOCs was worst in classroom cleaned by cleaning agents. Indoor CO2 concentrations often exceeded 1500 ppm indicating importance of ventilation. Active activity of students during break time made the PM10 concentration higher than a lesson. Improvements and further researches should be carried out considering indoor air quality at schools is of special concern since children and students are susceptible to poor air quality.

In this study, we investigated PM10, NO2, and 1-hydroxypyrene(1-OHP) in urine at indoor environments which are 35 houses and 20 hospitals for using air cleaner and non-using air cleaner in Seoul metropolitan area and Kyoung-gi province from April, 2003 to February, 2004. Moreover, we examined effect of improvement for indoor air quality and health effect by concentration of 1-OHP also we investigated removal efficiency by air cleaner for PM10, NO2, and 1-OHP that were 28.5%, 27.4%, and 42.1% respectively. Concentration of PM10, NO2, and 1-OHP were 19.02±18.14㎍/m3, 8.66±3.06ppb, and 0.19±0.18㎍/g creatinine when air cleaner was no worked. The concentration for PM10, NO2, and 1-OHP were 13.60±10.79㎍/m3, 6.29±2.71ppb, and 0.11±0.10㎍/g creatinine, respectively. It was significant statistically. Therefore, it is considered using the air cleaner to remove the partial pollutants in indoor environment and is positive effect for health.

Draft is defined as an unwanted local cooling of the human body caused by air movement. It is a serious problem in many ventilated or air conditioned buildings. Often draft complaints occur although measured velocities in the occupied zone maybe lower than prescribed in existing standards. Purpose of this study is to clarify the evaluation of thermal comfort based on temperature and air velocity in winter. Experiments were performed in an environmental chamber in winter. Indoor temperature and air velocity was artificially controlled. The experiments were performed to evaluate temperature conditions and air velocity conditions by physiological and psychological responses of human. According to physiological responses and psychological responses, it was clear that the optimum air velocity is about 0.15 m/s and 0.30 m/s.

CFD code are used for numerically testing a new concept of large space air control system. A workshop with air-conditioners products lines and air-conditioned by several floor type air-containers is tested. The whole room air distribution is controlled by boosters installed in a middle height horizontal plane. First, calculated results are compared with measured data to confirm the validity and applicability of the prediction method. Next, the method is applied to case studies heating seasons. Results under some operating conditions show effectiveness in avoid the temperature stratification in winter.