Pesticide application in agriculture provides significant benefits such as protection from disease, prevention of harmful insects, and increased crop yields. However, accurate toxicological tests and risk assessments are necessary because of many related adverse effects associated with pesticide use. In this review, we discuss and analyze residual pesticides contained in livestock feed in Korea. A pesticide residue tolerance standard for livestock feed has not been precisely established; so, risk assessments are required to ensure safety. Standards and approaches for animal criteria and appropriate methods for evaluating residual pesticides are discussed and analyzed based on technology related to animal product safety in Korea. The safety of livestock feed containing pesticides is assessed to establish maximum residue limits relative to pesticides. Analysis of residual pesticides in milk, muscle, brain, and fat was performed with a livestock residue test and safety evaluation of the detected pesticide was performed. Efficacy of organic solvent extraction and clean-up of feed was verified, and suitability of the instrument was examined to establish if they are effective, rapid, and safe. This review discussed extensively how pesticide residue tolerance in livestock feed and hazard evaluation may be applied in future studies.

Potato cultivation area in Kazakhstan has been steadily increasing for ten years from 154,000 ha in 2006 to 186,000 ha in 2016. The production amounts are also increasing from 2,360,000 tons in 2006 to 3,550,000 tons in 2016. The average yield(/ha) was 19.0 ton in 2016 while 15.4 tons in 2006. The import volume increased by about 3.2 folds for seven years from 34,874 tons in 2006 to 112,323 tons in 2013. The import price(/ton) has been also showing steady increasing from $180(USD) in 2006 to $202(USD) in 2013. The export volume dramatically increased from 73 tons in 2006 to 8,455 tons in 2013. It shows that the potato trade with neighboring countries is very active recently. Kazakhstan need seed potato of around 700,000 tons each year, which is more than the total production yield (600,000 tons/ year) of Korean potato. Seed potatoes are imported from Europe by the private seed companies and then distributed to farmers after multiplications for two or three years. Potatoes are sown in May and harvested in September or October, which is similar to the summer cropping in Korean potato. The European cultivars such as ‘Sante’ and ‘Rodeo’ are preferred broadly due to their high temperature resistance, salt tolerance, long dormancy period, and yellow flesh color. Meanwhile, Early blight and Colorado potato beetle are known as the main problems at Kazakhstan potato fields. The big yield loss by insects or diseases during storage is one of the severe problems too. Considering the internal and external circumstances of Kazakhstan potato, it is expected that the Korea's high-quality seed potatoes and the post-harvest management technologies could be helpful to enter the Kazakhstan potato market effectively as well as to increase the market competitiveness.

이 연구는 1991년부터 2017년까지 발간된 「교정연구」를 대상으로 언어 네트워크 분석 (Semantic Network Analysis)을 통해 핵심 키워드의 중심성 분석을 하고자 한다. 이를 통해 우리나라 교정학 연구의 경향성을 파악하고 미래의 교정정책에 대한 방향성을 제시해 줄 수 있는 균형 잡힌 연구를 선택하도록 근거를 제공하는데 그 목적이 있다. 분석결과, 전반적으로 ‘교정’, ‘처우’, ‘방안’, ‘수형자’, ‘개선’ 등의 빈도수가 상대적 으로 높다는 것을 알 수 있다. 이는 「교정연구」의 연구주제들이 주로 수형자의 교정처우와 그 개선방안에 관련된 연구들이 많았음을 시사한다고 볼 수 있다. 각 시기별로 분석한 결과를 보면, 1991년부터 2000년까지는 ‘교정’이라는 키워드를 중심으로 ‘방안’, ‘처우’, ‘문제’, ‘방향’ 등의 순으로 연결중심성이 높게 나타났으며, 특히 ‘법’, ‘수형자’, ‘제도’, ‘개선’, ‘실태’, ‘범죄’, ‘행형’ 등의 키워드가 높은 연결관계를 형성하고 있었다. 초기의 연구는 주로 교정관련 제도나 정책, 교정의 이념 및 이론들이 연구주제로 주목받으면서 교정학의 정체성 확립을 위한 기반 연구들이 많이 진행된 것으로 보인다. 2001년부터 2010년 사이에 이루어진 연구들을 살펴보면 ‘교정’이라는 핵심 키워드 를 중심으로 ‘사회’, ‘개선’, ‘방안’, ‘소년’, ‘범죄’, ‘처우’, ‘제도’, 청소년’, ‘시설’, ‘프로그램’, ‘수형자’, ‘고찰’, ‘문제점’, ‘효과’ 등의 키워드가 연결중심성이 높게 나타났 는데, 이 역시 교정과 관련된 법･제도의 개선 및 당시 사회적 관심이 연구주제에 반영 되었다고 볼 수 있다. 특히, 이전 시기와 다르게 ‘프로그램’, ‘효과’, ‘영향’, ‘요인’ 등 의 키워드가 새롭게 등장하였다. 즉, 이 시기에서는 교정학의 연구주제가 프로그램의 효과성 분석이나 수형자 및 소년범 등의 행태에 초점을 맞춘 실증적 연구가 서서히 증대되고 있는 것으로 나타나 교정학 분야에 다양한 경험적 연구들이 다루어지기 시작했다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 또한 이 시기에 ‘지역사회’, ‘약물’, ‘보호관찰’ 등의 키워 드가 새로이 등장하면서, 당시 사회내 처우와 보호관찰 등에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있 었음을 알 수 있었으며, 약물범죄자의 교정 등 수형자의 개별처우 프로그램에 대한 실 증적 연구가 점차 연구주제로 선택되기 시작했음을 알 수 있었다. 마지막으로 2011년부터 2017년까지의 연구에서는 ‘교정’을 중심으로 ‘소년’, ‘방안’, ‘범죄’, ‘수용’, ‘시설’, ‘제도’, ‘재범’, ‘보호’, ‘치료’, ‘개선’, ‘효과’, ‘프로그램’ 등 의 순으로 가장 높은 연결중심성을 보여주고 있다. 2001-2010년 시기와 다르게 ‘소 년’이나 ‘청소년’ 등의 키워드가 연결중심성이 많이 높아진 것으로 분석되었으며, 특 히 이 시기에서는 ‘재범’, ‘치료’, ‘예방’, ‘가석방’ 등의 키워드가 새로이 연구주제로 등장하게 되는데, 이전 시기에 비해 범죄자의 재범방지에 관한 연구와 수형자의 치료 감호 등에 대한 연구주제가 선택되고 있으며, 범죄에 대한 사후적 분석보다 소년비행 이나 성인 범죄에 대한 사전적 예방이 근본적인 범죄대책으로 인식되면서 이에 대한 연구들도 활발히 이루어진 것으로 판단된다.

수사학은 훌륭한 말에 관한 재주이거나 학문이다. 어느 경우에나 수사학을 활용하는 목적은 말과 행동 등으로 남을 이해시키고 설득시키기 위한 것인데 연설뿐만 아니라 연극과 같은 각종 매체에서도 자주 쓰인다. 본고가 수사학적 각도로 탐구하려는 중국가수 薛之谦(설지겸)의 노래 <演员>(연기자)은 출시된 지 몇 년이 흘렀지만 아직도 많은 중국인들과 외국인들의 뇌리 속에 남아있는데 과연 어떤 요인들로 인하여 청자들과 깊은 공감대를 형성했는지에 대해 착상, 배열, 표현, 발표 등 서양 수사학 방법론을 적용하여 분석한다. 국내에서 중국 가수의 노래에 대해 수사학적으로 분석한 논문은 현재 전무한데 새로운 분석틀을 적용하여 현대중국 대중문화의 트렌드에 대한 체계적인 탐구를 시도하였다.

Introduction According to the Federation of the Swiss Watchmaking Industry (FHS) in 2017, Switzerland occupies approximately 3% of the global market regarding the quantity of watches. As for value, Switzerland represents 54% of global sales that is 21 billion USD. About 95% of luxury watches with price starting from 1,000 USD are stamped "Swiss Made.” Thus, the Swiss watch industry has become an integral part of the luxury universe. However, it‟s not an easy task to get a place in this luxury market of reference. According to the estimation made by the Institute of Watch Marketing, there are approximately 200 active Swiss watch brands on the market today. In order to create an uncontested market space and stand out from the competition luxury watch brands are obliged to create a new way of dealing with concurrence. The majority of brands chose the positioning at the top of a watch pyramid. First of all, it is an economic issue: according to the recent Deloitte report (2017) on watchmaking industry, the most important increase is in the category of watches belonging to the “Haute Horlogerie” segment. While other categories have been steadily losing their shares in exports for years, the high-end category of watches is growing considerably. In the last two decades, luxury brand management has attracted much interest and discussions in academic and business circles. Among the business leaders and scientists, the debates were related to the challenges and paradoxes associated with luxury branding and management that emerged as a result of the evolution of the field (Okonkwo, 2007; Kapferer, 2008 Chevalier and Mazzalovo, 2008, Dubois B., Laurent G., et Czellar S, 2001). In order to create and maintain the position of a strong luxury brand, a number of key elements have been identified as crucial and divergent within the scientific literature (Sicard, 2008; Fionda and Moore, 2008, Merle, Chandon and Roux, 2008). Vigneron and Johnson (2004) proposes key luxury dimensions that managers should establish and monitor for creating a lasting luxury brand. Nevertheless, in our opinion there are no many researches explaining hyper luxury segment growth and the upward expansion of the Swiss luxury watchmaking to the hyper luxury. To our knowledge, there is no scientifically accepted definition of the hyper luxury segment. We attempt to define hyper luxury watch brands as “Haute Horlogerie” watch brands with a unique positioning based on the personal-oriented perceptions of customers, high experiential value and proprietary manufacturing know-how, offering mainly mechanical watches in a price range starting at roughly 60„000 USD and then passing to the price categories of 100‟000-500‟000-1‟000‟000 USD for a watch. In order to shed light on upward expansion to Hyper Luxury trend in Swiss luxury watchmaking we should formulate the following research question: What kind of resources to optimize and which processes to implement in order to create resource-based competitive advantage in a highly competitive market of Swiss luxury watchmaking? Methodology To gain a deeper understanding of the upward expansion to hyper luxury in Swiss watchmaking industry we proceed to qualitative research (semi-structured interviews with 20 CEO and Marketing managers) among watchmaking companies. We specifically focused on top managers involved in the product development and decision making and management processes. The key issues addressed were: definition of the key company‟s resources, information management, market sensing, innovative approaches in management, sources of value creation for customers and differentiation strategies, managerial vision and firm-specific practices and procedures. Qualitative research methods were selected for this study with the aim to generate data rich in details and embedded in context. This study will allow us to enlarge and enrich previous theoretical findings and illustrate it with practical evidences. Conceptual framework Last decades have seen an important economic shift from manufacturing to information and knowledge-driven services. This shift has been accompanied by an increase in the importance of intangible assets and capabilities. Thus the source of competitive advantage has changed from mostly manufacturing assets to market based intangible assets and capabilities (Ramaswami et al., 2009). The resource-based theory (RBT) provides an important framework in explanation and prediction of the firm‟s competitive advantage and superior performance based on market based insights (Barney and Arikan, 2001, Vorhies and Morgan, 2005). RBT considers a company as an idiosyncratic mix of resources and capabilities that are available for application by various departments in the company and are very difficult to imitate by competitors (Teece et al., 1997). Accordiang to Barney and Hesterly (2012), sustainable competitive advantage results only if resources are simultaneously valuable, rare, imperfectly imitable, and exploitable by the firm‟s organization (VRIO). This VRIO framework has acknowledged that resources need to be leveraged effectively by the organization, instead of simply possessed by the firm. Even if a resource is valuable, rare, and imperfectly imitable, a firm must be “organized to exploit the full competitive potential of its resources and capabilities. According to Newbert (2008), performance improvement is not directly a function of the value or rareness of a firm‟s resource-capability combinations but rather of the advantages it creates from their exploitation. Then, through insightful theoretical development researchers have expanded the RBT into the concept of dynamic capabilities. Specifically, dynamic capabilities are defined as the ability to build, integrate, and reconfigure internal and external intangible resources to address rapidly changing environments (Winter, 2003). Teece et al (1997) and Eisenhard and Martin states that sustained competitive advantage could be based on the firm‟s renewal and reconfiguration of its resources and capabilities through dynamic capabilities. The dynamic capabilities view changes from the resource-based view of the firm (Barney, 1991), by its attempts to the explanation of the conditions under which firms achieve competitive advantage based on their resources and capabilities (Molina et al., 2014). Furthermore, researchers have increased conceptual understanding of the role of marketing in enabling firms to create and sustain competitive advantage and superior performance (Ramaswami et al, 2009). In accordance with potential to improve business performance, some studies (Bruni and Verona, 2009), have introduced the term „Dynamic Marketing Capabilities‟ (DMCs hereafter). In fact, DMCs are specifically focused on releasing and integrating market knowledge that helps firms evolve. Developing DMCs could constitute the real basis for sustainable competitive advantage and superior performance in most competitive sectors (Molina et al, 2014). Fang and Zou (2009) define DMC as the responsiveness and efficiency of cross-functional business processes for creating and delivering customer value in response to market changes. It is this focus on customer value that distinguishes DMCs from dynamic capabilities in general. According to Bruni and Verona (2009) DMC are those capabilities aimed specifically at developing, releasing and integrating market knowledge that helps firm evolve. Main findings and analysis Analysis of semi-structured interviews with the CEO and marketing managers of the Swiss luxury watchmaking companies lead us to a number of findings concerning the role of DMC for the hyper luxury brand expansion. The exploratory study confirms many of the elements presented in the conceptual part of this article. Most of the Swiss high-end watchmaking companies are traditionally founded focusing on specific kind of watch and technological expertise in it. Often, these companies tend to develop and grow by mastering their technological competences. As it comes from our research nowadays rare are companies that uses dynamic DMC. Even if the majority of companies confirmed the importance of DMC, it is very difficult to implement it on practice due to the complexity of the numerous stages of industrial production, various operations and partners. Meanwhile, there are some companies that managed to integrate the concept of dynamic marketing capabilities and improve their performance. A deeper questioning into their management practices revealed that they are achieving these results because of the sophisticated and effective way of implementation marketing insights coming from partners and clients. These high performing companies generate growth because of their particular focus for constant improvement of their marketing activities. “The main idea is to question all the time our way of working and to elaborate more sophisticated marketing mix than most of our competitors. For us, sophistication of our watches has the same importance as sophistication of our marketing activities”. Our research pointed out that these few firms of Swiss luxury watchmaking industry, that successfully accomplish the search and gap-assessment stages concerning dynamic marketing capabilities have an advantage over rivals. The market-based identification of valuable resources and internal management of intangibles help managers recognize the need for improvement. In a case of such particular industry as Swiss watchmaking where any considerable changes are very costly and time consuming the companies that applies DMC through small steps and project-based development assure their presence and adaptability to the globalized changes of the economy. “Swiss luxury watchmaking industry strongly related to the overall economic and social changes in the world. So we need to be constantly aware and understand global trends, for example, emerging categories of customers and their expectations towards luxury products”. Thus, dynamic marketing capabilities are considered as very important value creation drivers. We identified marketing intelligence, customer relationships and professional networks as the most important elements for additional value creation. “It is clear that information is very important in order to stay “up to date” with the market. As most of decisions and processes depends on the feeling of the current situation on the market and clients, it’s very important to gather as much information as possible. There is no one source of information, but the multitude of different sources and various information as a puzzle helps to construct the right vision”. Organizational capabilities, information sharing and collaboration between various departments are directly related to new value creation. As it came from the qualitative analysis the main conditions are the “openness” of management vision and strategic flexibility of decision makers. Moreover, high-performing companies participated in our research confirmed that it is very important to adopt an entrepreneurial attitude and to implement “participative” way of collaboration. “On the initial stages of product development, all departments are invited to give their feedback on the product. We organize regularly a brainstorming in order to obtain various perspectives. Cross-functional teamwork brings more value”. Those companies who could create some sort of flexibility in organization of production find themselves mostly on the niche market of hyper-luxury with a very personalized, sometimes even “co-created” watches. In this approach, it is a client, his visions and his preferences that are incorporated into the watch through its design, configuration, functions and complications. This phenomenon also confirms the recent trends on the luxury market of ultimate personalization and unique experience creation that accompanying the product. “People who could acquire almost everything that they want are looking for new experiences. Millennials are willing to pay higher price for personalized high-end and luxury items. The watch became not only the symbol of the status of its owner, but the reflection and continuation of the personality of a client. In this case a unique watch for somebody unique is a great concept”. Managerial recommendations Our research revealed that the concept of the dynamic marketing capabilities as a part of intangible resources of the company could be very beneficial for swiss luxury watchmaking companies in the process of expansion to hyper luxury segment. Managerial contribution of this article lies in new approach illustration that could be used as a support for strategic decision-making in Swiss watch-making companies. The concept of dynamic marketing capabilities is a very complex phenomenon. As a first step for improvement it would be important to get more informed and deeply understand it. In order to create more value and better performance, it is important to deep “intuitive” way of decision making and to implement more explicitly insights coming from practice. Traditionally very segmented industry of Swiss luxury watches is on the road to changes due to radical social and economic changes around the world. Nowadays, company growth and performance requires connecting many elements across various sources of data. There are more opportunities and synergies in initial collaboration on the basic steps of the expansion to hyper luxury segment of watches then filling in the gaps that were not considered in the beginning. Feedbacks from customers and partners could be the most valuable data sources for sustainable changes and following up current trends on the market. Extensive data gathering and analysis, flexibility and learning has a direct impact to the performance. The more internal and external sources engaged into the flexible management and decision making process, the better performance and customer value it could bring. Nowadays, customer is placed in the center of the most of successful businesses. The level of understanding of the customer preferences and values turning to solid insights that could help for better and more efficient performance and decision making processes. Co-created value with customer‟s insights will help to achieve more recognition, exclusivity and appreciation from customers. Direct interactions with wealthy individuals are the main differentiators and value creation mechanisms of a hyper luxury segment of watches. There are numerous opportunities to engage customers in a dialogue instead of traditional for Swiss luxury watchmaking industry one-directional communication. Largely applied in other industries (luxury cars, yachts etc.) this approach is considered to be a niche in the luxury watchmaking. Thus, in our opinion even in the highly traditional industry as Swiss luxury watchmaking it is of great importance to understand and try to implement this dynamic approach and to adopt “Bottom up” management practices. From managerial point of view it is important to encourage curiosity, open-mindedness and cross-departmental communication of the employees. Our key managerial recommendation would be to state that in order to gain competitive advantage, information from the markets, partners and clients should be translated into actionable plans that, once applied, tend to yield concrete results. This transition from data to reconfiguration of processes represents the path that creates more value and competitive advantage in a highly competitive industry. More specifically, firms aimed to compete on the basis of the superior customer service and expansion to the “hyper luxury” sector are advised to invest into building new type of relationship and more dynamic organizational process based on the insights coming from various partners. Limitations and further research avenues The resource advantage theory was predominantly constructed on the theoretical level. In our opinion, such approach could be considered as the key drawback of scientific discourse. Recognition that science and practice produce distinct forms of knowledge has been longstanding. According to Van de Ven (2007), the gap between theory and practice may be a knowledge production problem. The aim of the current research is to suggest a vice versa point of view and to highlight empirical evidence coming from practice. The theoretical contribution of this article to the academic discussion lies in explaining the expansion to the Hyper Luxury Watchmaking Segment based on intangible assets management. We contribute to the development of RBT with its insights deriving from Swiss luxury watchmaking industry. These issues helps us to come up with managerial recommendations and thus to contribute to the advancement of the RBT. The main limitation of this research is in the nature of our research. The exploratory research helped us to identify the key elements in expansion to hyper luxury watch segment by Swiss luxury watchmaking companies. However, this does not allow us to understand the depth of this phenomenon. In order to confirm this results the more profound and focused analysis is needed. It could help to understand deeper micro-foundations of DMC. In addition to that, in our opinion a detailed case study of the firm with outstanding DMC‟s would be particularly valuable. Otherwise, to test quantitatively what are the links between various elements is also a promising avenue for this research.

As visual marketing gains a more critical role in marketing communications, consumer eye-tracking data has been utilized to assess the effectiveness of those marketing efforts (Croll, 2016; Glazer, 2012). With eye-tracking data, researchers can capture consumers’ visual attention effectively and may predict their behavior better than with traditional memory measures (Wedel & Pieters, 2008). However, due to the complexity of data: its volume, velocity and variety, known as 3Vs of Big Data, marketing scholars have been slow in fully utilizing eye-tracking data. These data properties may pose a challenge for researchers to analyze eye-tracking data, especially gaze sequence data, with traditional statistical approaches. Commonly, researchers may analyze gaze sequences by computing average probabilities of gaze transitions from a particular area of interest to another area of interest. When the variance of gaze sequence data in the sample is small, this method would uncover a meaningful “global” trend, a trend consistent across all the individuals. However, when the variance is large, this method may not enable researchers to understand the nature of the variance, or the “messiness” of data. In this paper, first, to overcome this challenge, we propose an innovative method of analyzing gaze sequence data. Utilizing the singular value decomposition, our proposed method enables researchers to reveal a “local” trend, a trend shared by only some individuals in the sample. Second, we illustrate the benefits of our method through analyzing gaze sequence data collected in an advertising study. Finally, we discuss the implications of our proposed method, including its capability of uncovering a hidden “local” trend in “messy” gaze sequence data.

Export Market Orientation (EMO)- one of the most important strategic orientations of exporting firms- has received much attention in the last two decades within organization and academia alike. EMO has become an emerging issue that benefits the integration of market orientation, internationalization, and export performance literature into coherence. After the introduction of this concept in international business (IB) literature, we observed a surge of research focusing on EMO incorporating scale development for measurement as well as empirical studies that investigate the antecedents to and consequences of EMO along with moderation and mediation. This review systematically examines EMO research, analyzing 31 articles published in 19 leading journals available between 1999 and 2017. What we can conclude from the review is that EMO research is still in its infancy. We attempted to identify some research gaps and suggest some future avenues of research.

Fig is a fruit of which the flesh is very sweet, and it is a tree which has been grown for fruit in Korea since long time ago. However, since the flesh of fig tends to be easily softened, commercial cultivation of this fruit began later than that of other fruit trees grown for profit, however, the cultivation and demand of fig tend to be increased steadily due to the development of technology for storage and distribution since the 2000s. In addition, as the domestic dining culture is getting diversified, the dishes cooked by using fig as a food material are introduced through diverse foods including dessert, and it is possible to intake fig in diverse ways, but not through the traditional processed food. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a measure of expanding the consumption of fig as a processed food, and it will be possible to overcome the limitation of short storage period, while securing the competitiveness of the fig industry. In this research, we have studied the history of domestic fig cultivation, current status of it and status of processed foods through related documents and materials, and the characteristics of the consumers who purchase figs. Fig is a traditional fruit, however, we could find out the fact that the consumers tend not to recognize it as a traditional one. Therefore, if we could add fig to various processed foods utilizing its sweet taste, rather than increasing the consumption of fresh fruits, it may increase the consumption of it.

본 연구는 태권도의 대중화를 장려하기 위한 방안으로 개발된 프로그램인 태권체조의 가치와 학문적 목적을 살펴보기 위해 연구동향을 파악하였다. 이와 같은 목적을 달성하기 위해 본 연구는 26개의 학술지에 게재된 46편의 논문을 분석하였다. 자료분석은 IBM SPSS stastics 23.0 프로그램을 이용하였으며, 연구주제, 연구방법, 연구대상으로 구분하여 빈도분석을 실시하였다. 이에 따른 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 연구영역에 있어서는 운동생리학 및 처방 영역에서 꾸준하게 논문이 게재되었으며, 최근에 스포츠 교육학 영역에서 연구가 게재되고 있다. 둘째, 연구방법에 있어서는 양적 연구가 질적 연구보다는 많이 이루어졌으며, 양적 연구에 있어서는 집단 간의 차이를 검증하는 연구가 가장 많이 게재되었고, 질적 연구에 있어서는 문헌연구가 가장 많이 게재된 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 연구대상에 있어서는 사람을 대상으로 한 연구가 가장 많이 이루어졌으며, 하위 그룹별로는 성인, 노인, 중학생 순으로 연구가 이루어졌다. 자료 대상으로 분석한 연구에 있어서는 문헌이나 웹자료 분석, 동영상 분석 연구가 이루어졌으며, 기타로 게임프로그램과 관련된 연구가 게재되었다.

The purpose of this paper is to find out how each districts(Gu) of Seoul are related based on the apartment price trends. All the data used in this paper comes from a public data sources, Seoul apartments transaction data provided by ‘Ministry of Land Infrastructure and Transport Korea’ and the apartments properties from NAVER’s real estate service. To analyze the similarities between the price trends of each apartments, this study uses FastDTW algorithm which is quite popular in time series analysis domain. After figured out the distance matrix from FastDTW, this study uses Hierarchical Clustering algorithm and Chi-squared test to compare each districts’ relationship. The analysis result shows that which districts in Seoul are similar and which districts are not.

Asphalt pavement overlay method is one of widely chosen construction methods for remodelling existing aged concrete pavement layer. However, in this case reflective cracking is a challenging issue due to movement of transverse joints: built in existing concrete pavement layer with constant interval length. In this paper, collecting field data: collection of displacement and temperature data on existing concrete pavement layer for further complicated pavement performance analysis, was performed. To fulfil this objective, various types of thermometer were embedded into concrete layer with different depth level. Then, movement of existing concrete layer was measured numerically. Each Displacement Measuring Gauge (DMG) along with thermometer was embedded with depth of 3cm and 15cm, respectively. Additional thermometers were embedded at the middle depth of overlaid asphalt pavement layer for further extensive analysis and data collection. Total four testing sites were considered based on different asphalt mixture type and construction method. The 1st site was constructed with conventional construction approach, the 2nd site was constructed with a new pavement equipment contains simultaneous tack-coating function, the 3rd site was similar to 1st site but Guss-asphalt was constructed as a binder course, and in 4th site Noise-Reduction Porous Asphalt (NRPA) was constructed as a surface course and regular Dense Grade Asphalt (DGA) was constructed as a binder course. A field asphalt pavement layer sample coring works: along with basic material property tests, were also performed to acquire not only overlaid asphalt but also existing concrete pavement materials. This gauge measuring work in this study is an initial step therefore, long-term movement data of each pavement layer was not able to be collected, unfortunately. However through collecting and analysing initial data on each test site, two crucial findings were acquired. First, in all four tested site highest temperature variations were observed at the upper asphalt pavement layer and the variation trends decreased with increase of pavement depth (in case of concrete pavement layer, temperature and movement variations also decreased with increase of pavement depth). Secondly, when Guss-asphalt was applied as a binder course temperature variations of existing concrete pavement layer was crucially smaller than those of other comparison cases. These current findings and collected data set can provide successful input information for further pavement structure analysis such as 2D (and/or 3D) Finite Element Method (FEM) analysis as a future study.

본 연구의 목적은 우리나라에서 수행된 지구과학교육 분야의 개념변화 연구 동향을 분석하여 향후 개념변화 연구의 기초 자료로 제공하는 것이다. 우리나라 지구과학 개념변화 연구의 경향성을 논문의 키워드, 발표 연도, 논문 출처, 연구 목적, 연구 대상, 연구 영역, 연구 방법 측면에서 분석하였다. 연구 대상은 우리나라 지구과학교육의 개념변화 연구 논문이 처음 발표된 1989년부터 2017년 7월까지, 총 126편의 지구과학교육의 개념변화 논문이었다. 본 연구의 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 지구과학 개념변화 논문은 ‘개념변화’라는 용어를 ‘오개념’, ‘선개념’ 보다 더 많이 사용하였다. 둘째, 개념변화 논문은 2000년대에 많은 양적인 성장을 이루었다. 셋째, 개념변화는 석사 학위의 연구주제로 많이 이루어지고 있었다. 넷째, 오개념 조사와 그에 따른 교정을 함께 다룬 연구가 많았고, 오개념 조사로는 자유응답 검사법을, 오개념 교정 방법으로는 인지갈등 수업모형과 CAI 교수전략을 주로 활용하였다. 다섯째, 초등학생 대상 연구가 가장 많이 이루어졌다. 여섯째, 개념변화 연구의 지구과학 영역은 천문과 대기의 비중이 높았다. 마지막으로, 연구 초기에는 양적 분석 방법을 많이 사용하였지만, 2010년대에 들어서는 질적 분석 방법을 많이 사용하였다. 향후 개념변화의 연구 과제로 예비 및 현직 교사 대상의 개념변화 연구, 지질·해양·대기 등 다양한 영역으로의 연구 확대, 오개념 형성원인 파악 및 정의적 요인에 관한 연구 등을 제안하였다.

Colloidally synthesized luminescent nanocrystals (NCs) have attracted tremendous attention due to their unique nanoscale optical and electronic properties. The emission properties of these NCs can be precisely tuned by controlling their size, shape, and composition as well as by introducing appropriate dopant impurities. Nowadays, these NCs are actively utilized for various applications such as optoelectronic devices including light emitting diodes (LEDs), lasers, and solar cells, and bio-medical applications such as imaging agents and bio-sensors. In this review, we classify luminescent nanomaterials into quantum dots (QDs), upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs), and perovskite NCs and present their intrinsic emission mechanism. Furthermore, the recently emerging issues of efficiency, toxicity, and durability in these materials are discussed for better understanding of industry demands. As well, the future outlook will be offered for researchers to guide the direction of future research.

무인항공기(UAV; Unmanned Aerial Vehicle)는 관련 기술이 급속히 발전되면서 최근 다양한 분야에서 이용되고 있다. 주로 상업분야(미디어, 레크리에이션, 농업 등)에서 많이 이용되고 있지만 인공위성 및 항공영상에 비해 적은 운용비용과 효과적인 자료 취득이 가능하여 공공(감시·관리, 기상·관측 등), 연구(환경, 지리정보, 해양관측, 원격탐사 등)분야에서의 이용이 증가하는 추세이다. 하지만 기술의 잠재성과 사회적 관심에 비해 관련 연구는 상대적으로 미흡한 실정이며 특히 환경·생태 분야에서의 활용은 시작단계로 볼 수 있다. 따라서 UAV와 관련한 공간정보의 발전 추이와 연구 동향을 파악하는 것은 UAV 활용을 위한 기반연구로서 의의가 있다. 본 연구에서는 국내·외 관련 연구동향을 정량적으로 파악하고 세부적인 연구영역이 어떻게 구성되어 있는지를 분석하 는데 목적이 있다. 또한 최근 환경·생태 연구 분야에서 UAV와 관련하여 새롭게 주목받고 있는 연구 주제들은 무엇인지 파악하고자 하였다. 연구동향 분석을 위해 자료의 검색은 UAV를 제목으로 하는 1997~2017년 사이의 논문으로 하였다. 자료의 검색은 Thomson Reuters사의 Web of science에 등재된 연구논문 중 KCI, SCI, SCIE에 한하였으며 등재후보지 및 기타 문헌은 제외하였다. 분석 방법은 빅데이터 분석 방법 중 텍스트 마이닝과 동시출현 단어 분석을 통해 시계열적인 연구 동향과 주요 연구 분야 분류를 통해 그 의미를 해석하고자 하였다. 수집된 자료는 논문 수와 발행 시기를 고려하여 두 개의 시기 (97-13, 14-17)로 구분하였으며 세부연구 분야의 비중을 비율로 살펴보았다. UAV 관련 연구 주제를 파악하기 위하여 초록에 사용된 단어 및 단어구의 동시출현 빈도 분석과정에서 다음과 같은 기준을 가지고 진행하였다. 첫째, 유사한 의미를 가지는 단어는 제외하거나 동일한 단어로 치환하여 분석하였으며(ex. UAV, UAS, Smart UAV, Unmaned Aerial Vehicle 등) 20회 이상 출현된 단어 및 단어구만 한하였다. 둘째, 최소 5편 이상의 논문에 출현한 단어를 선정하였다. 셋째, 출현 빈도가 높은 단어 중 주제어로 판단되기 어려운 일반적인 단어, 조사 등은 주제단어의 적정점수(relevance score)의 상위 60%에 해당하는 단어에 한해 분석하였다 수집된 국내논문은 745편, 국외는 3,858편이며 연도별 논문 발행 수는 매년 30편 이내였지만 14년부터 급격히 증가하여 15~17년에 발행된 논문이 전체의 50% 이상을 차지하고 있었다. 수집된 논문을 기반으로 추출된 단어 및 단어구는 국내의 경우 13,359개, 국외는 73,628개로 나타났다. 분석은 2단계로 나눌 수 있는데 1단계에서 공출현 행렬 값을 기반으로 카테고리들 사이의 유사성을 Association Strength(관계강도) 산출식으로 계산하였다. 2단계에서는 1단계에서 계산된 유사성을 기초로 2차원 맵을 생성하였으며 유사성이 높을수록 단어의 위치가 근접하며 낮을수록 먼 거리에 배치된다. 맵의 가독성과 관련하여 발생 빈도 따라 단어의 크기 및 연결강도에 따른 연결선의 수를 설정하였다. 주제 단어로서의 적정점수 이상을 획득한 단어를 최종적으로 추출한 결과 국내는 173개, 국외는 477개가 나타났다. 유사도에 따라 연구영역을 클러스터링 한 결과 국내 UAV 관련 연구는 7개, 국외는 8개의 주요 분야로 나눌 수 있었으며, 연구 영역별로 출현빈도와 관계강도가 높은 단어를 중심으로 그 의미를 파악하고자 하였다. 국외부터 살펴보면 Cluster1은 “원격탐사 기술/자료 활용(분류, NDVI, LAI, 산림, 온도 등)”, Cluster2 “항법기술(회피, 추적, 편대비행, 자율, 협조 등)” Cluster3 “비행기술(안정, 조종, 궤적, 추적 등)”, Cluster4 “원격탐사 기술/자료 활용(분류, NDVI, 온도 등 )”, Cluster5 “비행 성능(연료, 모터, 형태 등)”, Cluster6은 “무인항공 기술/산업 동향”, Cluster7 항법관련 알고리즘/센서(정찰, 회피, 인식 등)”, Cluster8 UAV SAR(대형 무인기, 레이더 등)로 나눌 수 있다. 2013년 이전에는 Cluster2, 5, 7, 8 영역의 연구가 주로 이루어졌는데 기체개발 및 항법기술과 관련한 기초 연구가 이에 해당된다. 14년부터 현재 까지는 Cluster1, 3, 4, 6에 해당 되는 연구로서 원격탐사 기술, 자료 처리 및 활용에 관련 연구가 진행되었다. 국내의 결과를 살펴보면 Cluster1은 “무인항공 기술/산업 동향”, Cluster2는 “원격탐사 기술/자료처리 (RGB, DEM, DSM 등)분석”, Cluster3 “비행성능(조종, 비행, 엔진 등)”, Cluster4 “기체 성능(연료, 모터, 형태 등)”, Cluster5 “원격탐사 기술/자 료 활용(분류, NDVI, 온도 등 )”, Cluster6 “항법기술(알고리즘, 회피, 객체 등)”, Cluster7 “원격 조종(안테나, 지상조정, 항로 등)” 로 분류되었다. 국외와 유사한 의미를 가지는 영역으로 클러스터링 되었지만 연구 주제를 파악할 수 있는 핵심 단어의 출현 시기와 단어들 간의 관계강도, 다양성에서 차이가 있었다. 국내는 UAV 기술 현황, 활용성을 주제로 한 기초연구 의 비중이 높았지만 국외의 경우 UAV 원격탐사 기술 통한 자료 수집 및 분석에 관한 연구의 비중이 가장 높게 나타났다. 환경·생태 분야와 관련한 연구 영역은 국외는 Cluster1, 국내는 Cluster5에 해당되며 출현 단어를 살펴보면 Canopy, Classification, Forest, LAI(Leaf Area Index), NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), Temperature, Tree, Atmosphere 등이 나타났다. 이와 같은 단어는 최근 주목 받은 연구 주제로서 UAV 광학센서 기술의 고도화와 영상처리기술 의 발전으로 기존의 공간정보에서 얻을 수 없었던 자료 획득이 가능하였기 때문이다. 국제적인 연구 동향에 따라 국내 에서도 최근 관련 논문이 증가하는 것은 향후 연구되어야 할 주제로 인식하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 본 연구는 환경·생태 분야에 있어 효과적인 UAV 이용 방안과 한계점 제시를 위한 1단계 연구로서 국내·외 UAV 관련 연구동향을 정량적으로 파악하여 환경·생태 분야에 활용도가 높은 기술을 알아보고자 하였다. 향후 다양한 UAV 원격탐사 기술을 적용한 데이터 수집·분석·검증 과정을 통해 종합적으로 평가한 연구 결과를 발표할 수 있을 것이다.