지진응답 해석 시 불확실한 지진현상을 추정하여 설계지진파를 선정하는 것은 어려운 일 중의 하나이다. 게다가 제한된 숫자의 설계인자에 상응하는 지진파가 결코 유일하지 않다는 문제도 있다. 따라서 동일한 설계진도에 상응하는 여러 지진파들로부터 구한 응답치들이 서로 크게 차이가 날 수 있다. 본 논문은 이 같은 지진하중의 불확실성을 체계적으로 고려하는 실용적인 지진파 생성 기법을 제시한다. 이 기법은 에너지 개념의 RMS 지진가속도에 기반하며 주요 지진파 설계인자의 불확실성을 고려한다. 시뮬레이션을 통해, 이 새로운 RMS 기법이 지진재해에 상응하는 지진파를 대량 생성하는 경우에 적합하며 따라서 소량의 지진파 생성에 적합한 기존의 방법들과 비교할 때 특히 확률론적 지진응답 해석 시 유용하다는 점을 확인하였다.

This pot experiment was conducted to find out the forage productivity and quality in a grasslclover sward as affected by the application of three different fertilizers; double superphosphate(DS), fused Mg-phosphate (FP), and complex fertilizer(CF) on newl

Korea market of food service industry has been increased greatly since early 90's with the emergence of professional catering business and the expansion of school food service. Because of the characteristics of food service establishment, feeding many people at a time, there is always a high potential of foodborne outbreak which requires special sanitary management to prevent. Currently, many catering businesses are interested in HACCP(Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points), a new sanitary management system, and are trying to develop HACCP Plans for their food service establishment. Microbiological hazard analysis, a most important step for developing HACCP Plan, provides also basic information for evaluating sanitary aspect of prepared foods and their materials. There are not extensive data of microbiological hazard analysis for food service operations, especially for prepared foods and raw materials, which are helpful for developing a HACCP Plan. The extensive microbiological hazard analyses for 65 prepared foods and 51 raw materials selected from a couple of food service establishment were performed in this research. These results will provide useful information to determine hazards for developing a HACCP plan, and also to understand sanitary status for prepared foods and raw materials in food service establishment.

Hazard and operability Review(HAZOP) is widely used as a process safety analysis which systematically identifies potential process deviations and settles the problems. In this paper, we carried out a process hazard analysis using HAZOP in K chemical plant. As a result, we showed that the plant could be operated more safely and be saved a lot of money by eliminating several existing hazardous factors through the change of processes and designs.

In view of the rapid development of economics and technology, perilous meteorological and geological conditions often cause natural disasters and result in severe loss of lives and properties in Taiwan. To promote multi-hazard mitigation strategies in an integrated a, pp.oach, the National Science Council established a National Science and Technology Program for Disaster Mitigation in January 1998. This program emphasizes on the implementation of research results in the National Disaster Management System. This paper describes the earthquake loss estimation methodology that is currently developed in Taiwan. Topics of potential earth science hazards (PESH) and building vulnerability analysis are described in detail.

Korea is not considered to be one of the safe zones for earthquakes any more. According to the records of the historical records and recent earthquake events in Korea, the possibillty of disastrous seismic hazards cannot be ignored, Korea Earthquake Engineering Research Center (KEERC) and Earthquake Engineering Society of Korea(EESK) have been established by that consensus. In this paper, historical earthquake records and seismicity in Korea are reviewed. And the research activities and the research system for the earthquake hazards mitigation of KEERC are introduced and the efforts of ESSK to renovate seismic design code system and to optimize the protection levels against earthquake disasters is explained.

Time-temperature relationship and microbiological quality were assessed and critical control points were identified through hazard analysis during the phases of production in two different packaged meals (Dosirak) manufacturing establishments (A, B:Kim Pab). Microbiological tests on foods, equipments and utensils were done according to standard procedures and included total plate count, coliforms and fecal coliforma. The results of the study are summarized as follows : time-temperature control management was needed because timetemperature abuse more than 8 hours at dangerous temperature zone (5-60℃) was observed from pre-preperation to distribution phase; Poor sanitary practices of employees were observed in hand washing and using disposable gloves; Microbiological analysis results of equipments and utensils showed possible cross-contamination risks when foods were contacted with them; Kim Pab needed thorough quality control because it included various mixed ingredients of cooked and uncooked and had many apportunities of cross-contamination either by equipments or hands through whole production processes.

A hazard analysis which included watching operations, measuring temperatures of foods throughout preparation and display, and sampling and testing for microorganisms of total plate counts and coliform bacteria was conducted in various phases of product flow of Naeng-myeun (Cold noodles) and Pi-bim bab (mixed rice) prepared at Korean restaurants. Large numbers of total plate counts were counted from the cooked foods after handling and holding. Ingestion of these foods must be considered high risk. Critical control points identified were, pre-preparation, food handling after cooking, and holding on display in product flow of Nang-Meon and pre-preparation, preparation, and holding on display in product flow of Pi-bim bab. It need for effective quality control of Nang-Meon and Pi-bim bab that training program consist of surveillance, education of the staff, standard operation procedures, forbidding dangerous processes and control of critical points.

A hazard analysis which included watching operations, measuring temperatures of foods throughout preparation and display, and sampling and testing for microorganisms of total plate counts and coliform bacteria was conducted in various phases of product flow of Korean soups (Galbitang, Sullungtang, Jangkuk) prepared at Korean restaurants. Cooked foods were sometimes held at room temperature long enough to permit multiplication of bacteria that might have been present. This was confirmed by the finding of large numbers of aerobic mesophilic colonies (106) in samples of such foods after handling and holding for several hours before served. These bacteria decreased down to 101~102 while the contaminated Tang were served. And internal temperature of Tang served was approximately 70℃. Critical control points identified were, pre-preparation, handling after cooking and holding on display. Guidelines were suggested for effective quality control of Tang (Korean soups) production. Handlers of these foods need to be informed of the hazards and appropriate preventive measures.

지진예측을 위한 확률론적퍼지모형을 제안하였다. 제안원 모형은 지진발생에 대하여 부작위성 (randomness) 과 퍼 지니스( fuzziness )를 같이 사용하여， 기존의 확률론에 근거한 지진예측방볍을 개선할 수 있도록 하였다. 이 연구의 설과는 (a) 주어진 초과확률에 대한 지반가속도 또는 주어진 지반가속도에 대한 초과확률의 멤벼쉽함수와 (b) 멤써 쉽함수릎 대표할 수 있는 특성값 (characteristic value) 이다. 확률론적퍼지모형을 띠 놔 Utah 주의 Wasatch Front Range 의 자료에 적용하여 서로 다른 연간초파확률， 최대지반가속도에 대하여 지진도른 작성하였다

Typhoons are a major threat to Korea and many parts of the world. Typhoons can cause loss of life, damage to buildings, industry and infrastructure. In order to objectively and quantitatively assess the risk presented by typhoons and other natural hazards, catastrophe models are often used, especially in the insurance industry. Catastrophe models determine the probability of occurrence of natural hazards at target locations, along with associated damage and other impacts. Catastrophe models can also be designed to estimate the financial cost of the natural hazard. As Korea’s insurance industry develops and grows, catastrophe models focused on Korea will be needed. We have initiated a project to develop a catastrophe model for Korea. The first phase of this project is to develop the natural hazard component which estimates the probability of storm tracks and associated wind speeds impacting the Korean peninsula and islands. We discuss a preliminary prototype of natural hazard component of the model in this paper.

부산항 ‘A’ 터미널에서 발생한 지난 3년간의 사고 데이터를 분석하여 어떤 장비가 가장 많이 사고를 발생하였고 어떤 위험점이 가장 높은지를 위험성 평가기법으로 알아보고, 이러한 사고를 미연에 방지하기 위한 방안을 보우타이 기법을 활용하여 제시하고자 한다. 실증자 료를 분석한 결과 터미널 내의 이동장비 중 야드 트랙터의 충돌사고가 가장 높은 것으로 나타났다. 안전한 부산항을 만들기 위하여 우리는 가장 먼저 야드 트랙터의 충돌사고 예방법 (Control measure)과 사고 발생 시 대처방안 (Recovery measure)을 철저히 준비하여 사고를 미연 에 방지하여야 할 것이다. 본 연구의 결과는 관련 실무에 다양한 시사점을 제공하였다.

In this study, we identified heavy rain damage and rainfall characteristics for each region, and proposed Hazard-Triggering rainfall according to heavy rain damage scale focused on Gyeonggi-do. We classified the damage scale into three groups (total damage, over 100 million won, over 1 billion won) to identify the characteristics of heavy rain damage, and we determined criteria of the rainfall class for each rainfall variable (maximum rainfalls for the durations of 1, 3, 6, 12 hours) to identify the rainfall characteristics. We calculated the cumulative probability of heavy rain damage based on the rain criteria mentioned above to establish the Hazard-Triggering rainfall according to the heavy rainfall damage scale. Using the results, we establish the Hazard-Triggering rainfall for each rain variable according to heavy rain damage. Finally, this study calculated the assessment indicator (F1-Score) for classification performance to test the performance of the Hazard-Triggering rainfall. As the results, the classification performance of the Hazard-Triggering rainfall which proposed in this study was 11%, 30%, 10% higher than the criteria by KMA (Korea Meteorological Administration).

The purpose of this study is to provide environmentally sound management on the import of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEEs) by investigating the hazardous elements, and the hazardous characteristics thereof, in this waste, and by reviewing the extant criteria causing them to exhibit an Annex III characteristic on Basel Convention. The investigation of imported WEEEs found that the importing volume has gradually increased since 2009 and 95.9% of imported WEEEs, which are mainly classified as Printed Circuit Board (PCB) and its scrap in 2015, is designated as restriction wastes. Also, it is important to designate and unify the hazardous element list and the characteristics of WEEEs because the analytical items and their test methods submitted in the test report are designated differently for each local authority. We confirmed that three kinds of criteria are applied to determine whether the target wastes are hazardous or not: the content criteria for 8 kinds of elements on import bans of wastes, the content criteria for 8 kinds of elements sufficient for allowing wastes to be imported, and the leaching criteria for 13 kinds of elements to classified as a specified waste. Among them, five elements (hexavalent chromium, arsenic, cadmium, lead, and mercury) are managed for the WEEEs in Korea. Therefore, it is necessary to catalog the total contents of hazardous chemicals caused by hazardous characteristics of other elements (beryllium, antimony, etc.), as can happen to WEEEs.