A TiO2/CNT nanohybrid photocatalyst is synthesized via sol-gel route, with titanium (IV) isopropoxide and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) as the starting materials. The microstructures and phase constitution of the nanohybrid TiO2/CNT (0.005wt%) samples after calcination at 450oC, 550oC and 650oC in air are compared with those of pure TiO2 using field-emission scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. In addition, the photocatalytic activity of the nanohybrid is compared with that of pure TiO2 with regard to the degradation of methyl orange under visible light irradiation. The TiO2/CNT composite exhibits a fast grain growth and phase transformation during calcination. The nanocomposite shows enhanced photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation in comparison to pure TiO2 owing to not only better adsorption capability of CNT but also effective electron transfer between TiO2 and CNTs. However, the high calcination temperature of 650oC, regardless of addition of CNT, causes a decrease in photocatalytic activity because of grain growth and phase transformation to rutile. These results such as fast phase transformation to rutile and effective electron transfer are related to carbon doping into TiO2.

In this study, six kinds of low-carbon steel specimens with different ferrite-pearlite microstructures were fabricated by varying the Nb content and the transformation temperature. The microstructural factors of ferrite grain size, pearlite fraction, interlamellar spacing, and cementite thickness were quantitatively measured based on optical and scanning electron micrographs; then, Charpy impact tests were conducted in order to investigate the correlation of the microstructural factors with the impact toughness and the ductile-brittle transition temperature (DBTT). The microstructural analysis results showed that the Nb4 specimens had ferrite grain size smaller than that of the Nb0 specimens due to the pinning effect resulting from the formation of carbonitrides. The pearlite interlamellar spacing and the cementite thickness also decreased as the transformation temperature decreased. The Charpy impact test results indicated that the impact-absorbed energy increased and the ductile-brittle transition temperature decreased with addition of Nb content and decreasing transformation temperature, although all specimens showed ductile-brittle transition behaviour.

The aim of this study was to determine the changes in fatty acid composition and sensory characteristics of cheonggukjang containing walnuts at 0, 10, 20, or 30%. Amino nitrogen content was decreased with increasing content of walnuts. However, cheonggukjang containing 30% of walnuts met the standard of food sanitation act. Volatile basic nitrogen contents of cheonggukjang containing walnuts was lower than that of cheonggukjang containing no walnut. There was no significant difference in total amino acid content for cheonggukjang containing 0%, 10%, or 20% of walnuts. However, total amino acid content in cheonggukjang containing 30% of walnuts was significantly lower than that in cheonggukjang containing 0%, 10%, or 20% of walnuts. The content of essential amino acid in cheonggukjang containing 30% of walnuts was also significantly lower than that in cheonggukjang containing 0%, 10%, or 20% of walnuts. Saturated fatty acid content was decreased significantly from 16.7% to 3.6% when the content of was increased from 0% to 30%. Total unsaturated fatty acid contents was increased with increasing amounts of walnut added to cheonggukjang. Result of sensory evaluation revealed that the taste and overall quality of cheonggukjang made with 10~20% walnuts were significantly higher compared to those of ordinary cheonggukjang. These results suggest that cheonggukjang made with 10~20% walnuts could be developed as a novel fermented food.

We have investigated a glass-forming region of V2O5- P2O5-ZnO glass and the effects of the addition of modifier oxides (B2O3) to the glass systems as a sealing material to improve the adhesion between the glass frits and a soda lime substrate. Thermal properties and coefficient of thermal expansion were measured using a differential scanning calorimetry, a dilatometer and a hot stage microscopy. Structural changes and interfacial reactions between the glass substrate and the glass frit after sintering (at 400 oC for 1 h) were measured by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the adhesion strength increases as the content of B2O3 at 5 mol% increases because of changes in the structural properties. It seems that the glass structures change with B2O3, and the Si4+ ions from the substrate are diffused to the sealing glass. From these results, we could understand the mechanism of strengthening of the adhesion of soda lime silica substrate by ion-diffusion from the substrate to the glass.

This study was conducted to assess the quality characteristics and antioxidant activity of Yanggaeng prepared with different concentrations of blackcurrant powder (0, 1.5, 3, and 4.5%). The moisture content ranged from 41.95% to 45.38%, exhibiting no significant differences between the groups. The pH gradually decreased with increasing levels of blackcurrant powder. The lightness (L) value decreased while redness (a) value increased with an increasing amount of blackcurrant powder. Hardness of the control group was lower than those of the treatment groups. Consumer acceptance test revealed no significant differences in surface color, smell, taste, and overall acceptability scores between the control and 3% added groups. The total polyphenol contents and total anthocyanin contents were 7.58~54.88 mg GAE/100 g and 0.00~4.20 mg C3G/100 g), respectively, which increased proportionally with increasing levels of blackcurrant powder. The antioxidant activity measured based on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6- sulfonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) were significantly higher in treatment groups than the control and increased as the concentration of blackcurrant powder increased. From the above results, blackcurrant powder up to 3% can be incorporated into Yanggaeng to satisfy taste and functional needs for consumers.

Allicin (AL) is one of the biologically active substance in garlic. Many researchers found that AL exhibits strong antioxidant activity and considered to represent anti-aging effect in vitro. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of allicin treatment during porcine oocyte aging and their in vitro development. The oocyte was maturated in vitro for 44 h (control) without AL or 44+24 h IVM (24 h aging) with 0, 0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μM allicin (0 AL, 0.1 AL, 1 AL, 10 AL and 100 AL). The 1 AL treated group was significantly increased on maturation rate compared to the 0 AL treated groups, but the other treated groups were not different compared to the 0 AL treated group (p < 0.05). The 1 AL treated group was significantly increased on normal spindle formation and chromosome alignment compared to 0 AL treated group. We checked the effect of AL on parthenogenetic activation (PA) and somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) embryo development using aged oocytes. PA embryos in 1 AL treated group significantly increased the cleavage and blastocyst formation rate compared to control (p < 0.05). However, SCNT embryos of 1 AL treated group were no significant differences in embryo development. In PA embryo quality, the total cell number was significantly higher in 0.1 AL, 1 AL and 10 AL treated groups than control and DNA fragmentation rate in 1 AL was the lowest among all groups. SCNT embryo in 1 AL significantly increased total cell number and decreased DNA fragmentation. The AL treatment on aged oocyte enhanced PA and SCNT embryo developmental capacity. Therefore, AL may be helpful for assisted reproductive technology applying aged oocytes.

The aim of this study was to improve dispersion stability of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) nanoparticles in aqueous medium using alkyl polyglucoside (APG). One hundred milligrams of CaCO3 nanoparticles was mixed with 30 mL of deionized water. Thereafter, APG was dissolved into the CaCO3 nanoparticle mixtures at approximate 0, 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9%, and subsequently, pH was adjusted to 7.0 and 10.0. Afterward, all CaCO3 nanoparticle mixtures were dispersed by ultrasonic processing treatment for 10 min. Dispersion stability and physicochemical properties of the CaCO3 nanoparticle mixtures were observed by measuring the change of absorbance and mean diameter for 96 h as well as the initial zeta-potential. As results, initial zeta-potentials of the CaCO3 nanoparticles in deionized water at pH 7.0 and 10.0 showed approximately +20 and 0, respectively. The positive surface charge at pH 7.0 had unfavorable impact on the adsorption of APG onto CaCO3 nanoparticles in the aqueous suspensions because APG is nonionic surfactant. Among all samples at pH 10, CaCO3 nanoparticles in 0.5% APG aqueous solution showed the smallest initial mean diameter and the slowest increase in mean diameter and decrease in absorbance. In conclusion, the pH 10.0 and 0.5% APG concentration was the most desirable condition in order to improve dispersion stability of CaCO3 nanoparticles in an aqueous medium.

The study aims to assess the embryo development and survivability of bovine embryos cultured in vitro by addition of cysteine. The rates of metaphase II formation are not significantly different among the three groups(73.8% for TCM199, 76.9% for TCM199 with 0.3mM cysteine and 83.8% for TCM199 with 0.5mM cysteine). No differences on cleavage rate(70.6~74.6%) was observed among three culture medium(70.6% for TCM199, 71.3% for CR1aa, and 74.6% for SOF) with 0.5mM cysteine. However, significantly(P<0.05) higher development rate was obtained in the blastocyst stage by adding 0.5mM cysteine in SOF medium(35.6%) than in TCM199(27.6%) or CR1aa(26.6%). No significant differences in the cleavage rates were observed among the three culture. After freezing the blastocysts cultured with 0.5M cysteine, the re-expansion rates ranged from 61.3% to 86.4% among groups, and hatching rates are from 26.3% to 46.9% among groups. The rates of re-expansion and hatching are significantly(P<0.05) higher in SOF medium(86.4% and 46.9%, respectively) than those in TCM199(61.3% and 26.3%) and CR1aa medium(87.1 and 44.4%). After thawing, the blastocyst re-expansion rate become significantly(P<0.05) higher in in vivo (87.1%) and in vitro (70.3%) embryos. In conclusion, our results demonstrate that supplementation of IVM and IVC media with 0.5mM cysteine improved the quality of in vitro production of embryo and post-thawed embryo. Future studies comparing these culture systems in well-designed trials should be performed.

도시의 건축물은 고층화와 미려함에 초점을 맞춘 추세로 건축되고 있다. 도시의 아름다움을 유지하고, 높은 가치를 지키기 위해서는 항상 좋은 상태로 건축물을 관리해야 하는 것이 중요하다. 이를 위해서는 건축물의 내외장재 를 깨끗하게 유지하여야 하며 많은 비용을 필요로 한다. 따라서 사용자들은 비, 눈, 또는 공기 오염으로부터 원래의 상태를 유지할 수 있는 자기 세정력을 요구하고 있다. 본 연구는 도장된 패널에 자기 세정 기능을 더하여 건축물의 관리 비용을 줄여주는 해법을 제시하고자 한다. polymethylsilicate를 함유한 소수성 PVDF 도막을 물로 처리했을 때 polymethylsilicate의 가수분해에 의해 코팅 소재의 표면에 하이드록시기가 형성되어 세정력을 가지게 되므로 물에 침 지한 후 표면의 색과 접촉각의 변화를 관찰하였다. 물 처리에 의해 소재의 표면에 친수성기를 형성하는 것은 매우 순 한 과정이므로 여러 가지 환경 오염원으로부터 건축물을 보호할 수 있는 자기세정 시스템의 새로운 응용 분야를 열 어줄 것이다.

In this study, the recently developed Al 2013 alloy was T8-tempered and, to improve the strength and corrosionresistance, slight amounts of Zr of 0.2 wt% and 0.5 wt%, respectively, were added and the mechanical properties were analyzed. For microstructure and precipitate analysis, OM observation, XRD analysis, and TEM analysis were performed, and for the mechanical property analysis, hardness and tensile strength tests were done. Also, in order to determine the corrosion rate according to the Zr content, a potentiodynamic polarization test was performed and the properties were compared and analyzed. The size of the precipitate varied with the content of Zr and was finest at Zr content of 0.2 wt%; it grew larger at 0.5 wt%, at which point the hardness value accordingly showed the same trend. On the other hand, as calculated from the aspect of chemical bonding among atoms, it was confirmed that the tensile strength and the corrosion-resistance increased with the same trend.

Graphene oxide (GO) powder processed by Hummer's method is mixed with p-type Bi2Te3 based thermoelectric materials by a high-energy ball milling process. The synthesized GO-dispersed p-type Bi2Te3 composite powder has a composition of Bi0.5Sb1.5Te3 (BSbT), and the powder is consolidated into composites with different contents of GO powder by using the spark plasma sintering (SPS) process. It is found that the addition of GO powder significantly decreases the thermal conductivity of the pure BSbT material through active phonon scattering at the newly formed interfaces. In addition, the electrical properties of the GO/BSbT composites are degraded by the addition of GO powder except in the case of the 0.1 wt% GO/BSbT composite. It is found that defects on the surface of GO powder hinder the electrical transport properties. As a result, the maximum thermoelectric performance (ZT value of 0.91) is achieved from the 0.1% GO/BSbT composite at 398 K. These results indicate that introducing GO powder into thermoelectric materials is a promising method to achieve enhanced thermoelectric performance due to the reduction in thermal conductivity.

For the development of a low-melting point filler metal for brazing aluminum alloy, we analyzed change of melting point and wettability with addition of Sn into Al-20Cu-10Si filler metal. DSC results showed that the addition of 5 wt% Sn into the Al-20Cu-10Si filler metal caused its liquidus temperature to decrease by about 30 oC. In the wettability test, spread area of melted Al-Cu-Si-Sn alloy is increased through the addition of Sn from 1 to 5 wt%. For the measuring of the mechanical properties of the joint region, Al 3003 plate is brazed by Al-20Cu-10Si-5Sn filler metal and the mechanical property is measured by tensile test. The results showed that the tensile strength of the joint region is higher than the tensile strength of Al 3003. Thus, failure occurred in the Al 3003 plate.

Organisations encourage shareholders to invest in the place and the place audience relies on place reputation when making investment decisions and product choices. Given the significance of the place branding and place heritage and building upon the evidence discussed, this research is one of the first attempts at collecting empirical evidence that seeks to prove that a favourable place branding and place branding heritage influence a favourable place image and favourable place reputation. This study aims to explore employees and visitors/consumers’ perceptions and practices regarding the place branding and the main factors that influence place branding suitability at a visitor/consumer/employee level. By achieving these objectives, it is expected that the investigation will add to current knowledge about the place branding and provide practical insights to managers and decision-makers. Based on the research objectives of this study, three overall research questions are: (i) What are the factors that influence place branding favourability, (ii) What are the main influences of place heritage favourability on favourable place branding?, and (iii) What are the main influences of place branding favourability on favourable place image and favourable place reputation? This research addresses the general goals: first, it explores the concept of the place branding and its dimensions. Second, it identifies the factors that are most likely to have a significance influence on the favourable place branding (antecedents of the favourable place branding). Third, it develops and empirically assesses a model concerning the relationships between favourable place branding, its antecedents and its consequences. Fourth, it examines the influence of the favourable place heritage on place branding. Finally, it investigates the impact of the favourable place branding on favourable place image and favourable place reputation (consequences of the favourable place branding). Despite the potentially significant role of the favourable place branding, little empirical research has examined how the favourable place branding exposes corporations and their members to far greater scrutiny. Creating a employee/consumer/visitor level model based on attribution theory demonstrates the issues retailers face in relation to place branding: (i) the association between the place branding concept and its elements that foster or discourage; (ii) its benefits or outcome for place; (iii) the relationships between other theoretically and empirically identified variables. In order to fill this gap in the academic literature, prior studies and the insights gained from current field research were reviewed. The model and various propositions developed thereafter, merit further study.

Odor in pig manure affects the distribution of the manure over grass and crop fields as fertilizer. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of different types of microbes (Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Bacillus subtilis and Rodobacter capsulata) and incubation temperatures (20℃ and 35℃) on the levels of odorous compounds in pig manure. Pig manure was incubated with 0.03% microbes (v/v) at temperatures of 20℃ or 35℃. At incubation temperature of 20℃, the addition of Rodobacter capsulata significantly (p<0.05) decreased the levels of indoles and volatile fatty acid (VFA). At incubation temperature of 35℃, the addition of any microbes of the three used in this study did not significantly (p>0.05) affect the levels of odorous compounds. When incubation temperature was increased from 20℃ to 35℃, levels of odorous compounds were significantly (p<0.05) increased. Taken together, these results suggest that Rodobacter capsulata could be utilized to reduce odor from pig manure in the spring and fall when the average temperature is around 20℃. However, alternative odor-reducing technology is needed to be developed to apply onto pig manure during the hot summer season (35℃).

The high temperature deformation behavior of Ni3Al and Ni3(Al,Mo) single crystals that were oriented near <112> was investigated at low strain rates in the temperature range above the flow stress peak temperature. Three types of behavior were found under the present experimental conditions. In the relatively high strain rate region, the strain rate dependence of the flow stress is small, and the deformation may be controlled by the dislocation glide mainly on the {001} slip plane in both crystals. At low strain rates, the octahedral glide is still active in Ni3Al above the peak temperature, but the active slip system in Ni3(Al,Mo) changes from octahedral glide to cube glide at the peak temperature. These results suggest that the deformation rate controlling mechanism of Ni3Al is viscous glide of dislocations by the <110>{111} slip, whereas that of Ni3(Al,Mo) is a recovery process of dislocation climb in the substructures formed by the <110>{001} slip. The results of TEM observation show that the characteristics of dislocation structures are uniform distribution in Ni3Al and subboundary formation in Ni3(Al,Mo). Activation energies for deformation in Ni3Al and Ni3(Al,Mo) were obtained in the low strain rate region. The values of the activation energy are 360 kJ/mol for Ni3Al and 300 kJ/mol for Ni3(Al,Mo).

This study was conducted to investigate the changes in the physicochemical characteristics and antioxidant activity of cheonggukjang with the addition of walnuts. The pH of cheonggukjang did not change significantly with the addition of walnut. But the water content decreased significantly. Walnut addition to the soybean was expected to have a positive effect because the number of Bacillus subtilis was not reduced. The viscous substance content was significantly decreased when more than 20% of walnut was added to cheonggukjang. The addition of walnut made the color darker. The flavonoid and polyphenol content was sharply increased in proportion to the walnut addition and the DPPH radical scavenging activity of cheonggukjang also increased. Altogether, it was found that the addition of walnut had a positive influence on the cheonggukjang by increasing the antioxidant activity.

Buffalo leather 표면 코팅에 사용된 폴리우레탄 수지에 glycerol의 함유를 mole % 비로 달리 하면서 첨가 하였다. 합성된 폴리우레탄 수지의 기계적 특성은 SEM, FT-IR, UTM 등을 이용하여 측정 하였다. 친환경적인 고분자 수지의 관심이 고조됨에 따라 용제의 사용을 최소화한 buffalo leather 코팅에 사용되는 수분산 수지를 합성하였다. 지방족 3가 알콜인 glycerol의 mole % 비가 증가함에 따라 내마모 도, 인장강도가 감소함을 알 수 있었다. 반대로 연신율, 내굴곡 물성은 증가함을 알 수 있었다. Toluene 을 이용한 내용제성 물성측정 결과에는 glycerol의 mole % 증가에 따른 물성 증감 효과는 없었다.