The goal of this study was to assess the effect of a group exercise program on cognitive function of elderly people. Subjects were chosen to be elders with dementia having minor to moderate degrees of cognitive function. Study was started out by randomly dividing the 16 subjects into two groups, each with 8 people; the group exercise group and the control group. The group exercise group performed 8 weeks of group exercise program and general physiotherapy while the control group only performed general physiotherapy. Cognitive function was measured by Korean version mini-mental state examination. The study group's attention and calculation statistically significantly improved but the control group saw no statistically significant change. The group exercise program affected improvement in cognitive function of elderly people with dementia and in particular, was effective for enhancing their attention and calculation.

박근혜정부의 창조경제는 국민을 창조활동의 주인공으로 자리매김함으로써 기존의 전문가 중심, 과학기술공급중심의 경제사회발전전략과는 다른 특성을 보여주고 있으나 그 해석과 정책 실행에 있어 그 특징을 찾아보기 어렵다. 본 연구는 창조경제가 주목한 국민의 창의성이 과학기술자의 창의성과 무엇이 다르며, 그것이 정책 패러다임으로서 어떤 의미를 갖는지 광범위한 문헌 연구를 통해 밝힘으로써 창조경제가 담아내야 할 도전과 과제를 제시하는 것을 목적으로 한다. 국민은 사용자로서의 창의성에 더불어 인문학적, 철학적, 윤리적, 경험적 능력을 바탕으로 한 생활인/삶의 주체로서의 창의성을 갖고 있으며 이것은 과학기술자의 창의성과는 구분되는 고유의 창의성이라 할 수 있다. 사용자로서의 창의성, 생활인/삶의 주체로서의 창의성의 발현은 삶의 가치에 대한 선택을 내포하며 이는 소비행태의 변화, 삶의 방식의 변화를 통해 기술 고착, 사용자 고착을 타파함으로써 시스템 혁신을 이루거나 새로운 사회ㆍ기술시스템의 구성 혹은 전환을 촉진할 수 있다. 이런 맥락에서 국민의 창의성은 기존의 전문가/과학기술공급중심 혁신 패러다임이 아닌 사용자/현장중심 혁신 패러다임’의 토대로서 역할 할 수 있다. 따라서 국민의 창의성에 주목하고 있는 창조경제는 사용자/현장 중심 혁신 패러다임의 실현이라는 새로운 경제사회발전정책과제를 안고 있다고 할 수 있다.

목적:신체활동, 인지훈련, 사회적 상호작용 활동을 동시에 제공한 복합 중재법이 치매노인의 삶의 질, 우울, 인지기능에 미치는 효과에 대하여 알아보고자 하였다.연구방법:복합 중재법의 효과를 알아보기 위한 유사 실험연구로써 단일군 전·후 실험설계를 적용하였다. 2013년 9월 4일부터 2013년 11월 18일까지 10주간 주 1회씩, 치매진단을 받은 노인 총 6명을 대상으로 진행되었고, 모든 연구 대상자는 자발적으로 연구 참여에 동의하였다. 사전·사후 검사는 1회기와 10회기에 실시하였으며, 복합 중재법은 8주 동안 주 1회, 매회 120분 씩 시행되었다. 측정도구로는 노인 삶의 질 척도(Geriatric Quality of Life; GQOL), 한국판 노인우울척도(Geriatric Depression Scale Korean Version; GDS-K), 한국판 간이 정신상태 검사(Mini Mental State Examination-Korean; MMSE-K)를 사용하였다.결과:치매노인의 GQOL이 유의미하게 향상되었다(p<.05). GDS-K의 점수는 중재 후 감소하였지만, 통계적으로 유의미하지 않았다(p>.05). MMSE-K 역시 중재 후 점수가 증가하였지만, 유의미하지 않았다(p>.05). 경도 치매와 중등도 치매노인 집단 간의 GQOL, GDS-K, MMSE-K의 변화량에는 모두 유의미한 차이를 보이지 않았다(p>.05).결론:복합 중재법은 치매노인의 삶의 질 증가에 효과적이며, 우울과 인지에도 긍정적인 영향을 끼칠 수 있다. 또한 본 연구는 향후 작업치료사들이 치매노인들에게 보다 전문적이고 체계적인 치료를 제공하기 위한 근거를 제시한다는 점에 의의가 있다.

본 연구의 목적은 하나님 백성의 선교적 사명과 정체성에 대한 이해를 바탕으로 한국교회의 본질회복에 대한 원리를 발견하는데 있다. 이를 위해 본 소고는 신학적 관점에서 선교의 주체로서 삼위일체 하나님의 선교(missio Dei)에 대해 살펴보고, 선교적 해석학의 관점에서 하나님 백성의 존재됨과 사명을 성서적으로 규명해 보는 시도를 기울였다. 먼저 필자는 선교적 해석학의 의미와 역할에 대해 살펴보았다. 비교적 최근에 발전하기 시작한 선교적 해석학은 성경을 선교적 맥락으로 이해하는데 결정적인 역할을 했다. 그 결과 하나님의 선교가 삼위일체 하나님의 역학 안에서 어떻게 이루어 졌으며 그의 백성에게 어떻게 위임되었는지를 이해하는 근거가 되었다. 특히 선교적 해석학이 발전하게 된 중요한 계기에는 20세기 이후 하나님의 선교라는 신학적 개념 정리가 큰 역할을 했는데, 이로 인해 삼위일체 하나님은 선교의 하나님으로서 성자와 성령을 보내실 뿐 아니라 다시 교회를 사역의 대리자로 파송하게 됨을 발견하게 되었다. 그런 관점에서 하나님 백성의 선교는 특권이며 동시에 책무임을 알게 되었다. 그 비밀은 구약에 나타난 하나님의 선택과 언약을 통해 계시되었다. 특히 아브라함과 그의 자손들, 그리고 이스라엘 백성을 선택하시고 그들에게 맺으신 언약은 그들이 세상을 향한 축복의 통로가 되며 하나님 통치의 가시적 상징과 구원의 도구가 됨을 의미하는 것이었다. 그러나 그들은 자신의 사명을 수행하는 일에 실패했고, 하나님의 계획은 예수의 십자가와 부활을 통해 그리스도를 믿고 따르는 계승된 이스라엘, 즉 하나님의 백성들에게 위임된 것임을 발견하게 되었다. 하나님의 백성은 그 분의 선교사로서 세상에 보냄을 받았다. 그들은 하나님과의 특별한 관계 속에서 특권을 누리는 존재가 되었지만 동시에 모든 민족을 위한 축복의 통로로서 열방의 빛이 되고(사 42:6) 하나님의 통치가 가시화될 수 있도록 존재해야 했으며, 이를 통해 모든 민족이 주께 돌아오는 사명이 위임되어 있었다. 필자는 선교적 존재로서 하나님의 백성의 삶을 두 가지 관점, 즉 존재(being)로서의 선교와 행함(doing)으로서의 선교로 고찰해 보았다. 먼저 하나님의 백성은 존재적인 측면에서 하나님의 선교를 수행할 수 있어야 한다. 그것은 세상과 구별되는 탁월한 하나님 나라의 기준에 의해 살아갈 때만 주어지는 특권이었다. 이를 위해 그들은 거류민으로서, 빛과 소금으로서, 대조사회로서, 대안 공동체로서 존재해야 했다. 그러나 이러한 삶이 세상을 거부하거나 회피하는 것을 의미하는 것은 아니다. 오히려 세상 한 가운데서 세상과 함께 하며, 세상을 위해 존재하는 하나님의 백성으로서 사는 것을 의미했다. 이를 통해 하나님의 백성은 세상을 향한 하나님의 사랑에 대한 가시적 증표와 상징으로서 역할을 감당할 수 있게 된다. 둘째는 보냄 받은 사도적 공동체로서, 선포와 섬김을 통해 예수의 증인됨을 실천하는 일이었다. 그들은 말로만 복음을 증거하는 것이 아니라 선행과 행함을 통해 사회 변혁을 위해 노력하고, 공의와 정의가 넘쳐흐를 수 있는 사회가 되도록 헌신하는 공동체가 되어야 한다. 상황화된 유연성과 성육신적인 자세를 통해 세상으로 들어가 선교적 삶을 살아내는 것이 백성의 책무 임을 또한 발견하게 되었다.결국, 선교적 교회는 그 구성원 하나하나가 하나님의 부름 받은 백성으로서 자기 존재됨을 발견하고, 보냄 받은 백성으로서 선교적 정체성을 실현하게 될 때 역동성을 가지게 된다. 세상을 위해 존재하고 섬기는 사역을 감당하게 될 때만 교회는 갱신되고 새로워 질 수 있음을 기억하고 한국교회가 끊임없는 회심과 헌신을 통해 하나님 나라의 귀한 도구로 지속적으로 쓰임 받을 수 있기를 기대해 본다.

Will information from astroturf organizations affect people’s trust toward overall nonprofit organizations and willingness to engage in prosocial behaviors? Astroturf organizations are defined as “fake grassroots organizations animated by a clever public relations campaign and a huge budget” (Hoggan and Littlemore 2009). In other words, an astroturf organization hides its true identity by using rhetorical language to convince the public. It can be inferred that large corporations sponsor astroturf organizations to employ deceptive and fraudulent tactics as propaganda. Prior research on astroturf organizations for climate change shows that people exposed to information from astroturf organizations denying global warming tend to become more uncertain about climate issues (e.g., causes of global warming or the existence of global warming) than people exposed to information from grassroots organizations (Cho et al. 2011). We propose that information from astroturf organizations may affect not only relevant issues or organizations, but also nonprofit organizations in general, which can then lower people's willingness to engage in prosocial behaviors (e.g., donations and volunteering). Darke and Ritchie (2007) found that deceptive advertisements engender distrust and undermine the trustworthiness of subsequent advertising. The process of defensive stereotyping can explain how initial deception activates general skepticism regarding advertising. Based on such an explanation, we suggest that exposure to astroturf organizations can make consumers more logically defensive and can decrease their trust toward messages from other nonprofit organizations. Therefore, we hypothesize that people who read messages from astroturf organizations will be more distrustful toward nonprofit organizations and will display lower willingness to engage in prosocial behaviors than people who read messages from grassroots organizations. To test this hypothesis, we conducted an experiment. We used a one-factor design with two levels of organization types (astroturf vs. grassroots). Participants (N = 72) were randomly assigned to one of the two conditions. Participants were told that they would read a message captured from a website of an organization (astroturf vs. grassroots) working on global warming. After viewing the advertisement, participants completed a questionnaire measuring their trust toward nonprofit organizations in general and willingness to engage in prosocial behaviors. We assessed whether viewing the advertisement from the astroturf organization had an impact on participants' trust toward nonprofit organizations and their willingness to engage in prosocial behaviors. An analysis of variance (ANOVA), with trust toward nonprofit organizations as the dependent variable and the type of organization as the independent variable, yielded a significant effect (F = 4.38, p < .05). The results showed that participants who viewed the advertisement from the astroturf organization were more likely to be distrustful of nonprofit organizations than those who viewed the advertisement from the grassroots organization (Mastroturf = 4.14, SD = 1.48 vs. Mgrassroots = 4.80, SD = 1.16). Thus, astroturf organizations may not only confuse people about a specific issue that the respective astroturf organizations aimed to attack, but they can also significantly weaken people's trust toward nonprofit organizations in general, which suggests severe detriment for the entire society. In addition, exposure to the message from an astroturf organization appeared to have an impact on people's willingness to engage in prosocial behaviors (F = 4.77, p < .05). To be specific, people who viewed the advertisement from the astroturf organization indicated that they were less likely to engage in prosocial behaviors, compared to those who viewed the advertisement from the grassroots organization (Mastroturf = 3.11, SD = .63 vs. Mgrassroots = 3.48, SD = .77). Taken as a whole, this research suggests that messages from astroturf organizations can frequently engender people’s distrust toward nonprofit organizations and can lower their willingness to engage in prosocial behaviors. Our results extend prior research demonstrating that information from astroturf organizations affects people’s trust and certainty levels regarding one specific issue (Cho et al. 2011) and suggest that the effects of exposure to astroturf messages are not limited to a specific issue. Rather, the effects can be far-reaching and diverse, since such messages can evoke skepticism toward benign intentions and programs of nonprofit organizations. Given that the insidious use of astroturf organizations is growing in popularity, this research provides meaningful insights into the influence of fake grassroots organizations and can forewarn the public of their undesirable effects on the community.

The purpose of this study is to understand the meaning and essence of concrete and practical experience on a series of debates to reveal factors that could be exposed when middle or old-aged people are in the process of re-employment process when they were unemployed by exploring the phenomenon of experience on the courses for the unemployed focusing on middle or old-aged people for employment support program. Depth consultation interviews were conducted and the structure of this phenomenon was revealed and described by applying Giorgi's phenomenology technical as a procedure for analyzing participants' statements by concentrating on the essence of the experience in this study. The meaning of the experience of the unemployed re-employment process structure as a result of analysis on the nature of re-employment experience on the basis of research participants and the information stated through this study showed respectively such as <Realistic limits seaworthiness>, <re-employment efforts will>, <Desperate economic poverty>, <To find my identity in the process of re-employment>, <In anticipation of the second half of my youth>, and "Reemployment Success Factors>. It is a significant meaning that middle and old-aged people were able to confirm that they experienced Dynamic pursuit of hopes and dreams and got the chance to participate in society Toward a new life By strengthening employ ability skills by undertaking vocational training, obtaining licenses, and regaining confidence and employment determination, and a lot of desire using the card for learning tomorrow, government support system.

Although relationships among the former belligerent parties of the Korean War have changed drastically over the decades, the parties still remain under the armistice system because the Korean War is not over legally. The primary purpose of this research is to analyze questions related to the Chinese People’s Volunteer Army in the Korean War from an international legal perspective. As a new topic, this is intended to be a precautionary examination of an issue that could haunt the eventual process of peacemaking on the Korean peninsula. The main text of this article consists of three parts. The first examines whether the Chinese People’s Volunteer Army’s entering the Yalu River was self-defense under Article 51 of the UN Charter. The second part covers various legal questions relating to armed hostilities in the Korean War under international law. The third part discusses the legal questions around an armistice negotiation.

시대적 억압이 주는 갈등 속에서 인간의 본질을 찾아가는 시인은 개인적 정체성을 찾아가는 길과 더불어 자신이 속한 공동체의 희망을 노래하는 자리에 서게 된다. 본고에서는 한국의 신경림과 아일랜드의 예이츠에게서 영웅서사의 시적 변용으로 탈 식민지적 정체성을 회복하여 주체적 삶의 본질을 모색한 시 정신을 비교연구 하려고 한다. 신경림과 예이츠는 영웅서사를 시적으로 변용하여 개인의 고뇌와 민족의 분열과 아픔을 달래고 현실의 고통을 넘어서 이상의 사회를 추구하려했다.

The Ramsar Convention on Wetlands has so far two significant COPs in Asia: COP5 in Kushiro, Japan in 1993 and COP10 in Changwon, South Korea, in 2008. The Convention itself is an intergovernmental mechanism. 　 However, the mission of the Convention – conservation of wetlands and wetland resources – can only be achieved by participation of local municipalities and people. Besides, the Ramsar Convention has another unique aspect compared with other biodiversity-related treaties/conventions: it is created by NGOs and still located within an international NGO, namely IUCN. Therefore, it is crucial for wetland conservation to promote partnerships between the central government and local government as well as among people, NGOs and private sectors. Experiences of the Ramsar Kushiro Conference tell us that two factors are important to make real local participation possible: 1) CEPA; and 2) sense of meaningfulness. If you don’t know the purpose of the Convention and the COP, you are hardly interested in its preparation. So somebody should prepare some handy promotional kits for people to understand the purpose of conservation. We compiled various materials, requested experts/scientists to deliver lectures for teachers, taxi drivers, restaurants owners and waiters, hotel receptionists and kids. If possible, it is desirable to have a series of articles on local and national newspapers. You did attend the Conference, but once it’s over you tend to forget everything? If you feel you did contribute to something meaningful, you would like to continue doing something for it. In case of Kushiro City, it established the Kushiro International Wetland Center in early 1995. KIWC functions as a network of various wetland centers in the Kushiro region. JICA (Japan International Cooperation Agency) and KIWC have organized many international training courses not only for wetland managers but also for other conservation-related personnel. JICA has signed an MoU with the Ramsar Secretariat, and KIWC will host the EAAFP (East Asia - Australasian Flyway Partnership) meeting early next year. These efforts have been carried out for twenty years and will continue for future generations.

The purpose of this study was designed to identify the health care condition aggressively to urban and semi-urban seniors and to inform the importance of prevention prior to treatment for better old age. A total of 200 seniors who were over the age of 65 and lived specific area of Seoul and Daeboo-island Ansan-city, from 7 September to 4 October 2012, and used self-developed questionnaire. The result of relevance analysis for oral health care demands shows that seniors from Ansan-city had higher dental prosthesis demands(the average 4.43) than seniors from Seoul(3.96) and the difference was statistically significant(p<0.01). Analysis of the correlation between items represented positive(+) relation in all items and same age distribution. Dental prosthesis has high correlation in every items, but fluorine treatment has low correlation relatively. Correlation between independent variables and dependent variables was slightly high, R=0.356(35.6%). However daily activity, oral heath care and anxiety times showed statistical significances. The result of this study shows that there are significant differences between urban area and semi-urban area. Therefore, authorities need to offer oral health education.

The purpose of this study is to determine the correlations between problematic behaviors and activities of daily living(ADL) targeting 106 demented elderly people hospitalized in a geriatric hospital. To examine the cognitive function of the subjects, the study used Korean Mini Mental State Examination(K-MMSE). For problematic behaviors and ADL, the study collected data based on Patient Assessment Forms in the geriatric hospital. Among problematic behaviors, apathy/indifference had the highest correlation with the items of ADL. Irritability/lability, agitation/aggression, depression/ dysphoria, night-time behavior and wandering also showed to be correlated to items of ADL(p<.05). This study demonstrated that cognitive function, problematic behaviors and ADL of the demented elderly hospitalized in the geriatric hospital are correlated to each other.

The purpose of this study was to examine the differentiation of proprioception, invertor and evertor muscle strength, and time to peak torque at a velocity of 300 °/sec of the ankle joint in people with or without functional ankle instability (FAI). Nineteen subjects with a history of ankle sprain participated. All subjects were divided into FAI group (n1=9, Cumberland ankle instability tool (CAIT)≤24) and a control group (n2=10) based on their CAIT scores. Isokinetic dynamometer was used to measure the sense of active joint position of the ankle at mid-range and end-range of an inversion motion and invertor as well as the evertor muscle strength and time to peak torque at 300 °/s. The FAI group showed a statistically reduction in invertor and evertor muscle strength and time to peak torque when compared to the control group (p<.05). Muscle strength and time to peak torque of the invertor and evertor, as well as the sense of active joint position at end-range were also lower in the FAI group than in the control (p<.05). Correlations between CAIT score and position sense at end-range (r=-.577) and invertor muscle strength (r=.554) were statistically significant (p<.05). Individuals with FAI showed reduction in invertor and evertor muscle strength and recruitment time as well as in proprioception of the ankle joint. Thus, proprioception and invertor and evertor muscle strength of the ankle joint at fast angular velocity may be investigated when examining and planning care for individuals with FAI.

This study was aimed to compare the thoughts differences about the abandoned dog protectorate facility according to the presence of dog ownership. We evaluated 100 people who have dog ownership and 100 people who have not dog ownership by questionnaire survey including14 questions. The authors present the thoughts differences about the abandoned dog protectorate facility between people with or without dog ownership. These results may be used for the fundamental data for the establishment of strategy on the improved management of abandoned dog protectorate facility.

Animal testing, also known as animal experimentation, animal research, and in vivo testing, is the use of non-human animals in experiments. The research is conducted inside universities, medical schools, pharmaceutical companies, farms, defense establishments, and commercial facilities that provide animal-testing services to industry. The authors present the thoughts differences between people with or without animal experiment experiences.

PURPOSES: The purpose of this study is to develop an effectiveness analysis method of exclusive median bus lanes, which is necessary in order to improve operation efficiency of exclusive median bus lanes. METHODS : The operation characteristics of "signalized intersection including exclusive median bus lanes" and "normal signalized intersection" were investigated and the existing capacity analysis method was also reviewed to analyze the effectiveness of exclusive median bus lanes. Delay reduction of passengers using exclusive median bus lanes which can be considered as the benefit of exclusive median bus lanes and the number of people in buses were included in the proposed effectiveness analysis method. RESULTS : It was found that the proposed method expresses properly the effectiveness of exclusive median bus lanes through performing sensitivity analysis and analyzing with the real data of the number of people in buses and passenger cars. It was also found that the proposed method demonstrates the effectiveness that measure of effectiveness of signalized intersections is changed to "sec/person". CONCLUSIONS : It was concluded that the method is a proper effectiveness analysis method because it can reflect the benefit of passengers in buses.

오늘날 우리가 소비하는 축산물, 즉 소고기, 돼지고기, 닭고기 등은 대부분 공장식 축산방법으로 사육되었다 해도 과언이 아니다. 공장식 축산이란 공장에서 동일한 규격의 제품을 대량으로 찍어내듯이, 비용을 최대한 절감하는 표준화된 방법으로 가축을 사육하여 고기를 대량 공급하는 시스템이다.안전한 축산물 소비를 위해서는 가축의 도살이후 식탁에 오르기까지의 위생환경도 중요하지만 그 이전에 적절한 사육환경 조성이 선행되어야 한다. 그러나 축산 농가는 소득증대를 위해 이것을 무시하며 대량공급 달성에 열을 올리고 있다. 즉 활동하기조차 매우 비좁은 공간에서 항생제를 대량으로 먹여가며 빠른 시간 내에 살을 찌워 우리에게 공급하는 것이다. 이런 축산물은 우리 건강에 장래 어떤 영향을 줄 것인가?, 그리고 그에 대한 근본적 책임은 누구에게 있는 것일까?공장식 축산의 내용인 ‘단위면적당 가축사육기준’은 축산법 시행령에 규정되어 있다. 2013년 2월부터 축산법상 사육규제를 강화하였지만, 이 기준은 예전과 비교하여 크게 달라진 바가 없다. 그리고 여전히 사육업자가 이 기준을 준수하도록 하기 위한 행정제재의 실효성에도 한계를 가지고 있다. 이 글에서는 공장식 축산방법으로 사육된 축산물과 이를 소비한 국민의 생명 ․ 건강상의 위해 간에는 직접적인 관련성이 있음을 전제로 하였다. 즉 국가가 설정한 ‘단위면적당 적정사육기준’이 사육업자의 부적절한 사육환경을 유발시키고 있다는 점을 근거로 하여 국가의 안전보호의무 위반에 대한 책임을 논하였다.

Early mission history to Latin America has been seldom studied by Korean mission scholars. Western scholars’ investigations on early violent contacts between Europe and New World have been focused on either ‘sorrymode’ (for Iberian scholars) or ‘wearesomebody mode’ (for Hispanic scholars). In the paper, the author argues a story of Christian mission, rather sad and dramatic: the life of native Peruvian Jesuit, Blas Valera. He was born mestizo between conquistatores father and mother from Inca royal family. His profound knowledge about Inca native culture and acute sensitivity of native languages made this Jesuit priest excellent missionary translator and later, missionary to native people himself. However, his theological openness to local culture and audacious identification between Inca’s supreme being and the Christian God caused a lot of troubles and controversies. During the Third Lima Council, the clash between Jose de Acosta, a Jesuit Provincial and adamant advocate of eradicating native component of the Christian faith, and the flexible Blas Valera was not avoidable. Jose de Acosta and the European Jesuit community in Peru charged Valera with sexual abuse and put him into jail. Later, it is said that Valera was sent to Spain, by the repeated request of Jose de Acosta, and was kill by English pirate in 1597. However, new discoveries of Valera’s writing possibly reveals that he was not killed in Spain; rather, he returned to Peru and wrote an important treatise, called Nueva coronica y buen gobierno, under the authorship of Guaman Poma. The author of this paper supports the authenticity of Vakera’s newlydiscovered documents and new theory, due to the same missionary points of Valera and Poma.

The purposes of this study were to develop a new orthosis controlling ankle and knee joint motion during the gait cycle and to identify the effects of the newly designed orthosis on gait kinematics and tempospatial parameters, including coordination of the extremities in stroke patients. Fifteen individuals who had sustained a stroke, onset was 16 months, participated in this study. Before application of the measurement equipment the subjects were accustomed to walking on the ankle-foot orthosis (AFO) or stance control knee with knee flexion assisted-oil damper ankle-foot orthosis (SCKAFO) for 5 minutes. Fifteen patients were investigated for 45 days with a 3-day interval between sessions. Measurements were walking in fifteen stroke with hemiparesis on the 3D motion analysis system. Comparison of AFO and SCKAFO are gait pattern. The difference between the AFO and SCKAFO conditions was significant in the gait velocity, step length of the right affected side, stance time of both legs, step-length asymmetry ratio, single-support-time asymmetry ratio, -thigh angle and -shank angle in the mid swing (p<.001). Using a SCKAFO in stroke patients has shown similar to normal walking speeds can be attained for walking efficiency and is therefore desirable. In this study, the support time of the affected leg with the SCKAFO was longer than with the AFO and the asymmetry ratio of single support time decreased by more than with the AFO. This indicates that the SCKAFO was effective for improving gait symmetry, single-support-time symmetry. This may be due to the decrease of gait asymmetry. Thus, the newly designed SCKAFO may be useful for promoting gait performance by improving the coordination of the extremity and decreasing gait asymmetry in chronic stroke patients.

During the past decades, the island city of Jeju, through considerable multi- sectoral efforts, has grown to be a shining example of an environmental hub model. The origin of Jeju’s growth as a global environmental hub can be traced primarily to two major characteristics: 1. The willingness of the people of Jeju to share their island’s vibrant cultural heritage and unique natural beauty with the rest of the world, and 2. The tireless endeavors of Jeju Special Self-GoverningProvince to manage Jeju’s environment, and share its environmental best practices to urban centers across the world. These endeavors are expressed as the principal of policy that conservation is prior to development. In order to achieve its goal of a World Environmental Hub status, Jeju Special Self- Governing Province is promoting 1) institutional strategies, 2) supplementation of its existing master plan, and 3) restructuration of existing social system. The first includes the promotion of this project on a joint base with IUCN and the Ministry of Environment of the Republic of Korea, establishment of head office of world environmental hub promotion in Jeju Governmental organization, and enactment of world environmental hub special law by the National Assembly of the Republic of Korea. The second is considering collaborations with the members of IUCN commissions, domestic experts, and consultants who will be recruited from overseas. The third is for improving the effectiveness and efficiency of the master plan through the restructuring of exiting socio-economic system to a new one focusing on maximizing the eco-efficiency and environ- mentally friendly behavior.