In order to investigate the optimal UVB (ultraviolet B) treatment conditions for vitamin D2 enhancement of freeze-dried ear mushroom, sample size (below 300 μm~whole), UV treatment temperature (30~60℃), treatment density (6.25~50.0 mg/cm2) and the samples mixing frequency (1~32 times) were treated differently. After that, chromaticity, vitamin D2 and ergosterol (vitamin D2 precursor) contents were investigated. As a result of the investigating, effective UVB treatment conditions for vitamin D2 enhancement are as follows. The sample sizes were 2~4 mm and finely crushed pieces. The treatment temperatures were 50℃ and 60℃. The treatment density was 12.5 to 25.0 mg/cm2, and the number of sample mixing was 8 times or more. As the amount of vitamin D2 increased by UVB treatment, the ergosterol content generally tended to decrease. However, under some UVB treatment conditions, the vitamin D2 content was not high despite the decrease of ergosterol content. Under the conditions set in this experiment, it was possible to obtain ear mushrooms with enhanced vitamin D2 up to 26,968.7 μg/100 g. Therefore, it is thought that the ear mushroom is highly likely to be used as a vitamin D source and nutritionally fortified food ingredient.

This study aimed to determine the changes in the vitamin B5 content of raw and cooked vegetables. The nineteen vegetables were subjected to different cooking methods, viz. blanching, boiling, pan-broiling, and steaming. Vitamin B5 was quantified by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using photodiode-array (PDA) detection (200 nm). The standard reference materials (SRM) were used to validate the accuracy of vitamin B5 measurement method used in this study. The cooking yields ranged from 82.63 to 107.62% and decreased in most of the vegetables except bitter melon, curled mallow, and eggplant. The raw kabocha squash, Danhobak, had the highest vitamin B5 content (0.671 mg/ 100 g) among the samples. All cooked vegetables showed lower vitamin B5 content compared to the raw samples. The true retention ranged from 0% (crown daisy, blanching) to 84.49% (kabocha squash, steaming). These results indicate that vitamin B5 is degraded after cooking. Pan-broiling and steaming are better cooking methods than the others for retaining vitamin B5. The true retention of vitamin B5 in the samples markedly depends on the cooking method and food matrix. These results can be used as important basic data for nutritional evaluation of meals.

Subunit vaccines are being developed as a potential therapy for preventing microbial pathogen infection. In this study, the immunogenicity of recombinant Brucella (B.) abortus Fe/Mn superoxide dismutase (rFe/Mn SOD) protein as a subunit vaccine against B. abortus was investigated in BALB/c mice model. Brucella Fe/Mn SOD gene was cloned into a pcold-TF DNA vector. The bacterial recombinant protein was expressed using the Escherichia coli DH5α strain with a size of 82.50 kDa. The western blotting assay showed that rFe/Mn SOD reacted with Brucella-positive serum, indicating the potential immunoreactivity of this recombinant protein. After the second and third vaccinations, the peripheral CD4+ T cell population was increased significantly in the rFe/Mn SOD-immunized mice group compared to the PBS control group. Moreover, immunization of this recombinant protein increased the CD4+ T cell population from the first vaccination to the third vaccination. Meanwhile, the CD8+ T cells were slightly enhanced after the second vaccination compared to the first vaccination and compared to control groups. Fourteen days after the bacterial infection, the splenomegaly and the number of bacteria in the spleen were evaluated. The result showed that both rFe/Mn SOD and positive control RB51 decreased the bacterial replication in the spleen and the splenomegaly compared to control groups. Altogether, these results suggested that rFe/Mn SOD could induce host immunity against B. abortus infection.

T.S. 엘리엇은 전혀 새로운 시인으로서 20세기 영미시에서 우리가 전혀 본적이 없는 시를 쓴 시인이다. 그러나, 그는 유럽, 특히 프랑스 시의 전통에 확고한 뿌리를 둔 시인이다. 반면, W.B. 예이츠는 자신이 상징이라고 정의한 시의 특성을 추구한 시인으로 영시나 아일랜드 시에서 금세기에서 조차 어떤 시인도 그를 능가하지 못하고 있다. 이 글은 엘리엇에 영향을 준 프랑스 시인에 대해 이야기 한다. 엘리엇은 프랑스의 새로운 시인들과 접촉하게 되어 독특한 시를 쓰게 된 것은 명확한 것 같다. 엘리엇은 시인 코르비에르에게서 프랑스 시인들이 무시하고 가치를 보지 못한, 프랑스 시의 전혀 새로운 면을 볼 수 있었다. 이 글은 구하의 책에서 프랑스 시의 영향을 다룬다. 특히 트리스탄 코르비에르의 엘리엇에 대한 영향을 논하다. 코르비에르는 당시 프랑스에서 전혀 관심을 끌지 못한 무명시인이었다. 엘리엇은 이 시인에게서 새로운 것을 발견할 수 있었고 그것을 자신의 시에 잘 사용하였다. 구하는 이점을 다룬다. 반면 예이츠는 불어시를 읽을 수 없었고 프랑스 시에 큰 영향을 받지 않은 것 같다. 예이츠는 그의 산문에서 엘리엇의 새로움과 위대함을 지적한다.

본 연구는 동백나무 종자에 함유된 생리활성물질인 camelliaside B의 표준정량화를 위해 고성능 액체 크로마토그래피 (HPLC-DAD) 분석법을 확립하고자 실시하였다. 동백나무 종자에 함유된 주요화합물은 MS/MS 분석, UV 흡광도, 화합물의 유지시간 등을 통해 얻은 결과에 바탕을 두어 camelliaside B를 동백나무 종자 추출물의 지표물질로 선정하였다. Camelliaside B의 HPLC 분석법에 대한 특이성, 정확성, 정밀도 및 정량한계 등을 검증하였다. Camelliaside B 분석을 위해 표준화된 HPLC 분석법은 0.99% 이상의 상관계수(R2)로 높은 선형성을 가지는 것을 보여주었다. Camelliaside B의 회수율은 100.42-108.00%였으며, 검출한계 (LOD)와 정량한계 (LOQ)는 각각 0.084㎍/㎖, 0.254㎍/㎖였다. 동백나 무 종자 지표물질 (camelliaside B)의 일중 정밀도는 각각 0.09-0.16 RSD였으며, 일간정밀도는 0.123 RSD였다. 표준화된 분석법으로 지역별로 수집한 동백나무 종자의 camelliaside B의 함량은 0.279-2.05㎎/g 으로 다양하였다. HPLC 분석법으로 확인한 모든 매개변수는 기능성 원료 인정을 위한 제출자료 작성 기준을 충족하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 확립한 HPLC 분석법은 동백나무 종자 추출물 유래 건강 관련 기능성 제품 또는 의약품 개발의 첫 단계를 제공할 수 있을 것이다.

Lymphoma, which accounts for 3.5% of all oral cancers, is further divided into Hodgkin's lymphoma (HL) and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (NHL). NHL accounts for 96% of lymphomas, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common subtype accounting for 32% of NHL. In the oral cavity, extra-nodal non-Hodgkin's lymphoma may develop in the dentoalveolar region of the maxilla or mandible. It can also mimic inflammatory lesions that occur around periodontal tissues, such as periapical granuloma and chronic osteomyelitis. Misdiagnosis of jaw lymphoma can delay appropriate treatments and worsen the prognosis. Therefore, to avoid delay in diagnosis, clinicians should identify the possible malignancy based on unusual symptoms, clinical findings, radiographic examinations, and histopathological evaluation. We present two cases of DLBCL in the right posterior mandible of a 64-year-old man who was initially misdiagnosed as acute apical abscess and in the right posterior maxilla of an 81-year-old woman who was initially misdiagnosed as chronic periodontitis. These cases demonstrate that it is important for both pathologists and clinicians to consider malignant lesions such as lymphomas in the differential diagnosis of apical radiolucency.

도와 일본의 미학은 예술적 적합성에서 유사한 미적 보편성을 나타내며 표현 방식이 다를 뿐이다. 인도와 일본 미학의 예술적 목적은 덕목, 즉 어둠에서 빛으로 나아가는 것이다. 예술의 미적 감상은 인도의 미학이 브라만의 직관적인 빛을 드러내는 동양의 텍스트적 행복에 초점을 맞춘다면, 일본의 미학은 공의 신비한 그림자를 찬미한다. 절대의식의 형태로 동양적 주체성을 이해하는 방식에 있어서, 브라만은 절대적인 통일성을 추구하는 반면, 공은 허무주의적이지 않으며 종종 오해되는 불합리한 생각도 아니다. 그것의 실현은 예술에 대한 인식에서 통일성, 연속성, 조화 및 마음 챙김을 발생한다. 동양적 관점은 형태와 무형태의 초월적 의식에 의해 한계를 지니는데, 이것은 아름다움을 찬미하고 지각하는 가운데 명상한다. 이 논문은 T.S. 엘리엇과 W.B. 예이츠의 시를 통해 그들의 예술이 어떻게 빛과 그림자의 미학을 드러내며 동양의 철학적 의미를 창의적으로 반영하는지, 그리고 그들의 시가 어떻게 초월적이고 세속적인 속성으로 열반에 도달하는지 탐구한다.

이 논문은 프랭크 페이(1870-1931)와 윌리 페이(1872-1947) 형제가 예이츠의 드라마 발전에 끼친 영향을 탐구한다. 1890년대 프랭크 레이와 윌리 페이의 다양한 아마추어 극단은 아일랜드 국립극단(Irish National Theatre Society, 1902)을 탄생시켰고, 그들 중 하나가 최초의 애비극단으로 발전했다. 애비극장의 설립에 형제가 한 역할은 논쟁의 여지가 없지만, 그들의 명성은 때로 다른 사람들이 자신의 주제의식을 개진한 문학 및 연극 역사의 서사에 달려 있다. 예이츠는 1923년 스웨덴 아카데미 연설에서 ‘우리의 최고의 남자 배우 두 명이 있는데, 한 명은 무대에서 변호사의 사무원이었고, 또 한 명은 흑인이 관리하는 극단에서 아일랜드를 여행했던 노동자였다’(CW3 413). 이러한 깔보는 듯한 언급은 페이 형제에 대한 이후의 평가에 잘못된 영향을 미쳤다. 이 논문은 애비극장의 기록 보관소와 프랭크 페이 기록 보관소 및 미발표 강의를 참고하여 더블린의 문학적 환경 내에서 페이 형제이 갖는 위상을 재고하려 한다.

In this study, lanthanum boron silicate glasses were prepared with a composition of x Li2O-(60-x)B2O3-5CaO- 5BaO-7ZnO-10SiO2-10La2O3-3Y2O3 where x = 1,3,5,7, and 9 mol%. Each composition was melted in a platinum crucible under atmospheric conditions at 1,400 °C for 2 h. Clear glasses with a transmittance exceeding 85 % were fabricated. Their optical, thermal, and physical properties, such as refractive index, Abbe number, density, glass transition (Tg) and Knoop hardness were studied. The results demonstrated that refractive index was between 1.6859 and 1.6953 at 589.3 nm. The Abbe number was calculated using an equation for 589.3 nm (nd), 656.3 nm (nf) and 486.1 nm (nc) and was observed to be in the range from 57.5 to 62.6. As the Li2O content increased, the glass transition temperature of the optical glass decreased from 608 °C to 564 °C. If glass mold pressing is performed using a material with a low transition temperature and high mechanical strength, then the optical glasses developed in this study can be completely commercialized.

Repetitive or excessive exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation causes oxidative stress-mediated skin photoaging through the overproduction of reactive oxygen species. Actinidia polygama is known as a medical plant used in oriental medicine for treating several diseases such as abdominal pain, stroke and rheumatoid arthritis. Recently, it was reported that A. polygama extract had anti-wrinkle and skin hydrating properties in ultraviolet B (UVB)-exposed hairless mice. However, the molecular biological mechanism of this extract on alleviating skin photoaging is still unknown. Therefore, we investigated the anti-photoaging effects of PB203, which is the powder of A. polygama extract, in the in vivo and in vitro photoaging models. First, PB203 showed 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) and 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activities due to the presence of anti-oxidant components including flavonoids and polyphenols. In UVB-irradiated hairless mice, oral administration of PB203 (100 mg/ kg) significantly improved wrinkle formation, skin dehydration, elasticity and skin barrier function by decreasing the levels of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and increasing those of collagen I, filaggrin, involucrin and loricrin. Especially, the reduced production of p-p38, p-c-Jun and p-c-Fos by PB203 reversed the elevated levels of MMPs mediated by UVB exposure, resulting in the upregulation of collagen I expression. Consistent with these animal data, PB203 remarkably enhanced the mRNA expression of collagen I, filaggrin, involucrin and loricrin, while suppressed that of MMPs in UVB-irradiated HaCaT cells. And PB203 increased the wound recovery rate of cells by promoting their proliferation and migration. Moreover, PB203 significantly recovered the activity of superoxide dismutase inhibited by UVB in both mice and cells. In conclusion, PB203, which protects skin from UVB-induced photodamage by exerting antioxidant properties, can be considered to have sufficient potential as a functional ingredient or therapeutic agent improving skin photoaging and related skin symptoms.

For the selective catalytic reduction of NOx with ammonia (NH3-SCR), a V2O5WO3/TiO2 (VW/nTi) catalyst was prepared using V2O5 and WO3 on a nanodispersed TiO2 (nTi) support by simple impregnation process. The nTi support was dispersed for 0~3 hrs under controlled bead-milling in ethanol. The average particle size (D50) of nTi was reduced from 582 nm to 93 nm depending on the milling time. The NOx activity of these catalysts with maximum temperature shift was influenced by the dispersion of the TiO2. For the V0.5W2/nTi-0h catalyst, prepared with 582 nm nTi-0h before milling, the decomposition temperature with over 94 % NOx conversion had a narrow temperature window, within the range of 365-391 °C. Similarly, the V0.5W2/nTi-2h catalyst, prepared with 107 nm nTi-2h bead-milled for 2hrs, showed a broad temperature window in the range of 358~450 °C. However, the V0.5W2/Ti catalyst (D50 = 2.4 μm, aqueous, without milling) was observed at 325-385 °C. Our results could pave the way for the production of effective NOx decomposition catalysts with a higher temperature range. This approach is also better at facilitating the dispersion on the support material. NH3-TPD, H2-TPR, FT-IR, and XPS were used to investigate the role of nTi in the DeNOx catalyst.

Korean tuna purse seine fishery in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean (WCPO) began to operate in earnest in the early 1980s. Since then, the total catch has shown an increasing trend and the target species are skipjack tuna (Katsuwonus pelamis), yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacare) and bigeye tuna (Thunnus obesus). Based on the operational data of Korean tuna purse seine fishery from 2016 to 2020, the catch rates of target species (skipjack and yellowfin tunas) were analyzed by operation time for set types (free school and FAD sets). In the case of the free school sets, they were usually made from sunrise to sunset, and the catch rate was high before and after sunrise for skipjack tuna and before sunset for yellowfin tuna. On the other hand, for the FAD sets, more than 90% of them were made just before sunrise, and there were few operations during the daytime. The purpose of this study is to examine whether there are differences in the catch rate of skipjack and yellowfin tunas by operation time and by school type for Korean tuna purse seine fishery in the WCPO, which could be helpful in understanding its fishing characteristics and providing useful information for developing the stock indices of the target species.

To solve the problem of water pollution, researchers have proposed a photocatalytic degradation technology, in which the key factor is the development of efficient photocatalytic materials. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4), an n-type semiconductor, has been widely studied due to its suitable band gap (2.7 eV), low cost, easy preparation, non-toxicity, and high photostability. However, the pure-phase g-C3N4 still has defects such as low specific surface area, insufficient visible light absorption, low charge mobility, few active sites for interfacial reaction, and easy recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs, which leads to the lower photocatalytic activity of g-C3N4. Aiming at the problems mentioned above, this paper focus on the synthesis of g-C3N4-based composites with high photocatalytic activity via lemon juice induction method. Thiourea and lemon juice were selected as precursors, and carbon quantum dots (CQDs) as electron mediators were introduced anchoring on the surface of g-C3N4 to build g-C3N4/CQDs with compact interface. The results showed that small-sized CQDs are uniformly distributed on the surface of g-C3N4, and the g-C3N4/CQDs composite has a 2D0D structure, which reduces the recombination of photogenerated electron–hole pairs. The photocatalytic degradation efficiency of 4% g-C3N4/CQDs for RhB reaches the highest data of 90.9%, and the photocatalytic degradation rate is 0.016 min− 1, which is about 2.3 times that of g-C3N4. After four cycles of photocatalytic reaction, the photocatalytic degradation efficiency of the material remained at 81.7%. Therefore, the g-C3N4/CQDs synthesized via lemon juice induction has a more stable microstructure, and the charge separation efficiency is greatly improved, which is suitable for practical photocatalytic environmental protection.

Flavobacterium 속(genus)은 Bacteriodetes 문(phylum), Flavobacteriaceae 과(family)의 대표 속(type genus)으로서, 이 속의 세균들은 황색 색소를 함유하는 그람 음성 간균이다. 이 속 세균들은 자 연계의 다양한 환경에서 분리되고 있다. 황색색소를 함유하는 그람음성 간균이 경남 창원시 소재 창원대 학교 교내의 연못에서 분리되었고, 이 세균은 균주 B1으로 명명되었다. 균주 B1을 생리학적, 생화학적 및 계통분석학적으로 분석한 결과, Flavobacterium 속에 속하는 것으로 결론지어졌다. 이 세균의 16S rRNA 유전자 염기서열을 BLAST로 분석해 본 결과, 다른 어떠한 세균과도 16S rRNA 유전자 염기서 열의 상동성이 99.0%를 넘지 않았다. 균주 B1의 주된 지방산은 iso-C15:0(19.6%), summed feature 3(C16:1 ω7c and/or C16:1 ω6c, 16.1%), iso-C17:0 3OH(10.2%), iso-C15:0 3OH(8.4%) 및 iso-C15:1 G(6.6%)인 것으로 밝혀졌는데, 이는 다른 Flavobacterium 종들의 지방산 함량과 확연한 차이가 있는 것을 알 수 있었다. 이 세균의 16S rDNA 염기서열은 genbank에 accession number OP060681로 등록 되었다.

B4C/Al composite is mainly used for neutron absorbing materials, which is one of the components of equipment that manages spent nuclear fuel. There are various processes for manufacturing neutron absorbing materials, but most of them are based on the powder metallurgy. In this study, B4C/Al composite in which the reinforcement was uniformly dispersed was manufactured by using the stir casting process. The microstructure, thermal neutron absorption rate, mechanical properties and dispersibility of the reinforcement of the prepared B4C/Al composite were analyzed.