입성(入声)이란, 중세 중국어(中古汉语)에서는 평성, 상성, 거성, 입성으로 이루어지는 4성 성조체계의 일부분을 말하며, 현대 중국어(现代汉语)에서는 중세 중국어의 입성에 연원을 두는 ‘성조 범주(调类)’를 가리킨다. 본 논문에서는 광둥 메이센 방언(广东梅县话(커자 방언, 客 家话)), 푸젠 푸칭 방언(福建福清话(민 방언, 闽语)), 베이징 방언(北京话(북방 관화, 北方官 话))의 입성에 대하여 간략히 기술하고, 최적성이론을 통하여 이 세 방언에서 입성의 실현 양상이 왜 달리 나타나는가에 대하여 설명을 시도하였다. 10개의 제약조건 Ident(Place), Ident (Cons), MAX, DEP, Ident(Manner), No-CodaOral, No-CodaCons, No-Coda, No-MonoCoda, No-CodaObs 간의 제약등급관계에 따라, 메이센 방언에서는 중세 중국어의 입성 운미가 유지되었고, 푸칭 방언에서는 3개의 구강 파열음이 모두 성문 파열음으로 수렴되었으며, 베이징 방언에서는 운미가 모음으로 변하거나 탈락되었다

This study was conducted to examine the effects of Chinese perceptions of quality attributes on customer’s satisfaction, revisit intention and recommendation intention for coffee shops in Beijing, China. Subjects of this study included 200 customers who had visited a coffee shop at least once during the last year. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS v23.0 and AMOS v21.0. In this study, the majority of customers visited a coffee shop once or twice a week with friends. Respondents preferred tall-sized warm coffee in the store. The coffee shop quality attributes of were derived from five exploratory factors identified upon analysis of 30 observational variables. It was important to maintain and strengthen the quality attributes of coffee shops in this area because IPA(Importance Performance Analysis) analysis showed that “Doing great, keep it well” part was a desirable area because it had high importance and performance. Finally, path analysis revealed that customer satisfaction was influenced by employee attitude and affected revisit intention and recommendation intention.

中国传统民居建筑具有多样化的特点，中国土地广阔，不同的地理环境，生产生活方式和宗教信仰就直接造就了不同民族与地域的居住文化。这些多样的传统民居建筑是重要的历史文化遗产，而且有很高的技术与艺术价值。北京传统四合院和吉林朝鲜族民居分别是华北地区以及东北地区的代表性建筑，它们分别受到不同的地理因素以及气候因素的影响，因此具有各自的地域特点。此外，在文化习俗、传统材料以及民间技艺上也具有差异性。这些差异性也反应了不同的居住文化。

중국전통민가건축은 다양화의 특점이 있다. 중국은 국토가 광활하고 다양한 지리환경이 있으며 따라서 생산생활방법과 종교신앙은 직접적으로 부동한 민족과 지역의 주거문화를 이루었다. 이런 다양한 전통민가건축은 중요한 역사문화유산으로 매우 높은 기술과 예술가치를 가진다. 북경전통사합원은 길림조선족주민은 각기 화북지역과 동북지역의 대표적인 건축으로 이들은 제각기 다른 지역요소와 기후요소의 영향을 받았고 따라서 서로 다른 지역특점을 가지고 있다. 이외에 문화학습 전통재료 및 민간 기예 등 면에서도 차이를 보이고 있다. 따라서 이런 차이점은 서로 다른 주거문화의 특성을 보여준다.

쓰허위엔은 중국의 전통 안마당형 건축이다. 쓰허위엔의 역사는 매우 길고 역사적 그리고 문화적 관점에서 매우 중요하다. 이는 옛 북경의 민속문화와 역사를 품고 있다. 그럼으로 쓰허위엔의 문화적 느낌은 유지되어야 한다. 현재의 많은 고층건축과 건축공업화는 전통건축 법을 대처하고있다. 그래서 후통과 쓰허위엔는 이전의 화려함을 잃어가고, 대부분의 전통 쓰허위엔은 낙후되었고, 사회 메커니즘이었던 실내활력과 외부 형태는 썩어가고 있다. 쓰허위엔의 보호 및 수리 만으로는 건강한 유지를 할수없다. 활력적인 쓰허위엔의 지속적은 보존을 위해서는 발전과 혁신이 필요하다. 쓰허위엔을 더욱더 편하고, 활력적이고, 지속적인 발전을 위해서는 현대자제와 건축기법과 병합되어야 한다.

The content of the paper can be summarized as follows: (1) The typical structure of nominal expressions in Mandarin Chinese is analyzed as [DP [NumP [ClP [NP ]]]]. (2) NP is a lexical category which describes the contents of entities or notions. (3) NumP is a functional category which denotes the number of entities described by a noun, and ClP, too, a functional category which makes nouns of Mandarin Chinese countable. (4) DP has the function of mediating between the description provided by NP and entities in the real world the description is applied to. It gives referential meanings such as “Definite”, “Indefinite”, and so on. (5) When D is lexically filled, DP has a definite referential meaning. A null determiner functions as an existential operator to produce an indefinite meaning. (6) A DP with a null determiner can appear only in the lexically governed position due to Empty Category Principle. (7) A sequence [Num+Cl+N] can be interpreted as having two structures, a DP with a null determiner and a NumP. (8) Bare nouns can be interpreted as “indefinite”, “definite”. An indefinite bare noun has the structure of [DP e [NP N ]] and a definite bare noun, [DP Ni [NP ti ]]. (9) In general, pronouns and proper nouns always carry a definite referential meaning and so can appear in D. (10) The pronouns and the proper nouns appearing in N do not denote a specific entity. Their meanings are similar to common nouns which denote types or kinds of entities. (11) NP"s can not be used as an argument but as a predicate.

This paper is focused on Damheonseo(湛軒書), an anthology written by Hong Daeyong, and I deal with Chinese Architectural views which he had experienced in his itinerary to Beijing, and the vivid pictures of Joseonkwan (called the Koryo or Joseon Embassy) located in Beijing at that time. He was a scholar of great erudition over astronomy, mathematics, military science, politics, and so on. He was interested in practical sciences at early time, and criticized secular scholars full of vanity who had presented purposeless articles. In his age of 35, Qianlong(乾隆) 30 (1764, Youngjo 41), he, a military escort, accompanied by Hong Uk, Joseon envoy and his uncle. Before his itinerary, he self-studied Chinese. Also, during a long journey he got new experiences and information around each area, deviating his group whenever he had some times. He could get more variant experiences than others because of his character full of curiosity, and his observations from the vivid lives of the time helped us get various views between Chinese and Korean architecture. Likewise, although he denounced Qing(淸) scathingly as a barbarian, he mentioned several points about the characteristics of Chinese architecture at that time. First of all, totally Chinese architecture had strong rational and practical points. Secondly, based on bountiful products, buildings along streets shown in Chinese city had sophisticated compositions, and luxurious and magnificent appearances. Thirdly, using the brick from walls to houses was so universal. Fourthly, the layouts of building with three- or four-closed courtyard had very orderly shapes, and the structure of street was also so arranged. Finally, because of stand-up lives, the scales and appearances of interior space were even more extended, and storages were less developed than those of Joseon. As another points, I found that Joseonkwan was moved next to Shushangguan(庶常館)from Huidongnanguan(會同南館) around Hanlimyuan(翰林院), and had been remodeled into a house with Korean custom in using the inner spaces, although it was followed by a closed courtyard style. Likewise, I recognized that Ondols were sure to be established in all temporary houses during the journey to Qing, and felt their strong traditional residential custom in such mentions. Now that the past pictures have disappeared and ways of life and our values have been largely changed, this study has very important meaning in comparing the ancient Chinese and Korean architecture.

The purpose of this study was to investigate Chinese university students' in Beijing perception for Korean Kimchi. The results were as follows: A questionnaire was examined on male 145 (45.7%) and female 172 (54.3%) college students of residing in Beijing. Nationality of Kimchi answered Korea 83.3% of all the participants, and have eaten Kimchi was 59.0%. Male purchased commercial Kimchi 39.7%, and female restaurant 44.9% (p< .05). The first answered 'it was taste' 52.1% when commercial Kimchi purchased, and packing size of commercial Kimchi was 50g 50.0%. Among the intake experience have eaten Kimchi was the highest Baechu Kimchi 79.1%, Mu Kimchi 68.4% and Oi Kimchi 63.6%, also preference of Kimchi was Baechu Kimchi 44.3%, Mu Kimchi 29.3% and Oi Kimchi 19.2% in order. After have eaten Kimchi answered good 64.6% (p< .05), Kimchi liked reason were the highest 'refreshing taste' 42.4%, unliked were 'oder (of garlic, ginger and anchovy juice, etc)' and 'too spicy' 33.3%, respectively. Improvement on consumption extention of Kimchi answered 'not too salty' 30.2%, 'not too hot' 28.5% and 'not too strong seasoning' 22.7%. Perception for Kimchi answered the highest mean (3.95) 'Kimchi is a good side dish with cooked rice'.

This study was carried out to investigate Chinese in Beijing and Shanghai perception and preference for Korean Kimchi. The results were as follows: A questionnaire was examined on male 145(45.7%) and female 172(54.3%) of residing in Beijing, and on male 139(49.5%) and female 142(50.5%) of residing in Shanghai. In foods of eating with Kimchi resulted the highest Chinese foods 40.3% on male, and Korean. Chinese foods 25.3% on female in Beijing(p< .05), Korean, Chinese foods 26.7% and 25.3% on male respectively, and Korean foods 50.7% on female in Shanghai. In Kimchi used dishes Beijing resulted high Kimchi Ramyon 61.5%, Kimchi Kuk 51.3%, and Kimchi Chigae 44.9%, and Shanghai were Kimchi Ramyon 51.2%, Kimchi Kuk 41.3%, and Kimchi Fried Rice 22.4% in order. In evaluation by kinds of Kimchi, the taste resulted high onion juice Kimchi(M=6.55) of the third days, and overall acceptability resulted high onion juice Kimchi(M=6.18) of the third days, similary in Beijing, and Kimchi added in shrimp(M=5.70) of two days, and overall acceptability resulted high Kimchi added in shrimp(M=5.70) of the third days, similary in Shanghai. In Sensory evaluation by used Kimchi, the taste resulted high in the order of Kimchi Fried Rice and Chinese style Kimchi Fried Pork(M=6.27), and overall acceptability resulted Kimchi Fried Udong(M=6.40), Chinese style Kimchi Fried Pork(M=6.27), Kimchi Dumpling(M=6.20) in Beijing, and Kimchi Chige(M=6.70), Kimchi Fried Rice(M=6.67) and Kimchi Pancake(M=6.44), and overall acceptability resulted Kimchi Fried Udong, Kimchi Chige(M=6.50), Kimchi Fried Rice and Kimchi Pancake(M=6.44) in Shanghai.