Piloti-type buildings are widely constructed in urban areas of South Korea. Due to stiffness irregularities, piloti-type buildings are vulnerable to lateral loads such as earthquakes. Although seismic retrofitting is necessary for piloti-type buildings, many of these structures are privately owned, and the extensive number of buildings creates significant challenges in terms of cost and time for regional seismic performance evaluation. This study proposes a methodology for determining the seismic performance of multiple piloti-type buildings within a region by utilizing structural parameters. Information on piloti-type buildings is classified into public building data and exterior building data, which are integrated to define structural parameters for estimating the first natural period of the buildings. Linear regression analysis was performed to develop a regression equation correlating structural parameters with the natural period. Additionally, the natural period and structural parameters are used to perform another linear regression analysis to estimate the yield and ultimate points of the capacity curve. The capacity curves derived from the regression equations facilitate seismic performance evaluation based on structural parameters.

Structures compromised by a seismic event may be susceptible to aftershocks or subsequent occurrences within a particular duration. Considering that the shape ratios of sections, such as column shape ratio (CSR) and wall shape ratio (WSR), significantly influence the behavior of reinforced concrete (RC) piloti structures, it is essential to determine the best appropriate methodology for these structures. The seismic evaluation of piloti structures was conducted to measure seismic performance based on section shape ratios and inter-story drift ratio (IDR) standards. The diverse machine-learning models were trained and evaluated using the dataset, and the optimal model was chosen based on the performance of each model. The optimal model was employed to predict seismic performance by adjusting section shape ratios and output parameters, and a recommended approach for section shape ratios was presented. The optimal section shape ratios for the CSR range from 1.0 to 1.5, while the WSR spans from 1.5 to 3.33, regardless of the inter-story drift ratios.

The primary purpose of this study is to develop system modules of school buildings and the seismic loss function of the system modules for regional loss assessment of school buildings. System modules of school buildings were developed through statistical analysis of school facilities in Korea. The structural system of school buildings with non-seismic details is defined as reinforced concrete with partially masonry walls (RCPM), and 27 system modules of RCPM were developed considering the number of stories, spans, and the age of the building. System modules were designed to assess the structural behavior by applying the shear spring model and the shear failure of the columns of the school building. Probabilistic seismic demand models for each component of system modules were derived through nonlinear dynamic analysis to determine the relationship between seismic intensity, drift ratio, and peak floor acceleration of system modules. The seismic loss function was defined as the total damage ratio, which is the ratio of replacement cost to repair cost to evaluate the seismic loss quantitatively. The system module-based seismic loss well predicted the observed data. It will be possible to help many stakeholders make risk-informed decisions for a region through the regional loss assessment of school buildings in Korea.

In densely populated urban areas, reinforced concrete residential buildings with an open first floor and closed upper floors are preferred to meet user demands, resulting in significant vertical stiffness irregularities. These vertical stiffness irregularities promote the development of a soft-story mechanism, leading to concentrated damage on the first floor during seismic events. To mitigate seismic damage caused by the soft-story mechanism, stiffness-based retrofit strategies are favored, and it is crucial to determine an economically optimal level of retrofitting. This study aims to establish optimal seismic retrofit strategies by evaluating the seismic losses of buildings before and after stiffness-based retrofitting. An equivalent single-degree-of-freedom model is established to describe the seismic response of a multi-degree-of-freedom model, allowing for seismic demand analysis. By convolving the seismic loss function with the hazard curve, the annual expected loss (EAL) of the building is calculated to assess the economic losses. The results show that stiffness-based retrofitting increases first-story lateral stiffness by 20-40%, enhancing structural seismic performance, but also results in a rise in EAL compared to the as-built state, indicating lower cost-effectiveness from an economic perspective. The research concludes that retrofit options that increase first-story lateral stiffness by at least 60% are more appropriate for reducing financial losses.

The diagrid structural system has a braced frame that simultaneously resists lateral and vertical loads, and is being applied to many atypical high-rise buildings for aesthetic effects. In this study, a 60-story structure with twisted degrees of 0° to 180° was selected to determine seismic response control performance of twisted high-rise structures whether the diagrid system was applied and according to the reduction of braced frame material quantity. For this purpose, ‘Nor’ model without the diagrid system and the ‘DS’ model with the diagrid system, which was modeled by reducing braced frame member section to 700~400, were modeled. As a result, the 'DS' model showed an seismic response control effect in all Twisted models even when the quantity was reduced, and especially, the Twisted shape model was found to have an superior response control effect compared to the regular structure. In addition, the ‘600DS’ analysis model, which matched the ‘Nor’ model by 99.0% in quantity, showed an increase in seismic response control performance as the rotation angle increased.

This study analyzed displacement records of Sungnyemun Gate's primary structural members, such as columns, beams, and hip rafters, over approximately ten years from 2013 to 2023. Through this, we attempted to examine the behavior of wooden architectural heritage in detail and infer the factors influencing structural change through the deformation revealed during the displacement accumulation process. As a result of the analysis, it was quantitatively confirmed that the prominent structural members of the Sungnyemun gate, including the columns, beams, and hip rafters, continued to move and that the accumulated displacements from the movement led to the structure's deformation. It was also confirmed that member displacements accumulate in a specific direction. In the case of the Sungnyemun gate, even after the structure was stabilized, the columns were tilting inward toward the building, and the ends of the hip rafters and the centers of the beams were moving downward continuously. Furthermore, the behavior of wooden architectural heritage, in which damage accumulates as it undergoes repeated transformation and recovery according to seasonal changes, was also revealed in detail. The deformation of the Sungnyemun gate members shows a common pattern of relatively large behavior in the summer. However, seasonal deformation did not appear the same in all members. Even the same member has an uneven drying speed due to differences in the amount of sunlight received depending on the location, leading to uneven distribution of deformation. This study, while acknowledging its limitations, is significant in that it attempts to examine the behavior of our wooden architectural heritage in detail and discuss its characteristics and influencing factors based on quantitative results of long-term measurements.

This study examines the Banja Dancheong style of traditional Korean architecture, with a particular emphasis on the lotus pattern found among the Woomul Banja ceiling patterns. The genesis of Korean ceiling decoration motifs can be traced back to the Goguryeo mural tombs of the mid-4th century. The oldest known examples of Banja Dancheong styles in Korean traditional architecture are Beomja lotus pattern decorated in well-shaped Banja of the Daeungjeon Hall of Bongjeongsa Temple in Andong (1435), the Geungnakbojeon Hall of Muwisa Temple in Gangjin (1430) and the Guksajeon Hall of Songgwangsa Temple (15th century). This Beomja lotus pattern, adorned with the ‘Om Mani Padme Hum’ mantra, emerges as an almost definitive example. Therefore, it is evident that this decorative element stands as a quintessential exemplar of the early style among well-shaped Banja decorations in Korean temple architecture. The Ohwayeonhwadangcho pattern, encapsulating the essence of the lotus motif, is a Dancheong pattern with a lineage that stretches back to the early Joseon Dynasty, where it was initially employed in the Banja wells. This pattern exhibits design characteristics that are perfectly suited to the square Banja wells. The lotus pattern, thus, has been extensively utilized as a decorative motif in palaces, temples, and Confucian architectural structures, evolving continuously from Korea’s Goguryeo period Dancheong patterns to the present day.

지진발생 시, 건물은 작게는 손상에서 크게는 붕괴까지 이어지므로 인명과 재산상의 피해가 생길 수 있다. 이러한 지진의 위험성에 대비하여 건물의 내진성능평가가 필요하다. 현재 내진성능평가 기법의 경우 개별 건물을 대상으로 하기에 많은 시간이 투자되어야 한다. 따라서, 지역규모의 건물들을 대상으로 하는 내진성능평가 기법의 개발이 필요한 실정이다. 본 연구는 RC 주거형 건물의 내진 성능을 평가하고 보강계획을 수립하기 위해 비선형 Shear Spring을 가진 단자유도모델을 구축하였다. 구조물의 비선형 응답을 모사 하기 위한 비선형 Shear Spring은 T-SR-μ를 매개변수로 정의된다. 해당모델에 100개의 PEER 지진을 적용하여, 최대층간변위비 응답 으로 건물의 내진성능을 평가하였다. 제안기법의 적용성을 확인하기 위하여 상세모델과 비교하였을 때, 두 모델 모두 건물의 내진성 능을 같은 수준으로 판단하였음을 확인하였다. 본 연구는 제안된 방식이 실제 건물의 내진성능을 예측할 수 있음을 보여주었다.

This study provides a micro-level analysis of the changes in Cheongnyong-dong, aiming to identify the interactions between function and form within the historical flow of urban architecture. Focusing on the characteristics of urban architecture in Cheongnyong-dong, this research particularly examines the transformations in layout and façade from the 1970s to the 1990s. By analyzing materials and windows of both the front and rear façades, as well as the differences between the first and upper floors, the study sheds light on the evolving patterns of urban architecture. From the 1970s to the 1990s, residential buildings accelerated changes in urban architecture by reinforcing unity in materials and creating more volumetric façades. In contrast, neighborhood facilities and mixed-use buildings displayed a clearer distinction between commercial and residential functions, with pronounced differences in material usage between the first and upper floors, as well as between the front and rear façades. This implies that while residential buildings change based on plots, commercial and mixed-use buildings transform according to their functions, resulting in varying speeds of physical change.

Many school buildings are vulnerable to earthquakes because they were built before mandatory seismic design was applied. This study uses machine learning to develop an algorithm that rapidly constructs an optimal reinforcement scheme with simple information for non-ductile reinforced concrete school buildings built according to standard design drawings in the 1980s. We utilize a decision tree (DT) model that can conservatively predict the failure type of reinforced concrete columns through machine learning that rapidly determines the failure type of reinforced concrete columns with simple information, and through this, a methodology is developed to construct an optimal reinforcement scheme for the confinement ratio (CR) for ductility enhancement and the stiffness ratio (SR) for stiffness enhancement. By examining the failure types of columns according to changes in confinement ratio and stiffness ratio, we propose a retrofit scheme for school buildings with masonry walls and present the maximum applicable stiffness ratio and the allowable range of stiffness ratio increase for the minimum and maximum values of confinement ratio. This retrofit scheme construction methodology allows for faster construction than existing analysis methods.

Due to seismically deficient details, existing reinforced concrete structures have low lateral resistance capacities. Since these building structures suffer an increase in axial loads to the main structural element due to the green retrofit (e.g., energy equipment/device, roof garden) for CO2 reduction and vertical extension, building capacities are reduced. This paper proposes a machine-learning-based methodology for allowable ranges of axial loading ratio to reinforced concrete columns using simple structural details. The methodology consists of a two-step procedure: (1) a machine-learning-based failure detection model and (2) column damage limits proposed by previous researchers. To demonstrate this proposed method, the existing building structure built in the 1990s was selected, and the allowable range for the target structure was computed for exterior and interior columns.

In modern society, buildings are becoming more complex, and the population is becoming more densely populated. Such large buildings require a variety of evacuation measures, as there is a high possibility of large-scale human casualties due to increased evacuation distance and evacuation time in the event of a fire. Strobe light and exit sign light are used as important evacuation equipment to provide early warning and evacuation directions. In this thesis, we conducted a fire simulation assuming that a fire occurrence point notification function and a strobe light function were added to equipment such as visual alarms and evacuation guidance, and compared and analyzed the difference in evacuation completion time with existing equipment. The scenarios for the simulation were divided into “general fire situations” and “fire location and evacuation exit guidance situation” and the differences in evacuation completion time in the event of a fire were compared and analyzed for each floor from the 1st floor to the 3rd floor. The maximum travel distance to complete evacuation in the case of a fire on the first floor decreased by 80.6 m and the evacuation completion time decreased by 329.4 seconds, and the maximum travel distance to complete evacuation in the case of a second-floor fire decreased by 28.5 m and the evacuation completion time by 438.8 seconds. During the fire on the third floor, the maximum distance decreased until evacuation was completed to 3.4 m, and the evacuation completion time was reduced by 355.6 seconds. It is expected that if the congestion level of evacuation routes is reduced by utilizing the congestion level of evacuation exits when fire alarm systems and evacuation equipment are activated, the evacuation completion time will be further shortened and evacuations will be carried out quickly and safely.

The purpose of this study is to present a plan for reducing noise between floors of apartment houses in Korea and to examine the method for evaluating noise blocking performance rating between floors. The definition of floor noise and classification method of floor noise can be described, and floor noise can be distinguished into lightweight impact sound and heavy impact sound. The wall-type structure, which is mainly adopted in domestic apartments, relatively transmits vibration caused by impact sources rather than using columns and beams, so noise problems between floors are relatively higher than systems using columns and beams. Three representative methods for reducing and blocking floor noise are described, and criteria for evaluating the effectiveness of floor noise reduction by each method are described. In addition, the method for noise reduction and blocking grades for each construction method currently applied in Korea was described, and as a result, it was judged that the domestic rating evaluation method was not suitable for the current domestic situation, and a new evaluation method and standard were needed.

High-rise buildings are equipped with TMD (Tuned Mass Damper), a vibration control device that ensure the stability and usability of the building. In this study, the seismic response control performance was evaluated by selecting the design variables of the TMD based on the installation location of the twisted irregular building. To this end, we selected analysis models of 60, 80, and 100 floors with a twist angle of 1 degree per floor, and performed time history analysis by applying historical seismic loads and resonant harmonic loads. The total mass ratio of TMDs was set to 1.0%, and the distributed installation locations of TMDs were selected through mode analysis. The analysis results showed that the top-floor displacement responses of all analysis models increased, but the maximum story drift ratio decreased. In order to secure the seismic response control performance by distributed installation of TMDs in twisted irregular buildings, it is judged that the mass ratio distribution of TMDs will act as a key variable.

본 연구는 자연공원 재계획에 따라 수행된 공원구역 해제가 사유지의 지가변동과 건축행위에 미치는 영향을 분석하 기 위해 수행하였다. 연구는 설악산국립공원과 남한산성도립공원, 천마산시립공원 내 사유지를 대상으로 수행하였고, 공원 재계획에 따라 공원 구역에서 해제된 지역과 존치된 지역 내 사유지의 재계획 전후 10년간 지가변동과 건축행위 변화 추세를 분석하였다. 연구 대상 자연공원 모두에서 공원구역 해제 후 사유지 지가가 상승하였다. 존치지역보다 해제지역의 지가변동률이 가장 높았던 공원은 천마산시립공원이었고, 설악산국립공원도 존치지역보다 해제지역의 지 가변동률이 높았다. 반면 남한산성도립공원은 존치지역과 해제지역의 지가변동률에 큰 차이가 없었는데, 이는 도립공 원은 국립공원만큼 토지이용규제가 심하지 않아 해제 이전에도 어느 정도 개발이 이루어졌던데다, 해제 이후에도 여전히 개발제한구역으로 지정되어 있어 해제에 따른 초과 개발 효과가 크지 않았기 때문이다. 공원구역 해제 전후 건축된 건축물의 규모를 비교해 보면, 대체로 공원 구역에서 해제된 지역의 건축 규모가 증대하는 경향을 보였다. 특히 신축 건축물의 높이가 가장 많이 증가하였고, 건폐율과 용적률 또한 증가하였다. 단, 국립공원을 제외한 도립공원 과 시립공원의 경우 건폐율과 용적률 증가가 크지 않았는데, 이는 도립공원과 시립공원은 해제 이전에도 어느 정도 개발이 이루어져 있었기 때문으로 판단된다. 위 결과를 종합하면, 우리나라 자연공원 제도는 공원 내, 특히 국립공원 내 사유지의 재산권을 심각하게 침해하고 있으며, 이로 인한 갈등은 자연공원 확대나 신규 공원시 큰 걸림돌이 되고 있다. 사유지의 매수예산 확보로 국유화 추진, 지역 활성화를 고려한 지역과 협력한 공원시설 설치와 이용 활성화 방안 등 다양한 측면에서의 정책 개발이 요구된다.

중국의 전통 문화 유산은 고대 중국의 뛰어난 건축 기술과 미적 감각 을 보여주는 좋은 수단이며, 유구한 전통과 고유한 풍습을 고스란히 반 영하고 있다. 푸젠성 흙보루(土堡)는 주로 복건성에 분포하는 중국의 전 통 가옥 중 하나이며, 지역의 문화적 특성이 뚜렷하게 나타나는 방어용 가옥이다. 본 연구의 목적은 푸젠성 흙보루를 연구의 대상으로 선정하여 푸젠성 흙보루에 나타나는 건축 문화의 특징을 분석하고, 이를 통해 흙 보루 문화의 전승 방법을 제안하는 데 있다. 이를 위해 현장 조사 및 문 헌 분석을 기반으로 푸젠성 흙보루의 역사적, 문화적 배경과 공간 배치 의 측면에서 푸젠성 흙보루의 발생 배경과 건축 문화에 대한 정리 작업 을 진행하였다. 연구결과， 푸젠성 흙보루의 건축 문화에는 역사적 발전 배경, 부지 선정 문화, 공간 배치 문화, 기능적 구성 등 여러 요소가 반 영되어 있는데, 이는 특수한 역사적 배경 및 고유의 환경적 요소가 복합 적으로 결합한 결과이다. 푸젠성 흙보루의 건축 문화는 중국 전통의 건 축 문화에 기반하며, 최종적으로 지역의 자연 및 사회 환경에 적응하며 형성되었다. 본 연구가 지역의 전통 문화 전승과 중국의 전통 주거 문화 유산의 발전에 긍정적인 역할을 할 수 있을거라 기대한다.