In this study, we analyzed how the revenue water ratio(RWR) is affected by changes in conditions of the water supply area, such as the ratio of aging pipes, maintenance conditions, and revenue water. As a result of analyzing the impact of pipe aging and maintenance conditions on the RWR, it was confirmed that the RWR could be decreased if the pipe replacement project to improve the aging pipe ratio was not carried out and proper maintenance costs were not secured. It was also confirmed that an increase in the revenue water could be operated to facilitate the achievement of the project’s target RWR. In contrast, a decrease in the revenue water due to a population reduction could affect the failure of the target RWR. In addition to analyzing the causes of variation in the RWR, the calculation of estimated project costs was considered by using leakage reduction instead of RWR from recent RWR improvement project cost data. From this analysis, it was reviewed whether the project costs planned to achieve the target RWR of the RWR improvement project in A city were appropriate. In conclusion, the RWR could be affected by variations in the ratio of aging pipes, maintenance conditions, and revenue water, and it was reasonable to consider not only the construction input but also the input related to RWR improvement, such as leakage reduction, when calculating the project cost.

This study aims to explore the appropriate water pressure control of water supply pipeline to reduce water losses of water supply network in Jinan-gun. The current water pressure status of each 5 blocks and the impact of optimized water pressure on improving revenue water rate were investigated. In order to obtain the flow rate and water pressure data of each small block, a smart hub is set in the pressure reducing valve chamber at the inlet of the small block, and a smart water pressure meter is installed in the fire hydrant and the faucet of the customer. For the pressure reducing valves installed for water pressure management system of each block, the diameter calculation standard and type of the pressure reducing valve are determined, and the application reasons are put forward. The analysis results of water pressure management for each small block in Jinan-gun show that the pressure control equipment and water pressure management need to be improved in four small blocks. The water flow rate in Jinan-eup and Sangjeon-myeon increases from 57.2% to 87.6% when the water pressure control is completed.

본 연구에는 가뭄의 유발 요인으로 강수량, 기온, 상대습도 등의 기상현상을 활용하고 가뭄 피해로 인한 대응 요소로서 대체수원, 제한급수, 운반급수 등의 비상급수를 적용하여 AI기반 가뭄 대응 정보 구축 방안을 구성하였다. AI 머신 러닝 기법 중 널리 사용되는 의사결정나무 모형을 통하여 예측 기법을 수립하였다. 연구 대상 지역은 비상급수 활용 빈도가 높고 종관기상관측소가 존재하는 충주시, 안동시, 의성군을 선정하였다. 자료 기간은 2014년부터 2019년까지의 자료를 이용하였으며, 가뭄 유발 기상요인으로 ASOS의 강수량 및 기온, 습도를 이용하고 가뭄 피해 요소로 국가 가뭄정보 포털의 비상급수 현황 자료를 활용하였다. 모형 학습 결과 정확도가 약 0.97, F1-Score가 약 0.5로 나왔으며, 이는 비상급수가 필요한 상황과 그렇지 않은 상황을 97%의 확률로 예측할 수 있음을 의미하며, 비상급수가 필요했던 표본만을 대상으로 했을 경우 약 50%의 확률로 예측이 가능한 것을 의미한다. 따라서 의사결정나무 모형을 적용하여 예측 정확도를 분석한 결과 가뭄 대응 비상급수 준비지역 예측을 위한 적용성이 높은 것으로 평가되었다. 그러나 본 연구에서는 기상 조건만을 가뭄 유발 요인으로 반영하였기 때문에, 공급수량 부족 등의 요인을 추가적으로 검토할 필요가 있으므로 가뭄과 연관된 요소인 저수지 용량 등을 추가하고 비상급수 이외의 피해 요소 역시 확장하여 연구를 개선하고자 한다.

Due to global climate change, mega-droughts have occurred frequently. Since long-term droughts make it difficult to secure the water resources, water supply needs to be restricted in a reasonable manner. In the event of limited water supply, the waterworks need to develop a restricted water supply strategy. This study showed that analyzing daily water supply could be used to respond to the first stage of a drought. According to an analysis of Korea's major water authorities, there was about 7~21% of room for daily minimum water supply in case of a drought. Restricting the water supply by lowering pressure is a good strategy for local water authorities with high water leakage rate since leakage is inversely dependent with pressure. For this method, it is necessary to quantify water deficiency and pressure at each node using a simulation. Since DDA-based software is not possible to predict changes in demand at nodes with pressure reduction, WaterGEMS, a PDA software, was used to quantitatively predict water shortages and pressures at each node. Locations where water is deficient need to install booster pumps or to be dispatched with water tank truck and bottled water. Without these support, lowering pressure could not be an option for water works. This paper suggests a method for waterworks to plan a drought by lowering pressure to restrict water supply using daily water supply analysis and PDA based simulation.

The feedwater heaters are critical components in a nuclear power plant. As the operation years of heaters go by, the maintenance costs required for continuous operation increase. Integral drains cooler is the separate heat exchanger combined in the heater shell. The integral drains cooler must be isolated from the other zones. The integral drains cooler must be free from leakage and the entrance into the zone be sealed against the entrance of steam from the condensing zone. Cause of tubes leakage since tubes replacement is the same as the cause before tubes replacement. Therefore, feedwater refurbishment method was selected by heater internal structure condition.

본 연구는 고온다습한 하절기에 음수의 형태가 닭의 생산성, 육질, 혈액의 성상에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 실행하였다. 8일령 로스종 360수를 4개 처리구인 수돗물, 이온수, 냉수 및 냉이온수(냉수+이온수)로 처리구당 6반복으로 평사에 수용하여 5주령까지 급수하였다. 계사내부 평균 온도와 습도는 30.9℃와 74.0%였으며, 수돗물의 평균온도는 29.5℃였다. 이온수는 정전기를 이용하여 물을 이온화하였고, 냉수는 15℃로 고정하여 급수하였다. 증체량, 사료섭취량 및 사료요구율은 주간으로 측정하였으며, 혈액과 계육 샘플은 실험 종료시에 채취하였다. 사육전기 21일령에 증체량은 수돗물 처리구에서 다른 처리구에 비하여 낮았지만 통계적 차이는 없었으며, 사육후기의 35일령에 이온수, 냉수, 냉이온수 처리구에서수돗물 처리구에 비하여 현저하게 높게 나타났다(p<0.01). 사료섭취량은 증체와 동일하게 사육전기에는 처리구간에 일관적 차이가 없었지만 사육후기에 수돗물 처리구에 비하여 다른 처리구에서 매우 개선 되는 경향을 보였다(p<0.01). 사료요구율은 사양실험 전기간에서 이온수, 냉수 및 냉이온수 처리구에서 매우 개선되었다(p<0.05). 계육의 가슴살에서 명도는 수돗물 처리구에서 높게 나타났으며, 적색도는 낮은 경향을 보였다. 황색도는 일관성이 없었지만 pH는 수돗물 처리구에서 다른 처리구에 비하여 낮게 나타났다(p<0.05). 조리감량은 이온수, 냉수 및 냉이온수 처리구에서 수돗물에 비하여 매우 낮았지만(p<0.05) 연도는 높은 경향을 보였다. 혈중 알부민과 단백질은 처리구간에 차이가 없었지만, 중성지방은 이온수, 냉수 및 냉이온수 처리구에서 낮은 경향을 보였다(p<0.05). 혈중 포도당은 처리구간에 차이가 없었지만 HDL 콜레스테롤은 이온수, 냉수, 냉이온수 처리구에서 수돗물 처리구에 비해 현저하게 높게 나타났다(p<0.05). 본 실험 결과 혹서기 육계에 냉이온수 급수는 생산성 및 육질을 개선하고 혈중HDL을 높게 하였다.

This study aims at providing a basic data for the development of high energy efficient environment system in the cage (poultry buildings) and cold potable water supply to reduce the summer heat stress. For this study, the cage area size was 273m 2 and the air-to-water heat pump capacity was 20RT for heating and cooling. As the result of this study, the temperature of the drinking water supplied by heat pump was maintained at the set temperature of 15℃. However, the water temperature of control was 23~28 ℃ due to the effect of outside temperature. The average internal cage temperature was 25.3 ℃ in the test group and 28.1 ℃ in the control group, which was 2.8 ℃ higher than that of the control group. The relative humidity was 76.2% in the test group and 75.0% in the control group. The broiler drank 23.2 L / day in the test group and 21.5 L / day in the control group. Daily feed intake was 937 g and and 725 g in the cold water and control water respectively. The feed intake of 212 g was higher than that of cold water. The feeding rates were 1.8 and 1.9. Body weights were 1,523 g and 1,164 g in the cold water and control water respectively. The weight gain was 359 g in the test group fed with cold water and 392 g in the control group. When compared with the control group, the mortality rate was reduced by 84% in the cold water feeding test. It is necessary that future research will continue to reduce the incidence of such livestock accidents.’.

This study concerned the analysis on the efficiency of the conversion of water tank type supply system to direct water supply system to examine the feasibility of the conversion, as well as the calculation of optimal conversion range that enables the supply of safe, high-quality water at stable pressure in accordance with the standards of water supply facility. The results of this research showed that when converting water supply system from water tank type supply system to direct water supply system, more nodal points could be properly converted and more reduction of electricity usage was expected in case water pressure rather than residence time was fixed. This means that higher efficacy can be obtained by fixing water pressure when converting water supply system. However, since the number of the locations that received on-spot inspection was small and the electricity usage measured was not exclusively by water supply facility, it is difficult to judge that such reduction of electricity usage accurately represents reduced electricity usage by water supply facility alone. therefore, after having secured on-spot information about a larger number of locations in apartment complexes that have converted water supply system, and utilizing information about electricity usage exclusively by water supply facility, the proposed method of this research could be applied to accurately deducing expected reduction of electricity usage by water supply facilities of various other apartment complexes. It is also considered possible to deduce an effective operation method of water supply system by finding out an area that shows low pressure or low residual chlorine concentration in the optimal conversion range of water supply, followed by estimating the proper location of pumping station or the proper chlorine dosage at the power purification plant that supply water to the target area.

The aim of these studies are to provide a basic data for the development of high-efficiency environmental improvement system that can parallel the cage(henhouse) and hot and cold potable water supply for increased summer heat stress relief and winter feed efficiency by optimal design. The cage area is 273m2. The air-to-water heat pump with 20RT capacity was used for heating and cooling. The control was used as an electric hot water boiler. For calculating heating load determined the cage size, materials, heat pump capacity, heating capacity, heat storage tank, and drinking water tank capacity etc. Therefore the capacity of heat pump was set-up using 20RT. The cage was built as a prefabricated panels henhouse of 13×21×4.5 m (width×depth×height). The heat storage tank and was drinking water tank capacity was constructed 3tons and 10 tons, respectively. In future, it is thought that optimal design considering the cage size and hen breeding scale is required.

In this study, to develop high-efficiency environmental improvement system that can be combined with hot and cold potable water supply to poultry air conditioning for the summer increase heat stress relief and winter feed efficiency through optimal design hwihan The aim of this study was to provide basic data. As a cage the size of the system installed is 100m2 test capacity 20RT district heating and cooling of air-to-water heat pump and the control was composed of electric hot water boilers. First of cage sizes for heating load design, materials, heat pump capacity, air capacity, storage tank, drinking water tank capacity, etc. were determined. The capacity of the heat pump was set to 20RT cage captive birds are erected as vertically and horizontally × height × (13 × 21 × 4.5m). Storage tank 3 tons and capacity of 10 tons potable water tank was designed. In the future, the size of the cage, designed according to the best breeding two numbers are needed.

It has been widely accepted that the pressure management of water distribution systems using pressure reducing valves(PRVs) would be an effective method for controlling leakages. A pressure reducing valve (PRV) regulates outlet pressure regardless of fluctuating flow and varying inlet pressure, thereby reducing leakage and mitigating the stress on the water distribution system. However, the operation of a PRV is vulnerable to its mechanical condition and hydraulic operability. In this research, the effect of PRVs installed in water distribution system are evaluated in terms of hydraulic pressure reduction and mechanical performance by analyzing measured pressure data with statistical approach. A statistical approach using the moving average filter and frequency analysis based on fourier transform is presented to detect abnormally operated PRVs that have been densely installed in water distribution system. The result shows that the proposed approach can be a good performance evaluation method by simply measuring pressures for the PRVs.

대부분의 마을 급수 시설의 오염원은 수질 항목의 일부분만이 기준치를 초과하고 있는 실정이므로, 이에 따라 각 오염원에 부합되는 정수처리 공정을 모듈별로 공정화 하여 효율적으로 대처하고자 연구를 진행 하였다. 흡착 모듈의 경우 흡착 메카니즘을 통한 기능성 여재를 적용 중금속을 제거하며, 이온교환모듈은 수지를 통해 이온성 물질을 제거. 막 모듈은Membrane을 채용, 부유물질 등을 제거한다. 소독 모듈은 염소 및 자외선을 통해 세균류를 제거한다. 이러한 설비를 조합하여 사용, 급수시설에서 발생하는 오염물질을 선택적으로 대처한다. 상기 연구 결과를 바탕으로 소규모 마을 급수 시설 혹은 마을 상수도에 모듈별 정수장치를 적용하여, 노후 시설 및 낙후된 지역의 물 복지 실현에 한 단계 앞서 갈 것으로 사료 된다.

The water distribution system should be invariably operated on continuous pattern for 24 hours a day. Occasionally, it is not practically possible to operate for 24 hours due to water shortage or financial constraints. Therefore an intermittent water supply is unavoidable in water shortage area and developing countries.But the intermittent water supply can introduce large pressure forces and rapid fluid accelerations into a water supply network. These disturbances may result in new pipe failure, leakage and secondary contamination.This paper proposed an improvement methodology to prevent the disturbances by intermittent water supply. For the study, the hydraulic variation of intermittent flow in water distribution system was measured and analyzed in the field by comparing with simulation of hydraulic model. Installations of control valves such as, pressure reducing and sustaining and air valves were employed for pressure and flow control. The effectiveness of the methods are presented by comparing hydraulic conditions before and after introducing the proposed solutions.

The flow rate analysis for sanitary fixtures has been studied to determine the water supply piping system and size. The study has been carried out to analyze for a various water supply pressure and piping size theoretically. Also, the study has been carried out to analyze for a various water supply piping system experimentally. The water supply pressure is varied from 0.01MPa to 0.07MPa, and the piping size is varied from 6mm to 15mm. The water supply piping systems are one-to-one, all-loop-type, and bathroom-loop-type water supply piping system. The results indicate that the piping size is able to supply water fully in case of smaller than 15mm if the water supply pressure keep an necessary minimum pressure. And the gap of flow rate is very little for the various water supply piping systems

요즘 우리나라에서는 초등학생들에게 한자능력검정시험이 많은 인기를 끌고 있 다. 이에 따라 사교육에서는 학원, 인터넷, 한자학습지 등에서 시험을 대비한 프로 그램이 성행하고 있으며, 한자교육에 대한 관심도 높아지고 있다. 현재 우리나라의 한자능력검정시험에 있어서 초등학생의 응시율이 약 60%나 된다. 이러한 초등학생들의 급수시험의 형태는 일시적이지 않고 연속적이기 때문 에 해마다 응시율도 증가하고 있다. 한편 공교육에서의 초등학교 한자교육은 충분 한 시간적 확보가 마련되지 않아서 체계적인 한자교육이 이루어지지 않고 있으며, 초등학교 교육용 기초한자도 제정되지 않았기 때문에 학년별로 공정하고 통일된 한자교육이 실시되지 못하고 있다. 이러한 공교육의 한자교육 실태는 한자능력검 정시험에 상당한 영향을 끼치고 있다. 공교육에서 채우지 못한 한자교육의 욕구를 사교육의 일환인 한자검정능력시험으로 대신하려는 경향이 있기 때문에 한자능력 검정시험의 인기는 날로 치솟고 있다. 한국의 한자능력검정시험은 일본의 한자능력검정 시험의 체제와 비교해 볼 때 상당한 차이가 있음을 알 수 있다. 한국의 한자능력검정시험의 현황을 살펴보면, 우선 한자능력을 검정하는 기관 이 많고, 이 기관들이 급수를 나누는 기준들이 다르다. 즉, 기준이 되는 국가적 차 원의 초등학교 교육용 기초한자가 제정 되지 않았기 때문에 각 기관별로 급수를 나누는 排定漢字와, 漢字數에 있어서 통일되지 못하고 있다. 이는 한자검정시험 의 전문성을 떨어뜨리고 공증성을 약하게 만들 수도 있다. 또한 각 기관들이 시행 하는 시험일도 다르기 때문에 상업적인 경향도 보인다. 반면 일본은 한자능력검정 시험은 거의 일본한자능력검정협회에서 주관하고 있다. 또한 漢檢의 급수 체제는 학교에서의 한자교육과 연계되어 학교에서 배우는 각 학년별로 배당한자(교육용 기초한자), 1006字를 기준으로 각 등급별로 형성되어 있다. 이는 일본의 漢檢이 공교육에 기반을 두고 시행되고 있는 것을 면밀히 보여주고 있는 것이다. 현재 한국의 한자능력검정시험의 시장은 상당히 크다. 초등학교의 한자과목의 위상을 확립하고 바람직한 한자교육의 체제를 형성하기 위해서는 현행 한자능력 검정시험의 체제를 개선해야 한다. 그러므로 본고에서는 일본의 한자능력검정시 험과의 비교를 통하여 한국의 한자능력검정시험의 문제점을 파악하고 개선책을 제시하는데 의의를 두고자 한다.

본 연구는 급수전('tap'과 'faucet'은 호환사용)의 종류에 따른 사용자의 조작방향에 대해 우리나라와 다른 나라의 문화적인 차이를 비교한 연구결과이다. 이를 위하여 우리들이 가정과 공공시설의 화장실이나 욕실 등에서 많이 사용하고 있는 냉 온수 일체형 레버형 손잡이 급수전과 냉 온수 분리형 손잡이 급수전을 선정하여 이의 열림 방향에 대한 스테레오타입을 파악하였다. 또한 본 실험결과와 다른 문화권의 자료를 비교하여 이의 차이를 규명함으로써 서로 다른

The Industrial Revolution brought a variety of new forms of structure, and as a group they are usually called 'industrial architecture'. Steam engines contributed greatly to architecture with a unique structure called 'water tower' to provide water for steam engines, especially the adoption of it. This study is to examine the changes of the building materials and architectural features of the water towers of railway stations built in the early twentieth century in South Korea. This study also attempts to describe the modern features of the industrial architecture, which did not get a chance to be noticed. Through this examination on water tower, which is a part of industrial architecture with sheer integration of function and pure geometric form, we would like to find the meaning of modern architecture in Korea. As we can see in the Korean oldest railway station water tower constructed in masonry at Yeonsan Station in 1911, early water towers were divided into the masonry machine room and the steel water tank. However, the masonry structure was soon turned into concrete structure with its formal features maintained as it was. The steel water tank was also replaced with concrete structure. As a result, while its basic structure remained, concrete structure had substituted for the every components of water tower. Concrete-built water towers were the high-tech architecture of that time and the most perfect structures built in concrete. Nevertheless, the perfection of the water tower form and the technology it attained were not transferred to other modern and contemporary architecture in South Korea. Since the subject to railway station water towers was the Japanese government, and steam engines were replaced with diesels in the midst of a complicated domestic situation after the independence, the need for water towers in railway stations disappeared and therefore, it became ignored and was difficult to look over the architectural features and values of early railway station water towers.