This study aims to propose a simplified equation for estimating the bond strength of corroded reinforcing bars. To this end, extensive parametric analyses were performed using the detailed analysis method presented in the authors’ previous study, where a wide range of critical variables were considered, such as compressive strength of concrete, net cover thickness, and reinforcing bar diameter. The sensitivity in bond strength of the corroded reinforcing bar according to each variable was evaluated. On this basis, a simplified formula for the bond strength of the corroded reinforcing bar was derived through regression analysis. The proposed equation was rigorously tested and verified using the bond test results of corroded reinforcing bars collected from the literature. The results confirmed that the proposed equation could estimate the bond strengths of specimens with better accuracy than the existing models, providing a reliable tool for engineers and researchers. In addition, the proposed equation was used to analyze the development length required for corroded tensile reinforcement to exert its yield strength, and it showed that the cover thickness of concrete must be at least four times the diameter of the reinforcing bar to achieve the yielding strength of reinforcing bar even at a corrosion degree of more than 5.0%.

강재를 대처할 수 있는 다양한 복합재료 중 CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer)를 사용하여 인장 물성 실험을 실시한다. KS F ISO 10406 (콘크리트용 섬유강화 폴리며(FRP 보강재 - 시험방법) 에서 FRP의 측정길이는 지름 (D)의 40 배를 기준으로 제시되어진다. 그러나 25 mm 이상의 시험체는 양단 보강부를 포함하게 된다면 대략 2 m 이상으로 제작되어지게 되고 시험이 상당히 번거롭게 됨으 로써 시험법 개선을 위해서 측정 길이별로 설정하여 성능평가 후 비교분석 한다.

본 논문은 CFRP 그리드의 정착길이에 따른 콘크리트 보의 휨거동을 평가한 실험적 연구를 보고한다. 실험을 위해 폭 250 mm, 높이 125 mm, 길이 2000 mm의 실험체가 제작되었다. 실험변수로 CFRP 그리드의 정착길이(1000 mm, 800 mm, 700 mm, 600 mm, 500 mm, 400 mm, 300 mm, 200 mm)가 고려되었다. 실험체 제작 후 3점 휨실험이 수행되었다. 실험결과 모든 실 험체의 강성은 정착길이에 영향을 받지 않고 유사한 것으로 나타났다. 초기 균열하중은 모든 실험체에서 유사하게 나타났으나, 정착길이가 감소됨에 따라 최대하중, 최대하중 시의 처짐 및 변형률은 감소하는 경향을 나타냈다. 특히 부재 길이에 80% 이상 이 정착된 경우 부재 길이와 동일한 정착길이를 가진 콘크리트 보의 약 90% 이상의 구조성능을 확보할 수 있는 것으로 확인되 었다. 제안된 수치해석 모델은 CFRP 그리드의 정착길이가 감소됨에 따른 극한하중의 저하를 유사하게 예측하였으며, 극한하중 의 오차는 평균 13.1%로 CFRP 그리드의 정착길이에 따른 콘크리트 보의 휨성능을 비교적 정확하게 예측하는 것으로 나타났다.

The purpose of this study is to experimentally analyze the seismic performance of column with RSB (Replaceable Steel Brace), a steel brace system with slot length as a variable. To evaluate the seismic performance of the RSB, three specimens were manufactured and subjected to cyclic loading tests. The length of the sliding slots were considered to be 5 mm and 10mm to enable the brace to resist the load from the initiation of flexural crack and shear crack. As a result of the test, the specimen reinforced with the RSB showed improved maximun load and effective stiffness, and energy dissipation capacity compared to the non-reinforced specimens. The specimens with 5mm sliding slot showed little difference in test result compared to the specimen with a 10mm sliding slot, indicating that the length of sliding slot has little influence on the effectiveness of RSB.

Determining the size or area of a plant's leaves is an important factor in predicting plant growth and improving the productivity of indoor farms. In this study, we developed a convolutional neural network (CNN)-based model to accurately predict the length and width of lettuce leaves using photographs of the leaves. A callback function was applied to overcome data limitations and overfitting problems, and K-fold cross-validation was used to improve the generalization ability of the model. In addition, ImageDataGenerator function was used to increase the diversity of training data through data augmentation. To compare model performance, we evaluated pre-trained models such as VGG16, Resnet152, and NASNetMobile. As a result, NASNetMobile showed the highest performance, especially in width prediction, with an R_squared value of 0.9436, and RMSE of 0.5659. In length prediction, the R_squared value was 0.9537, and RMSE of 0.8713. The optimized model adopted the NASNetMobile architecture, the RMSprop optimization tool, the MSE loss functions, and the ELU activation functions. The training time of the model averaged 73 minutes per Epoch, and it took the model an average of 0.29 seconds to process a single lettuce leaf photo. In this study, we developed a CNN-based model to predict the leaf length and leaf width of plants in indoor farms, which is expected to enable rapid and accurate assessment of plant growth status by simply taking images. It is also expected to contribute to increasing the productivity and resource efficiency of farms by taking appropriate agricultural measures such as adjusting nutrient solution in real time.

The spread of invasive alien plants is one of the most important causes of habitat and biodiversity loss. This research was conducted to secure basic data for the control of the invasive alien plant Solidago altissima. The following research objects were examined: the control; one-time mowing in June (1M6); twotime mowing in June and July (2M6M7); one-time mowing in Jun plus one-time Uprooting in July (2M6U7). The length growth in October, when the growth of S. altissima was completed, was in the order of control (199±19.96 cm), 1M6 (152±13.41 cm), 2M6U7 (54±3.17 cm), and 2M6M7 (45±19.96 cm). The 2M6M7 and 2M6U7 treatment was the most effective at inhibiting S. altissima of density, of 50.8% and 26.2% compared to the control, respectively. In contrast, one-time mowing (1M6) resulted in an increase in density compared to the control by 119.7%. In addition, this treatment also reduced flowering rate (%) of S. altissima. The most effective treatment among those tested was 2M6U7.

Laser welding is used in various industries due to fast welding speed, and prediction with FEM is needed to design. The multi-layered heat source model that can cover various models has been recently proposed to analyze laser welding, but it takes a lot of time because more than 2,000 cases are compared to derive the results. In order to reduce the time, the simplified model should be suggested. In order to derive a simplified model, laser welding heat transfer analysis was performed using the welding direction length and the convection coefficient of the welding direction surface as parameters. As a result, the model whose difference is less than 0.1% compared to reference model is deducted. The analysis time was reduced by about 90% from 48 hours to 5 hours. Also difference of convection coefficient on the welding direction surface does not affect the temperature distribution much.

As laser welding has low thermal distortion and fast welding speed, the needs in the field is increasing in varous industries. Prediction of distortion and design with that prediction are very important for using welding process in the field. However many types of heat source models for laser welding are suggested, field engineers feels difffucult for using a proper model for a specific case. Thus I, author, suggested a representative model which can cover most of existing models with multi-layered heat source model. This method is very powerful, but there are much time consumption with analysis and comparision among more than 1,000 candidates. To solve these shortcomings, this study focused on to find the simplified model. In order to construct the simplified model, the length of the orthogonal direction to the welding direction was reduced from 300mm to 35mm, which makes time reduction of 75% with sustaining the quality of the original model. That can cover the disadvantage of multi-layered heat source model for laser welding, enhance the prediction of welding distortion after laser welding

Background: Lower back pain (LBP) is a major cause of disability and a common musculoskeletal disorder encountered at some point in life. Dysfunction of the lumbar vertebrae has been associated with decreased flexibility of the hamstrings, which exhibited a strong positive correlation with LBP. Hamstring tension affects lumbar pelvic rhythm. We aimed to activate pelvic stability with compression by Active Therapeutic Movement (ATM), muscle energy technique (MET) was applied to increase the flexibility of the hamstring. Objects: In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of MET with ATM and general MET were applied to the hamstring of adults, who were in their twenties with nor without LBP, on their pelvic inclination and the length of their hamstring. Methods: A total of 32 subjects were briefed about the purpose of this study and agreed to participate voluntarily. Before the experiment, all subjects were pre-examined, and they were divided into an LBP group and a no lower back pain group accordingly. Thereafter, all subjects participated in both in a crossover manner. After at least one week, they switched to another group and participated in the same experiment. Results: The study results revealed that both groups demonstrated significant results in the modified active knee extension test (p < 0.01) and the sit and reach test (p < 0.01) performed to assess the hamstring flexibility; an interaction (p < 0.05) was noted. Moreover, a more significant difference was observed between the MET with ATM and the general MET. Although significant results were obtained for the pelvic inclination (p < 0.01), interaction was not noted. Conclusion: Conclusively, in this study, when the MET with ATM was applied to the two groups, there was a significant difference compared to the general MET for hamstring flexibility, but it was confirmed that there was no significant difference for the pelvic inclination.

철근의 부식 문제를 해결하기 위해 최근 복합재료 기반의 철근이 개발되어 사용되고 있으며 CFRP 그리드도 개발되어 구조부재로 사용되기 시작하고 있다. 그러나 CFRP 그리드의 부착 특성과 응력을 연구한 경우는 매우 드물다. 이에 본 실험은 CFRP 그리드의 부착거동, 부착응력을 평가하고 정착길이를 산정하기 위해 다양한 길이의 정착길이를 가진 인발실험체를 제작한 후 인발하였으며 실험 결과 부착력의 경우 정착길이가 길어질수록 커지며 반대로 부착응력은 정착길이가 길어질수록 작아지는 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 이는 FRP 보강근도 같은 경향을 보이지만 CFRP 그리드와 FRP 보강근의 차이점은 부착응력의 추세선의 경향에서 두드러지며 또한, 최대 부착력 이후 거동에서 차이를 나타냈다. 위 실험 결과를 토대로 CFRP 그리드의 정착길 이를 산정한 결과 본 연구에서 사용된 CFRP 그리드의 보수적인 정착길이는 250mm로 나타났다.

PURPOSES : In this study, the luminance of night road markings was measured in a tunnel of length 200 m or less. The purpose of the project is to evaluate the consistency of night road markings. METHODS : In this study, field measurements were conducted to achieve the purpose of this study. Five tunnels with lengths of less than 200 m were selected to measure the luminance value of the road markings. The analysis of the difference in road markings between the inside and outside points of the tunnel and the analysis of alternative tunnels and points were used to assess the consistency of road markings in tunnels. RESULTS : The average luminance of the tunnel’s night road markings was 9.7, and the standard deviation was 3.0. The analysis of variance for the tunnel and point indicated that the p-value was less than 0.05 and was inconsistent. CONCLUSIONS : In conclusion, consistency was assessed by measuring the luminance value of the short tunnel of length 200 m in the Cheongju Sangju Expressway, and it was confirmed that the luminance of the road markings was not consistent with the tunnel and point. Finally, it is necessary to control night lightings on roads outside the tunnel or adjust lighting facilities in the tunnel to enhance the consistency of luminance.