자연환경은 인간의 삶과 밀접하게 연결되어 있으며, 다양한 형태로 혜택을 제공한다. 인간은 생태계로부터 직·간접적 인 혜택을 받는데, 이를 정량적으로 평가한 개념을 생태계서비스라고 한다. 본 연구는 산림유전자원보호구역, 습지보호 지역과 독특한 미기후현상으로 인해 북방계 및 고산식물이 잔존하여 보호 가치가 높은 풍혈지까지 3가지 유형을 대상으 로 생태계서비스를 평가하였다. 서식지질(Habitat Quality) 및 탄소저장량(Carbon)을 InVEST 모델을 활용하여 정량적 으로 분석하였으며, 연구 대상지는 산림유전자원보호구역(가지산, 불모산, 가덕도), 습지보호지역(사자평, 신불산, 화엄 늪), 풍혈지(밀양 얼음골, 의성 빙계계곡, 함화산) 총 9개 지역으로 선정하였다. 서식지질 분석 결과, 전체 평균은 0.83으로 나타났으며, 보호지역 내부의 서식지질이 외부보다 전반적으로 높았지만, 사자평 고산습지의 경우 억새군락지 로 인해 인공초지가 포함되어 내부가 서식지질이 더 낮게 나타났다. 또한, 서식지질이 높을수록 대상지 면적이 증가하 며, 위협 수준이 감소하는 경향이 나타났다. 이는 인위적 간섭과 개발이 위협요인과 직결되며, 서식지질 저하와 대상지 의 면적이 밀접한 연관이 있음을 확인하였다. 탄소저장량 분석에서는 김해 불모산이 가장 높은 값을 보였으며, 의성 빙계계곡이 가장 낮은 값을 기록하였다. 대상지 면적이 클수록 탄소저장량이 높은 경향을 보였으며, 탄소저장량 구성 비율에서는 지상부 바이오매스가 가장 큰 비중을 차지하였다. 탄소저장량 변화를 살펴보았을 때, 사자평 고산습지가 가장 크게 감소하였는데, 인간의 간섭과 개발이 토지유형 변화에 영향을 미친 것으로 판단된다. 본 연구는 산림생물다양 성 특정지역의 중요성을 정량적으로 평가함으로써 보호전략 수립에 필요한 과학적 근거를 제공하는 데 기여할 수 있다. 특히, 보호지역 후보지인 풍혈지에 대해 생태계서비스를 평가하여 향후 OECM 지정 가능성을 검토하는 기초 자료로 활용될 수 있으며, 보호지역의 다양성과 특수성을 고려한 맞춤형 보전 정책 수립에도 유용한 정보를 제공할 것으로 기대된다.

Invasive species compete with native species and damage ecosystems. Due to their limited resources, island ecosystems are vulnerable to impacts of invasive species. In the Deokjeok archipelago, South Korea, invasive sika deer (Cervus nippon ssp. taiouanus) introduced for economic purposes are causing harm through severe browsing. This study aimed to evaluate long-term browsing impacts of invasive deer by tracking vegetation index changes from 1986 to 2020 with Landsat satellite imagery and the LandTrendr algorithm. We compared vegetation index trend using Sen’s slope and Disturbance/Recovery area ratio (D/R ratio) between Gureop-do, where these deer were introduced with rapid population increase, and Deokjeok-do, Baega-do, and Mungapdo where these deer have not been introduced yet. Results showed a decreasing trend of the vegetation index in Gureop-do, while other islands without those deer increased. The cumulative D/R ratio on Gureop-do was 212.44%, meaning that disturbance exceeded the recovery area more than two-fold. In contrast, the D/R ratios for other islands remained under 50%. Sen’s slope and t-test showed a significant decrease of NDVI in Gureop-do after deer introduction in 2000. By quantifying the browsing impact of invasive ungulates in island ecosystems using satellite imagery, time and costeffective strategies for invasive species monitoring are provided.

This study investigated the annual change and distribution of flora, including endangered species, Korean Red List species, and invasive plants, in the Nakdong River Estuary Ecological Park over a 10-year period (2013~2023). The park was established in 2009 as part of the Four Major Rivers Restoration Project. The investigation identified a total of 704 taxa, comprising 137 families, 401 genera, 631 species, 18 subspecies, 38 varieties, 11 forms, and 6 hybrids. Eulsukdo Ecological Park exhibited the highest plant diversity with 531 taxa, followed by Hwamyeong (404 taxa), Samnak (387 taxa), Daejeo (369 taxa), and Maekdo (356 taxa). The endangered wildlife survey identified three endangered plant species (Class II): Euryale ferox, Brasenia schreberi, and Saururus chinensis. Following the endangered species restoration project, E. ferox has been consistently observed both within the restoration area and the riparian of main channel. The Urbanization Index (UI) was highest in Eulsukdo Ecological Park (24.1%), followed by Hwamyeong (20.0%), Samnak (18.1%), Maekdo (17.8%), and Daejeo Ecological Parks (16.7%). Twelve invasive plants were identified: Sicyos angulatus, Lactuca scariola, Ambrosia trifida, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Solanum carolinense, Aster pilosus, Hypochaeris radicata, Rumex acetosella, S. altissima, Paspalum disticum, Paspalum distichum var. indutum, and Humulus japonicus. Notably, S. altissima showed a significant decrease in its total distribution area, shrinking from 741,092 m2 in 2021 to 241,396 m2 in 2024. Continuous monitoring and management are necessary to prevent invasive plants, including ecosystem-disturbing species, from forming large colonies and hindering the growth of native plants.

This study used text mining to analyze public interest and research trends related to the Nakdong River. We examined news articles (1990~2024) and academic publications (1960~2024) to understand the evolving relationship between societal concerns and scientific research. Main findings reveal growing public interest towards the Nakdong River, with initial focus on pollution related to the industrial development shifting to large-scale river modification projects and water quality issues. This increased awareness mirrored trends in research, where early emphasis on classic ecology and water quality expanded to include sociocultural, educational aspects and advanced methodologies. The study highlights a dynamic interplay between public discourse and scientific inquiry, with research priorities aligning with societal concerns like water pollution, algal blooms, and biodiversity loss, underscoring the need for integrated, multidisciplinary research that addresses emerging environmental challenges and promotes sustainable management of the Nakdong River ecosystem under climate change and other societal shifts.

Biodiversity encompasses species diversity, which includes species richness and species evenness. High species diversity is known to contribute to community stability and the potential for maintaining healthy ecosystem functioning. However, the most commonly used species diversity indices have some limitations, as they require species-specific abundance data for each community. In contrast, phylogenetic diversity measures the evolutionary distances between species within a community, reflecting ecological and/or evolutionary divergences and niche differences, without requiring abundance data. This study assessed biodiversity by calculating phylogenetic diversity indices for freshwater fishes (19 species) and aquatic insects (49 species) at three sites within Seoraksan and Odaesan National Parks. The aquatic insects studied belong to the EPT group (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, and Trichoptera), which are widely used as bioindicators of aquatic ecosystems. Two mitochondrial DNA genes were used as molecular markers: COI and cyt b for fish, and COI and 16S rRNA for the EPT - group. Overall, Odaesan National Park exhibited higher phylogenetic diversity in both fishes and aquatic insects compared to Seoraksan National Park, although this difference was not statistically significant. The highest phylogenetic and species diversity were observed for fish at the OD2 site (Woljeong District) and for the EPT group at the OD1 (Gyebangsan) and SA2 (Jangsudae) sites. Correlation analysis revealed that phylogenetic diversity indices were more positively associated with species richness than species diversity indices. This study serves as a pilot project for establishing standardized methods for assessing biodiversity in national park habitats using phylogenetic diversity. It also aims to inform various policies, such as the development of biodiversity assessment systems and the prioritization of protected areas within national parks.

This study aimed to compare terrestrial insect communities in forests and grasslands to explore habitat-specific differences. Grassland and undisturbed forest zones in Buk-sil-ri, Jeongseon-eup, Gangwon-do were surveyed in August and September of 2022 and 2023 using visual inspection and light traps. A total of 1,369 individuals from 447 species, 56 families, and 13 orders were recorded. Lepidoptera was the most dominant (44.0%, with 239 species and 602 individuals) order, followed by Hemiptera (17.6%, 81 species and 241 individuals) and Odonata (11.4%, 13 species and 156 individuals). While most orders, including Lepidoptera, Hemiptera, and Diptera, showed higher abundance and richness in forests than in grasslands, the diversity index was greater in grasslands. The presence of diverse vegetation including invasive species in grasslands likely influenced insect diversity and composition. These findings can enhance our understanding of insect community dynamics across forest and grassland habitats.

This study was conducted for the purpose of systematically identifying research trends in technology transfer and commercialization and setting future research directions in academia. Over a total of 35 years (1987-2021), 146 papers related to technology transfer and commercialization were analyzed for research period, research area, research methods, and research subjects. The research results are as follows. First, the largest number of papers (55) was published during the Park Geun-hye administration. Second, among major academic journals, only the ‘Korea Society for Technology Innovation’ had a relatively high proportion of research. Third, quantitative research (38%) was the most widely applied research method. Fourth, the most frequent research target was institutions/systems (44%). Additionally, the results of frequency analysis of 729 keywords were presented in a word cloud. This study is significant as the most current study that attempted bibliographic analysis of technology transfer and commercialization research papers over the past 35 years.

Considering the negative impact of IUU fishing on fishery resources and fishery management, a revised approach for estimating risks of the ecosystem-based fisheries assessment (EBFA) of Zhang et al. (2011) was developed that incorporates three components of the IUU (illegal, unreported and unregulated) fishing as penalties. In this study, we introduced ways to develop indicators of IUU fishing suitable for the Korean fishery and apply them to ecosystem-based resource assessment. The indicator for the illegal fishing component was set as the fishing without licenses or permits, and that for the unreported fishing component was set as unreported fishing activities. Indicators for the unregulated fishing component were set as fishing operated by illegal fishing gear, illegal fish capture, fishing operations in prohibited fishing area, and fishing with restrict permits. IUU fishing significantly impacts the stock of target species. Therefore, in this study, the influence of IUU fishing is included in the Species Risk Index (SRI) at the species level, and weights are assigned based on the ratio of the stock, as     ․     . The revised ecosystem-based fisheries assessment method, which considers the impact of IUU fishing, was applied to major fisheries on the south coast of Korea. It is necessary to reduce the non-reporting rate through the expansion of the TAC system and improve the accuracy of statistical compilation. To this end, the electronic fishing reporting system, which is being implemented on all vessels in Korean distant water fishing vessels, should be introduced to the coastal and offshore fisheries as well.

진해만은 우리나라 남해 연안의 주요 어장으로서, 여전히 전체 수산생산량에서 적지 않은 기여를 창출하고 있다. 그러나, 수십 년간 산업개발과 고수온과 같은 환경변화로 인하여 진해만의 해양생태계는 과거와 달라지고 있다. 본 연구는 2005년부터 2022년 까지 진해만 연안 5개 시군구의 수산생산량, 폐기량, 평균영양단계 및 어업균형지수를 분석하였으며, ARIMA 모델을 이용하여 2027년까 지 단기적인 변동 추세를 함께 관찰하였다. 그 결과, 고성지역은 2027년까지 지속적으로 수산생산량이 감소할 것으로 예측되었다. 통영 지역은 이매패류의 부산물 처리가 필요한 것으로 평가된다. 해양생태계 지표의 경우, 통영지역에서는 대형 어류 생산 비중이 회복되고, 어업균형지수가 0 이상을 나타내어 해양생태계 구조가 안정적인 것으로 나타났다. 마지막으로 IPCC의 기후변화 시나리오에 따라 2060 년까지 진해만의 부어성 어종 6종의 생산량 변동 추이를 비교하였으며, 2020년대 초반 2만 ton 부근까지 감소했던 생산량은 2020년대와 2040년대에 4만 ton 부근 가까이 회복한 후, 2060년까지 점진적인 감소 경향을 나타내는 것으로 예측되었다.

This study utilizes association rule learning and clustering analysis to explore the co-occurrence and relationships within ecosystems, focusing on the endangered brackish-water snail Clithon retropictum, classified as Class II endangered wildlife in Korea. The goal is to analyze co-occurrence patterns between brackish-water snails and other species to better understand their roles within the ecosystem. By examining co-occurrence patterns and relationships among species in large datasets, association rule learning aids in identifying significant relationships. Meanwhile, K-means and hierarchical clustering analyses are employed to assess ecological similarities and differences among species, facilitating their classification based on ecological characteristics. The findings reveal a significant level of relationship and co-occurrence between brackish-water snails and other species. This research underscores the importance of understanding these relationships for the conservation of endangered species like C. retropictum and for developing effective ecosystem management strategies. By emphasizing the role of a data-driven approach, this study contributes to advancing our knowledge on biodiversity conservation and ecosystem health, proposing new directions for future research in ecosystem management and conservation strategies.

본 논문의 목적은 생성형 AI 기술의 급속한 발달로 인해 변화하는 게임산업의 생태계를 살펴 보고 이에 따른 대응방안을 모색하는 데 있다. 2022년 11월 OpenAI가 ChatGPT를 대중에게 공개한 이후, 생성형 AI를 가장 직접적으로 활용 및 투자하고 있는 분야는 게임콘텐츠 산업이 다. 생성형 AI의 활용은 단순반복적인 작업의 효율화를 통해 게임 개발의 간소화와 예산 절감 을 가능케 한다. 여기에 플레이어의 반응에 실시간 반응하며 소통하는 콘텐츠 자동 생성을 통 해 사용자 경험을 극대화한다. 실제 게임 개발 현장에서도 게임 레벨, 맵, 퀘스트, 지능형 NPC, QA 자동화 등 게임 제작과 운영의 전 분야에서 생성형 AI 도구가 활용되고 있다. 신기 술에 민감하며 노동집약적인 게임의 산업적 특성 때문에 생성형 AI가 게임산업의 미래를 바꿀 것이라는 전망과 함께, 저작권 이슈와 대량 해고 등 우려 또한 제기되고 있다. 이에 대응하기 위해 게임업계는 생성형 AI가 가져올 불가피한 변화를 적극적으로 받아들이고, 이분법적 ‘대체 론’을 넘어 인간의 창의력과 AI 기술의 장점을 결합할 수 있는 새로운 협업 지성과 창작물에 대한 법적, 윤리적 가이드라인을 모색해야 한다.

생태계서비스 상쇄 효과(Trade-off) 규명과 같이 서비스 간 상호관계를 측정하는 것은 한정된 환경자원을 관리하는 측면에서 매우 중요하다. 이에, 본 연구에서는 약 30여 년간 토지 피복이 변화함에 따라 파생된 생태계서비스 우세경향 및 증감을 파악하고, 시간의 경과에 따라 발생한 생태계서비스 상호 간 관계 변화를 추적하였다. 이를 통해 토지 피복 변화와 생태계서비스 변화 간의 관계 및 지역마다 상이한 서비스 변화의 특성을 규명하였다. 연구는 생태계서비스 평가 모델인 InVEST Model을 주로 활용하였고, 평가결과를 0-1사이로 표준화한 후 차원축소기법 중 하나인 주성분 분석을 거쳐 시계열변화를 관찰하고 서비스 상호 간 관계를 파악하였다. 연구 결과, 시가화 지역 면적은 1989년에서 2019년 사이 급격하게 증가했으며, 산림은 2009년에서 2019년 사이 크게 증가하는 양상을 나타냈다. 1989년에서 2019년 사이에 생태계서비스 공급량에 있어 전국적으로 수량 공급은 13.9% 감소, 질소 저류는 10.5% 감소, 인 저류는 2.6% 증가, 탄소 저장은 0.9% 감소, 대기정화는 1.2% 증가, 서식처 질은 3.4% 감소하였다. 우리나라는 지난 30여 년간 시가화 지역이 증가하고, 농경지가 감소하며, 산림이 증가하는 동안 인 저류 기능과 서식처 질 사이에 상쇄 효과를 보였다. 본 연구는 우리나라의 환경관리 정책이 도시화로 인해 하락한 생태계 질을 향상시키고 생태계서비스를 극대화하는데 기여했다는 결론을 도출하였다. 이러한 연구 결과는 정책결정자들이 지속 가능한 자연환경 보전과 생태계 서비스 제공에 중점을 둔 조림 정책을 수립하고 추진하는 데 도움을 줄 수 있다.

Garlic mustard (Alliaria petiolata) is a species that has devastated the United States and Canada. It is known to play a role in destroying the ecosystem. In this study, the domestic distribution of garlic mustard was confirmed and a detailed distribution map was created for the Samcheok region, where the largest population has been established in South Korea. This study investigated the growth environment, life cycle, and population dynamics of the species in the Samcheok region. Garlic mustard was found in a total of 301 locations in Samcheok, with a total distribution area of 2,957 square meters. Annual plants germinated in mid-April, overwintered in rosette form, underwent vegetative growth from April 10 to April 24 the following year, and flowered from April 24 to May 7. Individuals producing seeds began to die off from June. Both annual and biennial individuals showed a trend of increasing and then decreasing in number around April 27 (118 days). Garlic mustard grew well under favorable light conditions in early spring. They showed less growth on leaf litter, short distance from roads, lower altitude, deciduous broad-leaved forest of middle and lower parts of the slope and forest edge. Without proper control measures in the Samcheok region, it is likely to spread more rapidly in deciduous broad-leaved forests along hiking trails in the Galyasan Mountains. In particular, it is more likely to extend to oak community where light enters the site during flowering than to pine community where there is less light in the site.