In this study, the seismic response characteristics of the three analysis model with or without TMD were investigated to find out the effective dome shape. The three analysis models are rib type, lattice type and geodesic type dome structure composed of space frame. The maximum vertical and horizontal displacements were evaluated at 1/4 point of the span by applying the resonance harmonic load and historical earthquake loads (El Centro, Kobe, Northridge earthquakes). The study of the effective TMD installation position for the dome structure shows that seismic response control was effective when eight TMDs were installed in all types of analysis model. The investigation of the efficiency of TMD according to dome shape presents that lattice dome and geodesic dome show excellent control performance, while rib dome shows different control performance depending on the historical seismic loads. Therefore, lattice and geodesic types are desirable for seismic response reduction using TMD compared to rib type.

In this paper, the displacement response to seismic loads was analyzed after installing TMD in spatial structures and high-rise buildings. In the case of a spatial structures, since it exhibits complex dynamic behavior under the influence of various vibration modes, it is not possible to effectively control the seismic response by installing only one TMD, unlike ordinary structures. Therefore, after installing eight TMDs in the structure, the correlation between displacement response and mass ratio was examined while changing the mass. The TMD must be designed to have the same frequency as the structure frequency so that the maximum response reduction effect can be exhibited. It can be confirmed that the most important variable is to select the optimal TMD mass in order to install the TMD on the structure and secure excellent control performance against the earthquake load. As a result of analyzing the TMD mass ratio, in the case of high-rise buildings, a mass ratio of 0.4% to 0.6% is preferable. In spatial structures, it is desirable to select a mass ratio of 0.1% to 0.2%. Because this study is based on the theoretical study based on numerical analysis, in order to design a TMD for a real structure, it is necessary to select within a range that does not affect the safety of the structure.

소백산국립공원에서는 멸종위기종복원사업의 하나인 여우 복원사업을 진행중이다. 멸종위기종 복원을 진행함에 있어 안전한 서식지 제공은 복원종의 정착화에 가장 중요한 요수중에 하나이다. 그러나 농업을 기반으로 생활하는 주민들은 야생동물로 인한 농산물 피해를 방지하기 위해 올무, 창애와 같은 불법엽구를 이용하여 과수원이나 밭을 침해하는 야생동물을 차단하고 있다. 이 이유로 농작물에 피해를 주는 유해조수 뿐만 아니라 다른 멸종위기종에게 까지 영향을 미치고 있다. 소백산국립공원에서 복원중인 여우의 생태적 특성 상 민가와 농작지 주변에 활동하고 중소형동물로 올무와 창애에 피해를 입을 확률이 더 크다. 실제로 2012년 방사 이후 3개 체가 불법엽구로 인해 폐사 하였으며 7개체는 다리 절단 등의 이유로 회수된 상태이다. 야생동물에게 서식지는 먹이 활동, 교미, 출산, 양육 등 생활사를 유지하는데 필수적인 요소로 특히나 멸종위기종 복원에 있어 서식지 안정화는 1차적으로 고려되어야 하는 요소중의 하나이다. 따라서 본 연구는 멸종위기종 1급인 여우의 복원대상지인 소백산국립공원 지역의 불법엽구 수거 실적을 이용하여 공간분석을 통해 불법엽구 설치 유형을 도출하고 이에 따른 관리방안을 제시하고자 한다. 분석방법은 2016년부터 2018년까지 소백산국립공원인 접지역에서 수거한 불법엽구 설치 좌표 112개를 이용하여 설치지점의 고도, 경사, 농경지(논, 밭, 과수원)로 부터의 거리, 주거지로 부터의 거리, 도로와의 거리, 토지이용현황 등 총 6가지 환경인자를 이용하여 불법엽구 설치 유형을 도출 하였다. 분석결과 불법엽구가 설치된 지점의 평균고도는 348.4m로 나타났으며 경사는 평균 16.2°, 농경지로 부터의 거리는 평균 109m, 주거지로 부터의 거리는 192m, 도로와의 거리 114m로 나타났으며 불법엽구가 설치된 지점의 토지이용현황은 침엽수림이 44%로 가장 높았으며 과수원 31.25%, 혼효림 11%, 밭 5%, 교통시설 4.4% 등으로 분석되었다. 위 분석결과를 바탕으로 차후 위험지역 설정 및 설치 예상지역을 도출하여 불법엽구 근절을 위한 현수막과 홍보 활동을 통해 주민의식을 계도하고 환경청, 지차체, NGO, 지역주민 등 유관기관과 연계하여 대대적인 불법엽구 수거를 통해 밀렵에 의한 피해를 방지하여야 할 것이다.

In this study, TMD(Tuned Mass Damper) is installed in a retractable-roof spatial structure in order to investigate dynamic response characteristics according to mass ratio and installed position of TMD on large spatial structures. The example analytical model is generated based on the Singapore sports hub stadium. Twenty eight analytical models are used to investigate optimal installation position of TMD for the example retractable-roof spatial structure using 4 to 16 TMDs. The mass of one TMD is set up 1% of total mass at the example analytical model. Displacement response ratio of model with TMD is compared with that of base model without TMD. It has been found from numerical simulation that it is more effective to install TMD at the edge of the spatial structure rather than to concentrate the TMD at the center of the spatial structure.

This study classified the study subjects as apartment residents and managers, and conducted the descriptive statistics of research questions related to the effectiveness of the lightweight partition walls and the evacuation space. This study also conducted T-test and Anova to find the different perceptions of the lightweight partition walls and the evacuation space, and the different perceptions of related laws according to the characteristics of the residents and managers. The findings and suggestions were as follows. Firstly, strengthening of the Senior Fire Safety Manager system to prevent the insolvency of fire safety management due to the affiliate. Secondly, implementing enhanced penalties in accordance with not implementing residents education, in order to prevent not smoothly delivering manager trained education to residents. Thirdly, adjusting hands-on training time according to the gender of the managers to supplement women’s relatively low perceptions of lightweight partition. Fourthly, mandating evacuation guidance stickers on the evacuation space for residents to remove obstacles in the evacuation space. Finally, establishing regular residents education system in order to improve the awareness of the related laws for residents residing over 16th floors.

This study researched changes over time regarding the location and spatial characteristics of modern meteorological stations, and examined the characteristics of modern meteorological station construction using the location and spatial characteristics of the Busan Meteorological Station. First, meteorological stations were located in port areas, and then moved to high altitude areas for stable meteorological observation beginning in the transition phase. Here, office buildings and residences were joined, but were separated due to the increase in functions from the stabilization phase. Second, as for spatial composition, in the establishment phase, existing buildings were used, and the scale of newly constructed buildings differed according to time and area. However, after the Japan-Korea Annexation, with increased funds and increased observation equipment, floor plans subdivided by function started to appear. In the stabilization phase, space was subdivided with redundancy due to the increase in functions. In the wartime transition phase, ‘ㅡ’ shaped floor plans with redundancy became the norm. Meanwhile, the location of the maritime customs where the first meteorological observations took place after the opening of the ports, and the location and construction of the Busan Temporary Observatory built in the meteorological observation transition phase (1905) were investigated. Also, through the investigation of the Busan Meteorological Observatory, newly constructed before 1934, the location and spatial characteristics of modern era meteorological observatories were studied.

In this study, FDS fire simulation experiments and measured wind speed by applying the exterior installation portion for blocking the spread of the fire was investigated. As a result, aluminum composite panels installed in the lower and the upper part of the panel to remove all the lower side, and then the maximum wind speed 0.24 m/s and the upper side 0.58 m/s were measured. In the FDS, the measured wind speed difference air currents are approximately 3.7 times in 12 seconds, the occurrence of 17 seconds early moment wind 2.2 m/s was measured from. Before and after the fire occurred in early of the air velocity about 39 seconds was 3.5 times difference. Such air currents caused by the temperature of the building but also by the building height was found. Turbulent flame of fire by expanding the vertical extent of damage become greatly important factor. Therefore, through the exterior installation portion of the block that can delay the spread of fire is expected that this should be taken.

Many historical research and facet about modern art in Indonesia which formulating background of contemporary Indonesian Art. Indonesian art critic Sanento Yuliman states that Modern art has been rapidly developing in Indonesia since the Indonesian Independence in 1945. Modern Art is a part of the super culture of the Indonesian metropolitan and is closely related to the contact between the Indonesian and Western Cultures. Its birth was part of the nationalism project, when the Indonesian people consists of various ethnics were determined to become a new nation, the Indonesian nation, and they wished for a new culture, and therefore, a new art . The period 1960s, which was the beginning of the creation and development of the painters and the painters associations, was the first stage of the development of modern art in Indonesia. The second stage showed the important role of the higher education institutes for art. These institutes have developed since the 1950s and in the 1970s they were the main education institutes for painters and other artists. The artists awareness of the medium, forms or the organization of shapes were encouraged more intensely and these encouraged the exploring and experimental attitudes. Meanwhile, the information about the world's modern art, particularly Western Art; was widely and rapidly spread. The 1960s and 1970s were marked by the development of various abstractions and abstract art and the great number of explorations in various new media, like the experiment with collage, assemblage, mixed media. The works of the Neo Art Movement-group in the second half of the 1970s and in the 1980s shows environmental art and installations, influenced by the elements of popular art, from the commercial world and mass media, as well as the involvement of art in the social and environmental affairs. The issues about the environment, frequently launched by the intellectuals in the period of economic development starting in the 1970s, echoed among the artists, and they were widened in the social, art and cultural circles. The Indonesian economic development following the important change in the 1970s has caused a change in the life of the middle and upper class society, as has the change in various aspects of a big city, particularly Jakarta. The new genre emerged in 1975 which indicates contemporary art in Indonesia, when a group of young artists organized a movement, which was widely known as the Indonesian New Art Movement. This movement criticized international style, universalism and the long standing debate on an east-west-dichotomy. As far as the actual practice of the arts was concerned the movement criticized the domination of the art of painting and saw this as a sign of stagnation in Indonesian art development. Based on this criticism ‘the movement’ introduced ready-mades and installations (Jim Supangkat) . Takes almost two decades that the New Art Movement activists were establishing Indonesian Installation art genre as contemporary paradigm and influenced the 1980's generation like, FX Harsono, Dadang Christanto, Arahmaiani, Tisna Sanjaya, Diyanto, Andarmanik, entering the 1990's decade as “rebellion period”; reject towards established aesthetic mainstream i.e. painting, sculpture, graphic art which are insufficient to express “new language” and artistic needs especially to mediate social politic and cultural situation. Installation Art which contains open possibilities of creation become a vehicle for aesthetic establishment rejection and social politics stagnant expression in 1990s. Installation art accommodates two major field; first, the rejection of aesthetic establishment has a consequences an artists quest for medium; deconstruction models and cross disciplines into multi and intermedia i.e. performance, music, video etc. Second aspect is artists' social politic intention for changes, both conclude as characteristics of Indonesian Installation Art and establishing the freedom of expression in contemporary Indonesian Art until today.

Numerical simulation using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was performed to calculate the predicted mean vote (PMV) based on velocity and temperature profiles of air in a partitioned office building. The office building (W:14.65 m, D:7.57 m, and H:2.63 m) was divided by partitions of 1.5 m height and shared by 7 office workers. Each person uses a personal computer and printer on a desk. One stand-type air conditioner was installed in the corner of the room and operated at the variable flow rate of 35 ㎥/min. In the case study, we assumed that the initial temperature of the room was 303 K and it was cooled down by operating air-conditioner. The outside temperature was fixed at 303 K and the heat flux through the windows was included in the calculation. Heat sources of personal computers, human bodies, fluorescent lamps, and refrigerator were considered. The temperature and PMV values were also calculated to asses the thermal comfort of each person by operating time of air conditioner. It was found that the thermal comfort could be improved by changing the angle of diffuser grill of air conditioner.

본 연구는 도시내 친자연공간에서 자연관찰시설의 설치 및 운영에 관한것으로서 일본 관동지방을 대상으로 하였다. 중요한 자연관찰시설은 비지터센터, 자연관찰로 그리고 자연관찰로 상에 설치된 각종 해설시설이었다. 또한, 친자연공간에서는 자연을 이해하고 체험하게 하는 인터프리테이션이 다양한 유형으로 전개되고 있었다. 인터프리테이션은 레인져, 자연해설원 등 전문가와 자원봉사자들에 의해 이루어지고 있었으며, 자원봉사조직이 있는 대상지에서 자연해설 종류가 다양하였다. 자원봉사자들의 주요활동은 자연해설 이외에도 환경관리와 조사, 소식지 발간이었다. 친자연공간의 셀프가이드룰 위한 학습매체는 2~4종류이었고 홍보방법은 도, 시, 구의 홍보가 가장 많았으며, 인터넷 홈페이지, 지역 전자게시판, 케이블 TV와 Fax를 이용하는 사례도 있었다.

Koreans have sedentary lifestyles and use under-floor heating called Ondol as home heating systems. Sick Building Syndrome (SBS) caused by VOCs released from flooring material has been of significant interest in residential apartments. In this study, we measured exposure to VOCs by having test subjects breathe under conditions of high surface temperature. The results showed that the emission level of VOCs was high at 40oC in the early stage of the experiment. However, 20 days after the experiment began, the emission level was reduced by 0.9-4 times in each product at 40oC. The exposure to VOCs released from floor coverings was measured by taking into account the average respiratory rate, weight, and activity hour of test subjects and presuming that people are exposed to VOCs all the time while staying indoors. The level of emission from FJR of low-cost PVC floor coverings was the highest among the tested coverings, but the exposure to VOCs emission from the covering was relatively low at 0.025 mg/kg/day at 40oC. The amount of toluene detected from this experiment was the highest among VOCs emitted from floor coverings. The hazard quotient (HQ) of toluene detected in this test was over 20 times smaller than the risk characterization level of 0.1. It was, therefore, estimated that the emission of toluene from the floor surface would not be critically harmful to residents.

강우관측소 설치의 다양한 목적 중 면적평균강우량의 정도 있는 추정을 고려하면 강우관측소는 공간적으로 균등하게 설치된 경우가 가장 이상적이다. 아울러 산지효과를 파악하기 위해서는 강우관측소의 고도별 설치밀도 파악이 필수적이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 강우관측소의 공간적 분포특성과 강우관측소의 고도별 특성을 동시에 고려하기 위해 유클리디언 거리를 이용하여 2개의 목적함수를 통합하였다. 강우관측소의 공간적 특성은 최근린지수를 이용하여 정량화하였으며, 관측소의 고도별 설치밀도의 특성은 변동계수를 이용하여 평가하였다. 이를 4대강 유역에 대해 적용하여 유역별 강우관측망을 평가 및 비교하였다.

본 연구는 실내공간연출에서 화훼조형물의 설치효과에 대한 기초자료를 얻고자 수행하였으며, 실내공간(병원 및 카페) 화훼조형물 3점, 일반조형물 3점을 전시하여 병원 및 카페의 방문하는 고객 100명을 대상으로 작품 관람 후 설문 분석한 내용은 다음과 같다. 화훼조형물과 일반조형물 구분 가능여부에 있어서는 전체 83.0%가 화훼조형물과 일반조형물을 뚜렷이 구분할 수 있는 것으로 나타났다. 화훼조형물에 대한 인지도를 분석한 결과, 전체 20.0%만이 화훼조형물에 대해 비교적 알고 있는 것으로 나타났다. 화훼조형의 상업적 가치에 있어서는 20-30대에 비해 40대 이상의 경우 상대적으로 화훼조형이 상업적으로 가치가 있다고 생각하는 것으로 나타났다. 전체적으로 볼 때, 도시화 현대화 되어가는 사회에서 인간의 자연귀화나 자연 친화에 대한 선호도가 증가하는 것으로 판단되며, 공간디자인 영역에서 화훼조형의 가치는 상승할 수 있다는 근거를 제공하고 있다. 하지만 상업공간인 실내공간에서 화훼조형물을 사용하는 사례가 많지 않고, 화훼조형물의 부유물 유출에 따른 뒤처리의 단점이 지적되어지고 있다. 앞으로 이러한 단점을 보안한다면, 실내 상업적인 공간에서의 화훼조형물의 공간연출이 확대되어지길 기대한다.

도시화 되어가는 사회에서 인간의 자연귀화나 자연 친화에 대한 선호도가 증가하는 것으로 나타났으며, 공간디자인 영역에서 화훼조형물의 가치가 상승 하였다. 하지만 현재 상업공간에서 화훼조형물을 사용하는 사례가 많지 않으며, 화훼조형물 부유물 유출에 따른 뒤처리의 단점이 지적 되었다. 자연적인 소재를 이용하는 화훼조형물이 가지는 특성인 인간의 친밀도, 친환경성을 부각시켜, 상업적인 공간에서 라이프스타일을 중요시하는 현대인들에게 자연소재가 주는 편안함, 따뜻함, 자연귀화를 느낄 수 있도록 하는 화훼조형물을 이용한 공간연출의 필요성을 제시하였음에 그 의의를 두고자 한다.