This study evaluates the occupational accident risks of anchovy boat seine fishery in Korea. Using Bayesian network modeling within the framework of the Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) proposed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO), data from 508 accident compensation claims between 2018 and 2022 were analyzed. Accidents were categorized into processes (sailing, fishing, maintenance, loading/unloading, and catch processing) and risk factors (hull and working environment, fishing gear and equipment, machinery and equipment, weather and external conditions, and processing equipment). The analysis revealed significant risks associated with fishing processes and hull-related factors. Fishing accounted for 36.42% of all accidents with trips/slips being the most frequent type (29.13%). Bayesian network analysis showed that trips/slips accidents during fishing posed the highest risks (0.001100). The risk of fishing operations was 4.60 times higher than sailing and 30.00 times higher than loading/unloading. The findings indicate that risks vary significantly depending on the processes and risk factors involved. As risk assessments mandated by the 2025 revision of Korean fishing safety laws are expected to remain simple and qualitative, this study underscores the necessity of incorporating quantitative approaches to enhance the reliability and effectiveness of safety management practices.

The pioneering effort of Korea's distant water fisheries can be traced back to 1957 when Jinam-ho, affiliated with Jedong Industry Co., embarked on a tuna longline sea trial in the Indian Ocean. The success of this sea trial holds significant importance as it laid the groundwork for Korea to venture into the Pacific tuna fishing grounds, which were predominantly dominated by the United States and Japan at that time. The Korean distant water fisheries experienced remarkable growth in a short period, from the inception period in the 1950s, the pioneering period in the 1960s, the growth period in the 1970s, and the development period in the 1980s. However, a series of changes in the international situation, including the global oil crises of 1973 and 1978, the declaration of 200-nautical-mile zones by coastal states in 1977, and the adoption of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) in 1982 and the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA) in 1995, made a significant transformation in the Korean distant water fisheries inevitable. In particular, UNFSA grants the authority to conserve and manage fisheries resources to the Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs), and stipulates that coastal states and fishing nations cooperate with each other through RFMOs. In order to reclaim the once vast fishing grounds and secure maritime territories, it is imperative to have both the keen attention of the fishing industries and the strategic support of the government. In addition, to secure competitiveness in the international community, we should faithfully fulfill the role as a responsible fishing nation and contribute to RFMOs by strengthening scientific activities.

This study analyzed the Conservation and Management Measures (CMMs) related to fishing operations using Fish Aggregating Devices (FADs) among the measures implemented by Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) overseeing tuna purse seine fisheries. Additionally, we analyzed the FADs fishing status by sea area and examined the sustainable tuna purse seine fishing using FADs. Significant variations were observed in the number, materials, structure, and timing of FADs deployments, which were influenced by the fishing ground environment and methods in each ocean. These variations resulted in corresponding differences in the CMMs. However, all oceans required the use of non-entangling FADs and recommended biodegradable materials to mitigate marine pollution and bycatch of protected species. An analysis of FADs usage based on field interviews revealed that the total number of FADs deployed across all oceans in 2023 reached 142,020 sets, an increase of approximately 18% compared to 120,680 sets in 2013, despite the enforcement of CMMs by each RFMOs aimed at gradually reducing FADs fishing to promote sustainable fisheries. Each RFMOs aims to gradually reduce FADs fishing rates and ultimately achieve sustainable fisheries. Therefore, to achieve sustainable tuna purse seine fisheries using FADs, prioritizing research on the biodegradable materials used in FADs construction is essential. Furthermore, strict adherence to principles concerning the quantitative use and retrieval of FADs is deemed necessary.

본 연구는 2024년 11월 제주 해상에서 발생한 금성 135호 침몰 사고를 중심으로 고등어 대형선망 어업에서의 침몰 사고 원인을 분석하고, 안전성 강화를 위한 개선 방안을 제시하고자한다. 국내 대형선망 어업은 대규모 어획 작업의 특성상 어획물 이동과 복원력 감 소의 위험이 내재되어 있으며, 이는 선박 침몰 사고의 주요 원인으로 작용할 수 있다. 금성 135호 사고는 대량 어획 작업 중 어획물 이동 과 복원력 상실이 복합적으로 작용했을 가능성이 제기되며, 사고 원인이 아직 명확히 규명되지 않았음에도 초기 정황과 분석을 통해 주 요 위험 요소를 파악할 수 있었다. 본 연구는 등선 위치 조정, 자동 장력 조절 장치 및 실시간 하중 모니터링 시스템 도입, 그리고 복원성 기준 개선과 같은 구체적인 개선 방안을 제안한다. 이러한 방안은 하중 이동과 복원력 저하로 인한 사고 위험을 효과적으로 줄이고, 대량 어획 작업의 안정성과 안전성을 동시에 강화할 수 있다. 결론적으로, 금성 135호 사고는 대형선망 어업의 특수성을 반영한 안전 기준 마 련과 기술적 개선의 필요성을 시사하며, 본 연구에서 제시한 개선 방안은 유사 사고를 예방하고 어업 현장의 안전성을 높이는 데 기여할 것으로 기대된다. 본 연구는 대형선망 어업의 작업 안정성을 향상시키기 위한 실질적인 정책적·기술적 대응책 마련에 중요한 자료를 제 공한다.

본 연구에서는 자료포락분석(DEA) 기법을 이용하여 해양환경 요인의 영향을 받는 남해 주요 해역의 어업생산활동 효율성을 비교하고, 해양환경 재해요인이 효율성 변동에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 분석하였다. 분석에는 남해 서부 여자만부터 동부 진해만 해역까 지 18개 해역을 업무구역으로 하는 12개 지구별 수협의 10년간(2013-2022년) 계통출하 생산자료를 사용하였다. 분석기간 동안 여수와 고흥 수협이 상대적으로 적은 생산자수와 어업비용을 투입하여 높은 생산량과 생산금액을 산출함으로써 높은 기술적 효율성을 달성하였으며, 멸치 생산금액과 김 생산량이 각각 높은 효율성의 기반으로 추정되었다. 평균 기술적 효율성은 2013년 49.3%에서 2022년 40.7%으로 감소 하였으며, 통영 수협이 96.4%에서 34.5%로 가장 크게 감소하였다. 삼천포 수협은 기술적 효율성 대비 규모 효율성이 가장 높아 생산기술 의 순수기술적인 비효율을 해결해야 하는 것으로 나타났다. 정태적 분석에서 기술적 효율성을 달성했던 여수와 고흥 수협의 경우, 5년 단 위의 Window-DEA 분석 결과 동태적인 비효율성이 존재하는 것을 확인하였다. 해양환경 재해요인의 경우, 진해만 해역의 수협과 여수 수 협의 어업생산 효율성이 연도별로 빈산소수괴 발생횟수와 유의한 부(-)의 상관관계를 나타내었다.

The purpose of this study is to construct an industry-sector-fishery competitiveness index, examine the types and changes of competitiveness, and derive implications by processing data from the Survey on the Current Status of Offshore and Inshore Fishery from 2013 to 2020 for this study. The main results of this study can be summarized as follows. First, considering the overall competitiveness of offshore fishery by industry and year, offshore octopus farm and the other five fishing businesses were relatively competitive. Second, considering the overall competitiveness of inshore fishery by industry and year, we found that shrimp trawl fishing and glass eel gill net fishing were relatively competitive. Third, offshore longline and the other four fishing businesses were relatively competitive between 2014 and 2020 by looking at the types of competitiveness based on the competitiveness index in the offshore fishery of management and fishing sectors by industry. Fourth, shrimp trawl fishing was relatively competitive between 2014 and 2020 based on the competitiveness index in the inshore fishery of management and fishing sectors by industry and year. The results of this study have some limitations in outlier treatment, grade assignment, and weight for aggregation. Therefore, research on the analysis of competitiveness index and type in offshore and inshore fisheries considering these limitations needs to be conducted in the future. In conclusion, the results of this study which were derived objectively and scientifically are expected to help the central or local governments determine the priority of support projects or investments such as fishing boat reduction project. To meet these expectations, a high level of quality control is required for data of the Survey on the Current Status of Offshore and Inshore Fishery underlying this study.

This study aims to examine total factor productivity (TFP) and its determinants in offshore fisheries under the worsening fishing environment and to propose policy improvement based on the estimation results. We identified a decline in TFP of offshore fisheries from 2012 to 2020 employing the global Malmquist productivity index (GMPI), with the primary cause being the regression of the production possibility frontier due to the reduction of fishery resources. Moreover, utilizing the system generalized method of moments (GMM), we found that the determinants, such as the cessation of operations in Japan’s EEZ, vessel age, fishing experience, and oil prices, contribute to a decrease in the TFP of offshore fisheries. Therefore, this study suggests implementing a total allowable catch (TAC)-centered fishery resource management policy, along with reducing loan interest rates and extending the repayment period for the vessel modernization project. Furthermore, it is necessary to improve the TFP of offshore fisheries by providing regular training for fishermen, implementing the tax-free petroleum stockpiling project, and developing alternative fishing grounds.

This study analyzed the catch data of Chionoecetes japonicus in the offshore trap fishery from 2009 to 2022 to investigate the spatial distribution changes of fishing grounds in the East Sea. The results showed that the center of the fishing grounds consistently shifted offshore and northward from 2009 to 2020, but moved back towards the coastal areas since 2020. When comparing the catch of C. japonicus from the offshore trap fishery between 2009-2015 and 2016-2022, statistically significant differences were found (p<0.01). Analysis of the center of the fishing grounds revealed that they gradually shifted offshore while the fishing grounds were initially concentrated in the coastal areas of the East Sea. This suggests that the center of the fishing grounds moved offshore and northward as the C. japonicus in the coastal fishing grounds decreased. The shift of the fishing grounds back towards the coastal areas since 2020 is attributed to the increased operational costs due to the soaring fuel prices and the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, which led to a decline in consumer demand for live seafood consumed in restaurants. Consequently, the offshore trap fishery for C. japonicus shifted their focus from offshore areas, which required higher operational costs due to increased fuel consumption and longer fishing times, to coastal areas, that were relatively less costly. This study is the first scientific results of its kind to investigate the formation of fishing grounds and annual changes in the fishing grounds of C. japonicus caught in offshore trap fishery in the East Sea from 2009 to 2022.

Fishing losses require a practical rather than an academic theoretical approach. As of the end of 2023, in accordance with the construction plan for the Gadeokdo New Airport, we are in a situation where we must realistically deal with losses not only to land and other obstacles in the area, but also to the fishing industry. However, in order for such compensation to be properly made, the legal realization procedures, ranging from the Land Compensation Act a general law, to the Fisheries Act, a special law, and even the Gadeokdo New Airport Special Act, must be identified and practically implemented. We will look into special cases in a special way and ultimately make efforts to resolve social conflicts in advance, and then, if unavoidable, take care to ensure that appropriate compensation for losses is provided in spite of ex-ante and ex-post rights relief. We would like to present a feasible plan. Going further from the concept and implementation method of compensation so far, shares of so-called 'post-asset' are distributed to fishermen so that other benefits can be provided to fishermen for the development of nearby areas at the same time as the construction of Gadeokdo New Airport. Effective plans will also have to be devised. In order to execute above targets, research and implementation concerning the compensation should be conducted according to the following procedures: 1) Resident and Status survey, 2) Reviewing measures for preparing a resettlement area and land for their livelihoods, 3) Selecting the candidate site for the resettlement area and land, 4) Establishment of Basic concept, and 5) Feasibility review.

The purpose of this study is to examine the determinants of management performance in the remaining offshore fishing industry after the resource management-oriented fisheries structure improvement policy by the fisheries vessel buy-back program and Total Allowable Catch (TAC). The results of the analysis of the determinants of management performance of offshore fishing can be summarized as follows. First, based on the management performance determinant model of offshore fishing, it is confirmed that the government's resource-managed fishing structure improvement policy, such as the fishing boat reduction project and the TAC policy, is improving the management performance of the resource-managed remaining fishing boat. Second, looking at the specific management performance determinants based on the management performance model of offshore fishing, the leverage ratio (TLTA), which is the total debt ratio, shows a statistically significant positive (+) relationship with management performance, which increases management performance directly proportional to the leverage ratio. The increase in the leverage ratio (total debt ratio) was expected to lead to a high interest cost burden, resulting in a reverse (-) financial leverage effect; however, rather a positive (+) financial leverage effect occurred with a high profit covering interest costs. The total catch (TCATCH) has a positive (+) relationship with management performance at a statistical significance level of less than 1%, indicating that an increase in catch is improving or increasing the management performance of fishing companies. The selling price (UPRICE) shows a positive (+) relationship with management performance at a very high statistical significance level of less than 1%, and it can be seen that high fishing prices are a major factor in improving or increasing the management performance of offshore fishing. On the other hand, fishing vessel tonnage (TON), fishing vessel horsepower (RHP), and operating days (WDAYS), which indicate have a statistically significant negative (-) relationship with management performance, which deviates from the existing fisheries common sense that the size of fishing vessel tonnage and fishing vessel horsepower and the increase in the number of operating days is proportional to management performance. As a result of the increase in fishing vessel tonnage, horsepower, and the number of operating days, it was confirmed that the higher the fishing cost, such as oil costs, is worsening the management performance of fishing companies. Participation in TAC has a statistically significant positive (+) value with management performance, indicating that the remaining offshore fishing companies participating in TAC are improving or increasing management performance compared to offshore fishing companies that do not. Third, there are conflicting results depending on the industry as a result of estimating the management performance determinants of offshore fishing by TAC participation, and TAC participation had a negative impact on management performance in anchovy boat seine and southern west sea bottom trawl in fishing industry while TAC participation had a positive impact on management performance in large stow nets on anchor in fishing industry.

Considering the negative impact of IUU fishing on fishery resources and fishery management, a revised approach for estimating risks of the ecosystem-based fisheries assessment (EBFA) of Zhang et al. (2011) was developed that incorporates three components of the IUU (illegal, unreported and unregulated) fishing as penalties. In this study, we introduced ways to develop indicators of IUU fishing suitable for the Korean fishery and apply them to ecosystem-based resource assessment. The indicator for the illegal fishing component was set as the fishing without licenses or permits, and that for the unreported fishing component was set as unreported fishing activities. Indicators for the unregulated fishing component were set as fishing operated by illegal fishing gear, illegal fish capture, fishing operations in prohibited fishing area, and fishing with restrict permits. IUU fishing significantly impacts the stock of target species. Therefore, in this study, the influence of IUU fishing is included in the Species Risk Index (SRI) at the species level, and weights are assigned based on the ratio of the stock, as     ․     . The revised ecosystem-based fisheries assessment method, which considers the impact of IUU fishing, was applied to major fisheries on the south coast of Korea. It is necessary to reduce the non-reporting rate through the expansion of the TAC system and improve the accuracy of statistical compilation. To this end, the electronic fishing reporting system, which is being implemented on all vessels in Korean distant water fishing vessels, should be introduced to the coastal and offshore fisheries as well.

This study aimed to quantitatively analyze the risk using data from 329 safety accidents that occurred in aquaculture fisheries management vessels over the recent five years (2018-2022). For quantitative risk analysis, the Bayesian network proposed by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) was used to analyze the risk level according to the fishing process and cause of safety accidents. Among the work processes, the fishing process was analyzed to have the highest risk, being 12.5 times that of the navigation, 2.7 times that of the maintenance, and 8.8 times that of the loading and unloading. Among the causes of accidents, the hull and working environment showed the highest risk, being 1.7 times that of fishing gear and equipment, 4.7 times that of machinery and equipment, and 9.4 times that of external environment. By quantitatively analyzing the safety accident risks for 64 combinations of these four work processes and four accident causes, this study provided fundamental data to reduce safety accidents occurring in aquaculture fisheries management vessels.

불법·비보고·비규제 어업은 국제사회에서 인식하고 있는 가장 큰 불법 행위 중 하나이다. 전 세계적으로 어획되는 수산자원 5마리 중 1마리는 불법·비보고· 비규제 어업으로 어획된다고 추정되고 있다. 바다에서 무차별적으로 행해지는 불법·비보고·비규제 어업으로 인해 국제사회가 추구하는 지속가능한 수산업을 영위하기는 점점 더 어려워지고 있고, 이에 대해 심각한 문제의식을 느낀 국제사회는 1990년대부터 국제적으로 통용할 국제규범들을 만들기 시작하였다. 우 리나라는 해양 국제법의 헌법으로 여겨지는 유엔해양법협약부터 유엔공해어업 협정, 항만국조치협정 등의 협약을 이행하며 불법·비보고·비규제 어업으로부터 바다를 지키기 위해 노력하는 당사국이자, 지역수산기구 18개에 가입된 명실상 부한 수산 선진국이다. 그러나 2023년 발표된 불법·비보고·비규제 어업지수에서 우리나라는 9위를 기록하며 불법·비보고·비규제 어업으로부터 벗어나지 못한다 는 평가가 지배적이다. 만약 우리나라가 불법·비보고·비규제 어업국으로 재지 정되어 국제사회에서 각종 제재를 받는다면 국제사회에서의 수산 강국으로서 의 위신은 추락할 것이고, 우리나라 국가 경쟁력 또한 하락하여 대내외적으로 수산업에 큰 타격이 있을 것으로 예상된다. 따라서 이 연구에서는 국제사회가 요구하는 불법·비보고·비규제 어업의 규제 중점사항은 무엇이고, 우리나라가 시행하고 있는 규제 방안과 비교하여 문제점 과 개선할 점이 있는지 살펴볼 필요가 있다. 이러한 필요성을 바탕으로 국제사 회에서 추구하는 지속가능한 수산업을 이행하기 위해 시행하는 다양한 법적, 제도적 장치를 우리나라가 해양·수산 강국이라는 명성에 맞게 대응할 수 있도 록 법제도 개선 방안을 제시하는 것이 본 연구의 목적이다.

In this study, we collected and analyzed the current status of licenses for the limited fishery business and divided the problems related to licenses for the limited fishery business into partial damage compensation and cancellation compensation areas. In the case of partial damage compensation areas due to existing public water use projects, it is suggested that the issuance of licenses for limited fishery businesses should be reconsidered. In the case of cancellation compensation areas, it is recommended that the disposition of communal fishery businesses that do not require capital investment should be the principle. If capital such as facilities are invested, compensation should be made by Article 52 of the Enforcement Decree of the Land Compensation Act if the licenses for limited fishery business are closed due to other development projects. In addition, we proposed an improvement plan to establish a rational management system for licenses for limited fishery businesses. In addition to these improvement measures, we hope that further investigation and research on licenses for limited fishery business, which have been insufficient so far, will be conducted to promote the comprehensive use of fisheries resources and waters and the sustainable development of fisheries that are the objectives of the Fisheries Act, and contribute to the improvement of the quality of life of the people and the balanced development of the national economy.

After the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS) and the United Nations Fish Stocks Agreement (UNFSA) came into effect, international cooperation through Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) was required, and each RFMO established and adopted the Conservation and Management Measure (CMM) for the regional Observer Programs to collect data on fishing activities and biological information and to monitor compliance with its CMMs. The observer coverage required by RFMO is set differently for each organization, ranging from 5% to 100%. In addition, tuna-RFMOs recommend increasing observer coverage in longline fisheries by at least 20% for reliable quantitative analysis of not only target species but also bycatch species and ecologically related species such as sharks, seabirds, sea turtles, and marine mammals. Therefore, in this study, we discussed ways to improve the national observer programs of Korean distant water fisheries that should be addressed in the future to respond to the RFMO trends.

해양공간계획(Marine spatial planning)은 해양의 합리적인 이용과 지속 가능한 해양 공간 활용을 위한 중요한 요소이다. 특히 어업활동 보호구역은 지속 가능한 어업을 위한 핵심 용도구역으로, 해양공간계획 경계 내에서 약 45.6%를 차지한다. 그러나, 현재 어업활동보호구역의 지정 과 평가는 미래 수요와 잠재적 가치를 충분히 반영하지 못하고 있으며, 중장기 계획 수립을 위한 보다 합리적인 평가 방법과 예측 도구가 필요한 상황이다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해, 본 연구는 어업활동보호구역 내 주요 어종인 고등어, 갈치, 멸치, 참조기를 대상으로 어종 분포 예측을 시도하고, 현재 용도구역과의 비교를 통해 예측 도구의 가능성을 평가하였다. 한편, IPCC 6차 기후변화 시나리오(SSP1-2.6 및 SSP5-8.5)를 적용한 종분포 모델(MaxEnt)을 사용하여 미래 기후변화에 따른 어종의 이동 및 분포 변화를 분석한 결과, 고등어, 갈치, 참조기의 분포 면적은 현재보다 약 28~86% 증가했으나, 멸치의 분포 면적은 약 6~11% 감소했다. 이 결과를 바탕으로 주요 4종의 종풍부도 지도를 작성하였으며, 해양공간계획 경 계 내에서 ‘높음’으로 평가된 종풍부도 해역과 어업활동보호구역이 중복되는 비율은 약 15%, SSP1-2.6 시나리오에서 21%, SSP5-8.5 시나리오에서 34%로 증가하였다. 연구 결과는 향후 용도구역 평가나 유보구역 변경 시 과학적 근거로 활용될 수 있으며, 어종의 현재 종분포와 기후변화에 따 른 분포 예측을 통해 현재 용도구역 평가의 한계를 보완하고, 지속 가능한 유용 해양 자원의 이용을 위한 계획 수립에 기여할 것으로 판단된다.

The IUU Fishing Index is composed of 40 indicators. These indicators were grouped by state responsibilities (flag, coastal, port, and general including market) defined in the FAO IPOA-IUU (2001) and then by type into vulnerability, prevalence, and response. A total of 152 coastal nations was surveyed. Korea's total combined IUU Fishing Index was 2.49 in 2019 and 2.91 in 2021, indicating a drop in the ranking to the third worst out of 152 countries followed by China and Russia in 2021. The indicators that increased the IUU fishing risk in 2021 compared to 2019 included seven indicators of prevalence and two indicators of response while those reducing the risk included one prevalence and one response indicator. The IUU Fishing Index revealed that many fisheries observers and monitoring, control and surveillance (MCS) practitioners active in the waters of RFMOs jurisdiction where Korean distant water vessels operate have mentioned concerns about the compliance with RFMO conservation measures or fishing practices. It suggested that strengthening management intervention in the fishing sector is needed. The primary tool for management is the MCS system. Given the logistical difficulty of oversight from land, air and at-sea, there is a need to enhance MCS strategies through logbook data, at-sea observer and electronic monitoring program. It also suggested that MSC fisheries certification and fisheries improvement projects, which are widely used for improving fishing sector performance, could contribute to the eradication of IUU fishing and the promotion of sustainable distant water fisheries.