Since the invention of Oculus, consumers have experienced high level of immersion and the sense of reality at lower cost. It greatly increased virtual reality contents, and horror games are being loved as well. In this study, a brain-wave analysis was used to investigate the impact of hostile objects on the player's immersion, in a horror game where the sense of immersion is maximized using an Oculus Rift, a type of Head-Mounted Display(HMD) equipment. Paired t-test was conducted in order to verify if the difference of the immersion level between two games is meaningful. The result was that the difference of attention was statistically meaningful, whereas that of meditation was not. Also, experiments were performed to investigate the correlation between the moving speed of hostile objects and the player's immersion.

In this study, to find out the effect of psychological anxiety of the patients during MRI examination on the claustrophobia and vital signs, As for a study tool, to measure Anxiety Sensitivity Index(ASI), Kamsung Evaluation Index of Life Environmental Noise(KEI), Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM-IV) was used, and for vital signs, blood pressure and pulse rate were measured pre and post MRI examination. In conclusion, it was indicated that though the effect of the general characteristics, psychological anxiety, on noise sensitivity and claustrophobia was small, the psychological anxiety of the patients during MRI examination affected claustrophobia and vital signs.

려말선초 혼란기에 불교는 타락하고 활발했던 조영의 분위기는 침체기에 빠져들었다. 그런 가운데 우리나라 사찰건축의 명맥을 유지된 몇 가지 중요한 원인을 가지고 있었다. 첫째, 건물짓는 기술자가 바로 승장 대목 자신들이라는 점과 혼란기를 틈타 엄격함으로부터 어느 정도 자유스럽게 영조할 수 있었다는 점이다. 이러한 인식의 변화는 그대로 건물에 나타나게 된다. 이러한 대표적인 사례가 사찰 전각 측면공포에 대한 등간격배열방식이다. 그 동안 이 문제에 대해 심도갚은 연구가 진행되지 않은 상태에서 서둘러 규정짓는 자세에 문제가 있었다고 본다. 본 연구는 이러한 문제점을 제기하면서 보다 심도있는 연구가 되기를 바라는 마음에서 고찰되었다.

This study highlights empirically the relationship among major constructs such as accident, fear and anxiety emotion, self-efficacy, and negative spillover of work, focused on the railway drivers. The differentiated factor of this study is in that the experience of accident was posed as exogenous variable. The main statistical tool was Regression. Hypothesis tests based on 201 samples verified that the experience of accidents showed a significant effect on negative spillover of work mediated by fear and anxiety, with moderating effect of self-efficacy between fear and anxiety and negative spillover of work. However, the moderating effect was shown as increasing the degree of negative spillover of work, since the drivers recognized their fear and anxiety accrued by accident experience as uncontrollable. This findings suggest the need for mitigating driver's negative emotion - fear and anxiety - through an introduction of practice such as exemption of settlement obligation in accident site and lowering of the penalty for accident responsibility.

Integrated-Salmi can be suggested as a character of Da-po type Kong-po in Korea’s traditional architecture. However, only few studies are made on this subject yet. This study is to investigate the integration process of Salmi through cases of certain Kong-po which have the same number of inner and outer Chul-mok and are also known to precede in time. The results of the study are like below. First, Integrated-Salmi is more dominant in inner and outer 3 Chul-mok Kong-po than in inner and outer 2 Chul-mok Kong-po. Second, While inner and outer 2 Chul-mok prevail in Yeong-nam region, inner and outer 3 Chul-mok prevail in Ho-nam region. Third, integrated Salmi of Inner and outer 3 Chul-mok, first appeared in internal Jusangpo to be carried over to internal Juganpo then eventually to outer Salmi. Fourth, the reason why integrated form precede in internal salmi of inner and outer 3 Chul-mok Kong-po is due to 2 main factors. First of which is the impact of integrated Boaji that developed in Da-po type since the early 16th century. The second factor is downward expansion of Cho-gak’s Boaji which was adopted to cope with disorders made in structure of Chum-Cha, due to inner and outer 3 Chul-mok type buddhist temples’ wide reconstruction throughout Jeolla region following the Japanese invasion of Korea in 1592. This study is to disclose the regularity of development process of Salmi’s Cho-gak(草 刻) which is a characteristic of Korea’s Da-po type Kong-po.

As the corner of wooden pagoda forms the roof by closely bordering left and right eaves on the various purlins and angle rafters, it is designed for every face to be recognized as front whose structure system increases load to bear proportionally. The corner of wooden pagoda is inseparable with the corner bracket set as it becomes stable thanks to the corner bracket set structurally and load burden under restrained structure makes the corner bracket set really important. Accordingly, this study could figure out some facts by analyzing corner bracket sets of Palsangjeon of Beobjusa Temple in Korea, Seokgatap of Bulgungsa Temple in China and Ojungtap of Beobryungsa Temple in Japan which were constructed with pure wooden structure. This study demonstrated that corner bracket set played a pivotal role in keeping balance of concentrated load of corner (corner of opening) in each floor that contributed to the stability of wooden pagoda structurally despite multiple duplications of floors and also figured out the outfit of corner bracket set was subject to the floor type and the cross section of Gongpo installed on top of Pyeongju. Wooden pagodas in 3 countries were two floor types of octagon and square, and employed different connection method between upper and lower floors. The difference between floor and duplication method determines the method of corner, but even different methods were sufficient to have entirety in every side by completing dynamic principle of corner bracket set even though old method had to solve the problem of concentrated load and it also confirms that it was essential Gongpo to prevent any deformation of corner.

많은 연구에서 정서 특정적 생리 반응을 밝히기 위하여 심박률, 혈류량, 피부전도 반응 등의 지표를 사용하였으나, 안면온도를 이용한 정서 연구는 많지 않다. 본 연구는 적외선 열화상을 통해 공포 및 기쁨 자극에 대한 안면온도 변화를 관찰하고자 한다. 98명의 대학생과 중고생을 대상으로 공포 또는 기쁨을 유발하는 자극을 제시하기 전과 후의 안면온도를 측정하였다. 온도값은 이마, 눈앞, 콧등, 코끝, 그리고 뺨에서 추출하였다. 공포자극을 제시한 조건에서는 콧등과 코끝의 온도가 유의하게 낮아졌다. 기쁨 자극을 제시한 조건에서는 이마, 눈앞의 온도 상승이 유의하였으며, 코끝에서 온도가 유의하게 낮아졌다. 두 조건에서 코의 온도가 유의하게 낮아졌는데, 이는 공포 또는 기쁨을 경험할 때 각성수준이 증가하여 코 혈관의 혈류량이 감소함으로써 온도가 낮아진 것으로 볼 수 있다. 공포나 기쁨을 경험할 때 나타나는 온도 변화는 정서를 경험할 때 손가락온도를 측정한 선행 연구결과와 일치한다. 이런 연구결과는 정서 측정기법의 개발과, 인간의 정서를 탐지하는 컴퓨터 시스템의 기초를 확립하는데 기여하는 바가 있을 것이다.

The purpose of this study was to determine the reliability and validity of the fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ) in assessing Korean patients with low back pain. We performed translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the questionnaire and enrolled 52 patients (18 males and 34 females) with low back pain. The subjects completed a standardized self-administered questionnaire that included the FABQ assessment along with evaluations for the visual analogue scale (VAS), Oswestry disability index (ODI), self-rating anxiety scale (SAS), and Beck depression inventory-Korean version (K-BDI). The reliability of the obtained data was determined by evaluating the internal consistency on the basis of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and the Cronbach's alpha values, while the validity of the data was examined by correlating the FABQ scores to the VAS, ODI, SAS, and K-BDI scores. The translated versions of the FABQ showed good test-retest reliability: ICC (3, 1)=.90 (FABQ for physical activity) and .97 (FABQ for work) these values were statistically significant (p<.01). The Cronbach's alpha value for FABQ was .90 (p<.01). FABQ moderately correlated with pain, disability, anxiety, and depression (p<.01). The results of this study indicate that the Korean version of the FABQ is a reliable and valid instrument for measuring fear-avoidance beliefs in Korean patients with low back pain.

The objectives of this study were to investigate the relationship between fear-avoidance beliefs and functional status in individuals suffering from low back pain, and to identify factors that influence on fear-avoidance beliefs, functional status and pain. A cross-sectional study included 214 individuals with low back pain. Each of subjects completed a fear-avoidance beliefs questionnaire (FABQ) which divided into two subscales, FABQ for physical activity (FABQ-PA) and FABQ for work(FABQ-W), Oswestry disability index (ODI) and numeric pain rating scale (NPRS). Individuals with radiating pain were significantly higher in FABQ-PA, FABQ-total, and ODI scores than with no radiation pain (p<.05). Individuals who had received surgery were significantly higher in FABQ-PA, FABQ-total, ODI and NPRS scores when compared with individuals who had not received it (p<.05). And individuals with taking medication were significantly higher in all variables (FABQ-PA, FABQ-W, FABQ-total ODI and NPRS) than individuals not taking medication (p<.05). In correlation analysis. age appeared to be significantly correlated with FABQ-PA, FABQ-total and ODI scores (p<.05), and all variables was significantly correlated with each other (p<.01). These findings indicate that individuals suffering from low back pain have psychosocial problems such as fear-avoidance beliefs as well as functional status and pain. Fear-avoidance beliefs may contribute to aggravate physical symptoms, and therefore it should be carefully considered for the management of individuals with low back pain.

공포에 대한 연구는 주로 불안과 공포 장애를 가진 환자들을 대상으로 수행되어왔으며, 공포를 불안의 특수한 한 형태라고 생각하여 불안과 공포에 대한 연구가 함께 이루어져왔다. 본 연구에서는 아동이 공포 정서를 경험하는 동안 나타나는 자율신경계 반응을 밝히고자 하였다. 초등학생을 대상으로 공포 정서를 유발하는 시청각 동영상을 제시하고 심리 반응과 자율신경계 반응을 측정하였다. 연구 결과, 공포 정서의 적합성 및 효과성은 80%이상으로 나타나 공포정서유발자극이 적절하고 효과적이었음을 알 수 있었다. 자율신경계 반응 분석 결과, 공포정서가 유발되는 동안 피부전도수준, 피부전도반응, 피부전도 반응의 수, 호흡주기관련 심박률 변화, 호흡수, 심박률분산의 고주파수 성분이 유의하게 증가하였고, 심장박동주기는 감소하였다. 공포 정서에 의해 야기된 자율신경계 반응에서는 불안수준이 높을수록 피부온도, 심박률, 호흡주기관련 심박률 변화가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 본 연구는 불안수준이 높은 아동일수록 공포 정서를 경험할 때 자율신경계 반응의 변화가 더 크다는 것을 나타낸다.

많은 정서 연구에서 주관적 경험인 정서를 보다 객관적으로 측정하기 위하여 다양한 생리 반응을 통하여 객관적인 지표로 활용하고 있다. 특히 자율신경계 반응은 그 반응 패턴을 통하여 생리적 각성 여부를 추정할 수 있기 때문에 정서 연구에서 오랫동안 중요한 역할을 해왔다. 본 연구에서는 아동이 부정정서(공포와 혐오)를 느낄 때 나타나는 심리생리반응을 검증하고자 하였다. 47명의 아동(연령: 11-13세, 남: 23명, 여: 24명)을 대상으로 시청각 동영상(Audiovisual Film Clips)을 이용하여 공포와 혐오정서를 유발시킨 후, 이 때의 심리반응 및 자율신 경계 반응(ECG, EDA, PPG, SKT)을 측정하였다. 심리반응 결과, 공포정서는 100%, 혐오정서는 89.4%의 적합성을 보였고, 아동이 경험한 정서 강도(효과성)는 공포 4.05, 혐오 4.07 (5점 만점)인 것으로 나타났다. 자율신경계 반응 결과, 두 정서 모두 대부분의 생리지표에서 안정상태와 정서상태 간의 유의한 차이를 보여주었다. 정서에 따른 차이를 분석한 결과, 공포 정서에서는 피부전도수준, 피부전도반응 수, 심박률, 호흡주기관련 심박률, 호흡수, 심박률 분산의 고주파수 성분에서 유의하게 증가하였다. 반면, 혐오 정서에서는 피부전도수준은 감소하고 피부전도반응의 수는 증가하는 패턴을 보여 공포 정서와 구분되는 것으로 나타났다.

This study is about the meaning of wooden brackets that are distinctive elements of wooden architecture in Korea, Japan, and China. Existing studies about wooden brackets have been limited to the boundary of formalism, so the object of this study is to make a breakthrough in the field of those studies. The Wooden brackets in this study are considered to be decorative elements, and the principles of their design are examined. The specific subject of the study is wooden architecture with Jusimpo-styled brackets that have brackets only on pillars. The definition of Jusimpo is reexamined first, and ChulMok-Ikkong which has not been regarded as a Jusimpo-styled wooden bracket is interpreted as Jusimpo-styled one in this study. Categorized into three types, Jusimpo is examined how it is expressed according to the type of the roof in a building. In view of the results, the wooden bracket system is an effective technique to express the formality, and two designing principles can be seen in Jusimpo; one that wooden brackets observed externally are standardized and regarded as the same ones, and the other that the style of wooden brackets used in the most formal building is Yi-ChulMok. These designing principles mean that the carpenter who was in charge of building the architecture had certain principles when expressing wooden brackets as well as the roofs according to the class of the architecture. In addition, although the styles of wooden brackets that were used in the most formal architecture during the Chosun period were mostly Dapo, Jusimpo in the form of Yi-ChulMok was also adopted in some temples depending on their scale, and that means Jusimpo-styled wooden brackets were never considered to be inferior to Dapo-styled ones. And this point leaves the argument that the reexamination of Jusimpo-styled wooden brackets which have been regarded as the style used in the attached building or small structures since the Choun dynasty should be conducted.

4 royal palaces are currently remained from capital city (Seoul) of 'Cho-Sun(朝鮮)' period. In these palaces, 'Main hall of Royal Palace(正殿)' is the center of the Royal Palaces. The 'Main hall of Royal Palace' of the Royal Palace was the best building of that time. Therefore there were many studies about the 'Main hall of Royal Palace'. But these studies were individual studies of these 'Main hall of Royal Palace'. Therefore, this study is to analyze and compare 4 'Main hall of Royal Palace' of the Royal palaces. It is to study the proportion regarding the Diameter of the pillar, the Height, the pillar and pillar Interval's Distance, and the arrangement of 'Kong-Po(bracket sets)'. With these studies, it is to prove that the 'Main hall of Royal Palace' is the building which high construction technique of this time is expressed. Result of this study is as followings; First, the proportion of pillar height(H) to its diameter(D) average from H=8.0 to 8.5D. Only the Myeong-Jeong-Jeon omitted the 'Go-Ju(高柱)' in the 'Toi-Kan (退間)' to place Ea-Jwa(御座). Second, Second, the proportion of diameter of the pillar of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju(外部平柱)' and 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju(內陣高柱)' average D1(Diameter of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju') =0.91D2 (Diameter of 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju'). In regards to the height, the single floor 'Main hall of Royal Palace' and double floor 'Main hall of Royal Palace' seems to be different. The height proportion of the double floor 'Main hall of royal palace' is H1(Height of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju')=0.34H2(Height of 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju') and single floor 'Main hall of Royal Palace' has a proportion of H1=0.62H2. Third, in Geun-Jeong-Jeon, with the proportion of height and diameter of the pillar, interval's distance between pillars and diameter, the pillar interval distance and height, of 'Ea-kan(御間)' from the 'Toi-Kan' is different from 'Main hall of Royal Palace'. This is because the structure of 'Toi-Kan' of Geun-Jeong-Jeon is not stable. In order to reinforce this, 'Gui-Go-Ju(隅高柱)' of the Geun-Jeong-Jeon jut out $4{\sim}7%$ more compared to In-Jeong-Jeon. Fourth, when comparing double floor 'Main hall of royal palace' of Geun-Jeong-Jeon and In-Jeong-Jeon, based on distance of 'Eoi-Bu-Pyeong-Ju' and 'Nae-Jin-Go-Ju' of lower level, the 'Sang-Bu-Pyeong-Ju(上部平柱)' of Geun-Jeong-Jeon jut out $4{\sim}7%$ more compared to the In-Jeong-Jeon and also It becomes thicker. Fifth, the arrangement of 'Kong-Po' on the front row of 'Gan(間)' had to do with the change of side 'Gan'. Even though the Geun-Jeong-Jeon and the In-Jeong-Jeon were double floors, the arrangement of the 'Kong-Po' is different because the number of side bay is different.

Virtual Reality(VR) is a new technology which makes humans communicate with computer. It allows the user to see, hear, feel and interact in a three-dimensional virtual world created graphically. In this paper, we introduced VR into psychotherapy area and developed VR system for the exposure therapy of acrophobia. Acrophobia is an abnormal fear of heights. Medications or cognitive-behavior methods have been mainly used as a treatment. Lately the virtual reality technology has been applied to that kind of anxiety disorders. A virtual environment provides patient with stimuli which arouses phobia, and exposing to that environment makes him having ability to over come the fear. In this study, the elevator stimulator that composed with a position sensor, head mount display, and audio system, is suggested. To illustrate the physiological difference between a person who has a feel of phobia and without phobia, heart rate was measured during experiment. And also measured a person's HR after the virtual reality training. In this study, we demonstrated the subjective effectiveness of virtual reality psychotherapy through the clinical experiment.