고성능 분리막 제조기술과 더불어 새로운 분리막 다단공정 설계를 통해 용매사용량 감소 및 선택도 향상이 가능 하다. 본 연구에서는 내용매성 셀룰로스 나노분리막을 제조하여 용매에 따른 용질의 선택도 차이를 비교하였다. 제막한 셀룰 로스 막을 기반으로 비극성 용매의 선택도 평가를 진행하였으며, 비극성 용매에서 용질에 대한 음배제율이 관측되었다. 특히, 분자량이 클수록 음배제율이 높아지는 역선택도의 거동을 확인하였다. 이를 기반으로 설계한 공정에서는 기존 분획 공정 대 비 3배 이상의 용매저감이 가능한 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

In recent business activities, well-being-based management approaches have become increasingly important. Consideration of consumer well-being is one of them. In particular, social demand and interest in health are incredibly high, and the health-related services market has significantly expanded. However, since the WHO's definition of health was established, the concept of health has become multi-dimensional. There is much overlap with other concepts, such as well-being and quality of life. As a result, even for health-related services that are supposed to contribute to consumers' health, the critical term "health" is still used ambiguously by both service providers and consumers. It could increase the uncertainty of the benefits of the services and cause difficulties in the continued use of services for consumers.

유화 질감은 예술적 표현력을 가진 회화 기법으로 창작자의 고유한 이념과 감정을 표현해내는 주요한 수단이다. 이러한 유 화 질감의 응용을 통해 현대 유화에는 보다 다양한 회화 기법 의 표현이 가능해졌고, 현대 유화의 창작공간과 구상범위가 확 대되었으며, 이는 창작자의 아이디어 혁신을 촉진했다. 유화 질감은 모두 창작자의 고도로 숙련된 표현기술이 반영 되며 동시에 다양한 심리 상태와 정신세계를 드러낼 수 있다. 또한 예술가가 상상한 이미지를 유화 질감을 통하여 창작에 응 용할 때 작품에 대한 인지적 감상 방식이 피동적 감상에서 자발 적이고 능동적인 참여로 전환되며 이러한 참여는 감정적인 특징 을 가진다. 본 연구는 먼저 이형사신의 개념 및 발전과정을 알아보고, 유화 질감의 표현방법을 실제 회화 사례와 결합하여 분석한 후 작가의 감정을 전달할 수 있는 주요한 유화 질감 표현의 세 가 지 방법인 추상적 질감, 구상적 질감, 의상적 질감을 고찰하고 자 한다. 그리고 유화 질감의 표현 방법을 통해 그림 속에 이 형사신이 어떻게 실현되었는지 논의하고자 한다.

Transition-metal phosphides (TMPs), a promising anode material for lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), are limited in application because of its serious volume effect in the cycle. In this work, a simple electrospinning strategy was proposed to restrict the grain size of CoP nanocrystals by nano-confined effect of carbon nanofibers with ligands. The addition of ligands not only could realize the uniform dispersion of CoP nanocrystals, but also strengthen the bond between the metals and carbon nanofibers. As a result, the CoP/CNF composite exhibits excellent lithium storage performance, and its reversible specific capacity could reach 1016.4 mAh g− 1 after 200 cycles at a current density of 200 mA g− 1. The research is anticipated to provide a new idea for the preparation of anode materials for lithium ion batteries.

This study set up the revenue water ratio that could be achieved within the range of the expenses of the water distribution network maintenance project, developed an analysis methodology that could estimate the additional project quantity to achieve the target revenue water ratio of 85% and applied and verified that to S. City. This methodology allowed the distribution of the leakage quantity for each leakage component by the pipeline through the total revenue water account balance analysis and BABE approach and the redistribution into the calculated leakage quantity more accurately through a step test. In addition, the level of reduction in leakage and the quantity of the project were estimated before and after the application of four strategies for the promotion of the revenue water ratio presented by IWA, according to the leakage components by the pipeline. As a result of the application of this analysis method to S. City, it would be possible to achieve up to the revenue water ratio of 81.0%, which was 74.7% in the beginning, if the water distribution network maintenance project was promoted within the range of the project expenses, and to achieve the revenue water ratio of 85.0%, the goal of the project, it would be necessary to replace the pipeline of 22.2% of the entire pipelines in the target area. As a result of the re-estimation of the revenue water ratio achievable, applying the actual water distribution network maintenance quantity in the scope of the business with the results of this analysis, the revenue water ratio was 81.7% while the actually measured revenue water ratio was 82.3%. Thus, the reliability of this analysis method could be secured to some extent.

Recently, considerable attention has been given to nickel-based superalloys used in additive manufacturing. However, additive manufacturing is limited by a slow build rate in obtaining optimal densities. In this study, optimal volumetric energy density (VED) was calculated using optimal process parameters of IN718 provided by additive manufacturing of laser powder-bed fusion. The laser power and scan speed were controlled using the same ratio to maintain the optimal VED and achieve a fast build rate. Cube samples were manufactured using seven process parameters, including an optimal process parameter. Analysis was conducted based on changes in density and melt-pool morphology. At a low laser power and scan speed, the energy applied to the powder bed was proportional to and not . At a high laser power and scan speed, a curved track was formed due to Plateau-Rayleigh instability. However, a wide melt-pool shape and continuous track were formed, which did not significantly affect the density. We were able to verify the validity of the VED formula and succeeded in achieving a 75% higher build rate than that of the optimal parameter, with a slight decrease in density and hardness.

PURPOSES : Roller-compacted concrete pavement (RCCP) is a superstiff-consistency concrete pavement that exhibits excellent strength development owing to a hydration reaction and interlocking aggregates owing to the roller compaction. A zero-slump concrete mixture is generally used. Hence, it is important to control the consistency of the RCCP mixture to prevent the deterioration of the construction quality (such as material separation during paving). The workability of the RCCP is characterized by its consistency and controlled by the Vebe time, whereas a conventional concrete pavement is controlled based on the slump test. The consistency of the RCCP changes over time after concrete mixing owing to delivery, construction time delays, etc. Thus, it is necessary to use the optimum Vebe time to achieve the best construction quality. Therefore, this study aims to develop a Vebe time prediction model for efficiently controlling the consistency of RCCPs according to random time variations. METHODS : A Vebe time prediction model was developed using a multiple linear regression analysis. A dataset of 131 samples was used to develop the model. The collected data consisted of variables with large potential effects on the consistency of the RCCP, such as the water-cement ratio (W/C), sand/aggregate ratio (S/a), water content (ω), water content per unit volume (W), cement (C), fine aggregate (S), coarse aggregate (G), water reducing admixtrue (PNS), air-entraining admixture (AE), delay time (T), air temperature (TEM), and humidity (HUM). In the multiple linear regression analysis, the mentioned parameters were used as the independent variables, and the Vebe time was the dependent variable. The Vebe time prediction models were evaluated by considering the adjusted R2 and p-values. The selection of the model was based on the largest R2 value and an acceptable p-value (p<0.05). RESULTS : The Vebe time prediction model achieved an adjusted R2 value of 64.14% with a significance level (p-value) of less than 0.05. This shows that the predictive model is adequately described for the dependent variable, and that the model is suitable for Vebe time predictions. Moreover, the significance level of the independent variables is less than 0.05, indicating significant effects on the Vebe time (i.e., the dependent variable). CONCLUSIONS : The Vebe time prediction model developed in this study can be used to estimate Vebe times with an R2 of 63.33% between the measured and predicted values. The proposed Vebe time prediction model is expected to be effectively utilized for the quality control of RCCP mixtures. Moreover, it is expected to contribute to achieving good RCCP construction quality.

Silicon oxide (SiOx) has been considered one of the most promising anode materials for lithium-ion batteries due to having a higher capacity than the commercial graphite anodes. However, its practical application is hampered by very large volume variations. In this work, pyrolysis fuel oil is the carbon coating precursor, and physical vapor deposition (PVD) is performed on SiOx at 200 and 400 °C (SiOx@C 200 and SiOx@C 400), followed by carbonization at 950 °C. SiOx@C 200 has a carbon coating layer with a thickness of ~ 20 nm and an amorphous structure, while that of SiOx@C 400 is approximately 10 nm thick and has a more semigraphitic structure. The carbon-coated SiOx anodes display better charge–discharge performance than the pristine SiOx anode. In particular, SiOx@C 200 shows the highest reversible capacity compared with the other samples at high C-rates (2.0 and 5.0 C). Moreover, SiOx@C 200 exhibits excellent cycling stability with a capacity retention of 90.2% after 80 cycles at 1.0 C. This result is ascribed to the suppressed volume expansion by the PFO carbon coating on SiOx after PVD.

Do happy applicants achieve more? Although it is well established that happiness predicts desirable work-related outcomes, previous findings were primarily obtained in social settings. In this study, we extended the scope of the "happiness premium" effect to the artificial intelligence (AI) context. Specifically, we examined whether an applicant's happiness signal captured using an AI system effectively predicts his/her objective performance. Data from 3,609 job applicants showed that verbally expressed happiness (frequency of positive words) during an AI interview predicts cognitive task scores, and this tendency was more pronounced among women than men. However, facially expressed happiness (frequency of smiling) recorded using AI could not predict the performance. Thus, when AI is involved in a hiring process, verbal rather than the facial cues of happiness provide a more valid marker for applicants' hiring chances.

This study studied a system that can redesign the production site layout and respond with dynamic simulation through fabric production process innovation for smart factory promotion and digital-oriented decision making of the production process. We propose to reflect the required throughput and throughput per unit facility of fabric production process as probability distribution, and to construct data-driven metabolism such as data collection, data conversion processing, data rake generation, production site monitoring and simulation utilization. In this study, we demonstrate digital-centric field decision smartization through architectural design for the smartization of fabric production plants and dynamic simulations that reflect it.

Foreign hazardous substances are likely to enter the country through imported foods as food trade between countries increases. The Sanitary and Phytosanitary Agreement allows countries to take preventive measures to protect the health of the people based on the Appropriate Level of Protection (ALOP). Thus, the country may establish its own food safety objective within the scope of the ALOP and implement more efficient food safety management system to achieve food safety goal. Therefore, more stringent control measures such as Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Point (HACCP) like systems should be applied to set and meet performance objectives at each stage of the food chain.

현행 보호구역 관리체계는 근거 법령(자연환경보전법･자연공원법･습지보전법･백두대간법 등)을 제정하고 구역을 지정한 후에 타율에 의한 보호･관리를 실시한다. 그러나 개발압력이 큰 경우, 당국은 보호구역을 해제하거나 변경한다. 현행 법령체계는 금지와 허용을 수단으로 보호구역을 관리하며 주민을 규제의 대상으로 보고 있어 개발을 둘러싼 협치(거버 넌스)가 어렵다. 예컨대, 국립공원 안에서 공항건설 등의 개발사업이 추진되는 경우에 협치가 잘 진행되지 아니한다 보호구역 관리체계에서 관할 행정청, 개발사업자, 지역주민 및 NGO 등을 둘러싼 긴장과 갈등을 법사회학적 관점에서 바라보면, 보호구역 안에는 규범 이면에 여러 가지 역학 관계가 작동한다. 행정청은 실정법에 기반을 둔 행정규제로 보호구역을 관리하고 주민들은 전통과 관습에 따라 그들의 생활터전을 영위한다. 사업자는 시장원리를 내세우면서 재산권 보장을 요구한다. NGO들은 사회계약 방식을 원용하여 UN 지속가능발전목표(SDG)들을 추구한다. 그러나 관계 당국의 노력에도 불구하고 명분과 실리가 엇갈리는 가운데 갈등이 지속된다. 보호구역에서 사업을 추진하는 개발자들은 경제적 번영을 약속하지만 지속적이지 못하다. 지역주민들은 건설과정에서 토지수용이나 공사참여 등으로 일부 이익을 누리지만 외부자본에 의하여 밀려나기 쉽다. 주민들은 토지보상을 받더라도 다른 곳에서 같은 규모의 토지나 건물을 확보하기 어렵다. 이주민들이 가장 크게 겪는 애환은 정주권이다. 이러한 사태에 즈음하여 UNEP․IUCN 등 국제기구들은 보호구역 관리에서 주민들을 능동적인 관리 주체로 전환시킬 것을 제안한다. 선행연구들은 이러한 맥락에 따라 보호구역 관리체계를 다양화시키는 방안을 제시한다. 당사자를 선정하고 협약안에 기초하는 방안은 보호구역에서 강제를 최소화시키고 자연자원을 복합적으로 이용하는 한편 자율질서를 기반으로 하는 이른바‘다자간협약을 맺는 방식 등을 내용으로 한다. 다자간협약은 일종의 사회계약(social contract)이다. 현행 일부 실정 법률들에 규정되어 있는 자발적 협약(VA)을 확대시키고 유연한 접근을 보강하면 다자간협약이 가능할 것이다. 그러나 절차 중심의 다자간협약은 이해당사자들이 생산․분배하는 사회경제적 이익을 구체화시키지 못하였다. 이 연구에서는 보호구역에서 생산할 수 있는 사회경제적 이익을 구체화시키고 이를 공정하고 공평하게 분배할 수 있는 실체로서 생태계서비스(ecosystem services 자연혜택) 개념․체계를 원용하여 선행연구의 한계를 극복하고자 한다. 생태계서비스 기반 보호구역 관리체계는 지역공동체와 관할 행정청 그리고 외부 소비자[시장]들이 다자간협약을 기반으로 협력하면서 보호구역에서 생태계서비스를 생산․분배하는 사업을 수행하고 그 혜택을 지역사회와 공유하고자 한다. 생태계서비스 기반의 접근은 정부의 행정계획들에 의한 뒷받침된다. 예컨대, 제3차 자연환경보전기본계획(2016~2025)은 생태계서비스를 공공재의 관점에서 과학적으로 평가하고 경제적으로 가치를 환산하기 위한 기반을 조성함으로써 민간 부문의 자발적 참여에 의한 생태계서비스지불제(PES)를 장려한다. 국민신탁과 같은 공익법인 또는 시민사회단체들은 TEEB(생물다양성 및 자연혜택 경제학)에 따라 생태계서비스 개념과 체계를 원용하여 지역사회와 협력을 시도한다. 생태계서비스지불제를 기반으로 하는 보호구역 관리체계에서는 다수 당사자들의 상생이 가능하다. 공동체 성향의 사회적 경제주체(공동체․조합․사회적기업․NGO)들은 생태계 우수 지역에서 생산된 생태계서비스를 시장에 제공하여 소득을 올리고 일자리를 창출할 수 있다. 사회공헌(CSR) 또는 공유가치창조(CSV)에 관심이 있는 기업들은 사회공헌 활동의 일환으로 사회적 경제주체들의 자연혜택 사업을 지원할 수 있다. 이러한 접근에서는 종래 무상이었던 자연 자원이 주는 각종 이익[생태계서비스]을 경제재로 가공하는 외에 역량과 신뢰 및 네트워크와 같은 사회자본(social capital)의 조성이 병행되어야 한다.

Fashion brands are influenced by multiple identities. Even though, for example, the brand name might still be associated with one or more creative founders (Gucci, Prada, Chanel, Hermès, Adidas, Joop) the brand image, and moreover the overall brand reputation are influenced by many different identities. For instance, a specific product identity (e.g., Gucci’s Bamboo Bag), the identity of the city or country of origin (Florence, Italy), the identities of well-known key customers as brand ambassadors (Sophia Loren, Vanessa Redgrave, Lady Diana, Naomi Watts etc.). Of course, also fashion brands who are not directly associated with the name of creative founders are composed of the effects of several identities. In the case of e.g. Nike especially successful athletes (Steve Prefontaine, Michael Jordan etc.), specific sports and sport events, and product lines tailor-made for them did help to build a strong brand reputation. All in all, it seems to be expedient to understand fashion brands as more of less complex systems composed of several identities. To deal in more detail with such “brand systems” is becoming particularly important against the background of several strategic challenges – e.g., when fashion brands are growing older and the creative founders lose their specific gravitational power, when in the process of internationalization new countries gain more and more importance who’s citizens might not have a strong access to the existing brand reputation drivers, or simply when in the context of the growing global competition the fashion brand needs to be “refreshed”. Against the background of cultural differences, or even - as within countries - lifestyle differences between different groups of customers, it can also be quite possibly that very different reputation drivers account for the success of a brand. Thus, it is necessary to identify, in different contexts, the relevant reputation drivers, and to analyze which interplay of those drivers might be particularly promising. Is it the creative founder, the corporate heritage, the country and/or city of origin, a special designer, a specific corporate culture, an outstanding product design, attractive key customers etc.? Which combination of such identity factors leads to what kind of success (e.g., brand loyalty, brand trust, price premium)? Will, for instance, heritage especially lead to brand trust, whereas an outstanding product design and specifically attractive key customers create the readiness for a higher price premium? And, is it necessary to create sub-brands to especially highlight specific identities in the process of building a brand system (e.g., the sub-branding of a Michael Jordan product line in the case of Nike)? Or is sufficient to only communicate an alignment with the brand (e.g., ads showing Naomi Watts wearing a Gucci Bamboo Handbag)? In other words, which kind of brand system, and which kind of brand communications has to be designed to attract specific target groups and to sustain competitive advantages? The present contribution aims to present a conceptual framework for analyzing “brand systems” in the fashion industry. Concomitantly, an approach of measuring such brand systems will be presented. Furthermore, a concept for analyzing the impact of several sub-identities on the development of the overall brand reputation and brand success against the background of existing contingencies will be outlined. With the introduction and discussion of such a conceptual framework it especially is intended to initiate the launching of an international research project which attempts to find an answer basically to the following question: Which via an integrated branding and brand systems communication carefully crafted composition of sub-identities might be how successful under what kind of situational conditions?

A continuing challenge for English educators and policy makers in Korea is how to provide the right amount of good English education in an effective and efficient way, to help achieve the needed level of English communication skills. No efforts would turn out successful if the amount and the quality of public English education did not meet people's expectations. In order to plan and implement successful English education policies, it is necessary to figure out what kind of English education and how much of it are needed for Korean people. The current study aims to investigate what levels of English speaking proficiency Korean people perceive they need. The study first reviews some widely-used international English oral proficiency standards, then, compares those with the level descriptions of the Korea’s national curriculum of English. To gather information on the current level of English speaking proficiency, and the expected level of English speaking proficiency, 356 teachers (123 elementary school, 114 middle school, 119 high school), 696 students (179 elementary school, 222 middle school, 295 high school), and 650 parents (164 elementary, 212 middle school, 274 high school) from all the 16 district education authorities, were surveyed and interviewed. The results are presented with the discussion of the future directions of English education in Korea.

The aim of this paper is to review the role of board size as part of the corporate governance system. This paper discusses one aspect of corporate governance, namely, boards, in the Indonesian context. Using the literature review method, this paper explores factors that need to be considered to determine the optimal number of boards, especially in Indonesia. We explore some determinants of board size, such as complexity and leverage, ownership structure, and financial ratio support. The results reveal that an understanding of the differences found in the two-tier board model helps us understand that the different functions of the board of commissioners and the board of directors require different test treatments from countries that adhere to one-tier systems. A review of the relationship between board size and company performance is expected to provide the corporate governance literature with insights into optimizing the sizes of boards that can improve company performance, both in terms of boards of commissioners and boards of directors. This paper proposes the simultaneous testing of board size’s relationship with company performance. The results of this study are expected to make a more real contribution about the effect of board size on company performance.