This study investigated the differences between gender for effectiveness of career competencies training and integrative life planning on career aspirations, self-identity and congruity between the real and ideal self of adolescents in Lokoja, Nigeria. The sample consisted of 227 adolescents who scored low on Ego-identity scales and were found exhibiting low self-identity, which affected their career aspirations. They were made up of 114 males and 113 females. Quasi-experimental pre-test, post-test and control group design was used with the sample, which was randomly assigned to three groups. Career Competencies Training (CCT), Integrative Life Planning (ILP) and the control. A Self-Identity Questionnaire (SIQ), Congruity Questionnaire (CQ) and Career Aspiration Questionnaire (CAQ) were administered to the three groups before and after the experimental programmes. CCT and ILP groups were the training groups while the control was the waiting group. The statistical tools used were Means, Standard Deviation and ANCOVA. A null hypothesis was formulated to guide the study and was tested at 0.05 level of significance. There is no significant difference in the post-test scores on the self-identity, career aspiration, and congruity of real and ideal self of adolescents exposed to career competencies training, integrative life planning and the control group due to gender. The use of both training is therefore recommended. Parents should be encouraged to take cognizance of the congruity between the real self and the ideal self of their adolescents so that they can be properly guided on their career aspirations.

본 연구의 목적은 청소년을 대상으로 자기주도학습 코칭프로그램을 적용하여 학업적 자기 효능감에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 하였다. 연구문제는 첫째, 청소년을 위한 자기주 도학습 코칭프로그램의 구성은 어떠한가? 둘째, 청소년을 위한 자기주도학습 코칭프로그램이 학업적 자기효능감에 미치는 효과는 어떠한가? 이다. 도미향(2014) CPA 코칭 모델과 코칭 대 화모델을 적용하여 자기주도학습 코칭프로그램을 구성하였으며, I.C에 위치한 00학원의 예비 중학생 54명 중 27명은 실험집단으로, 27명은 통제집단으로 선정하여 주 2회 자기주도학습 코 칭프로그램을 70분씩 총 12회기로 진행 후 사전, 사후검사를 실시하였다. 그 결과 첫째, 자기주 도학습 코칭프로그램을 적용한 실험집단의 학업적 자기효능감이 유의미하게 높아졌다. 둘째, 실험집단의 과제난이도 선호와 자기조절 효능감은 유의한 차이가 있었으나, 자신감은 실험 전 과 후의 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 자기주도학습 코칭프로그램을 통하여 학습을 새롭게 보는 시각이 생겼고, 자신의 변화를 느끼고 체험했기 때문에 적극적으로 학습활동에 참여할 수 있 는 원동력이 되었다는 부분이 학업적 자기효능감에 긍정적인 효과를 미친다는 것을 알 수 있 었다.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of adolescents’ game usage on game addiction and the mediation effects of withdrawal symptoms and loss of control. The subjects of the study was 6,499 elementary, middle and high school students included in the panel data from the survey conducted by The National Youth Policy Institute. For data analysis, SPSS WIN 21 and AMOS 21 programs were used to test the structural equation model by examining the relationships among game usage, withdrawal symptoms, loss of control, and game addiction. The results are as followings. First, adolescents’ average daily game playing hours and average daily game playing hours on holidays caused withdrawal symptoms and loss of control, increasing the possibility of game addiction. However, the relationship between the number of years of playing games and game addiction was not mediated by withdrawal symptoms and loss of control. This implies that playing computer games from young age does not necessarily lead to game addiction unless the students show withdrawal symptoms or lose control.

목 적: 본 연구는 미취학 아동 및 청소년을 대상으로 굴절이상이 있음에도 불구하고 안경을 착용 하지 않거나 미교정한 자의 시력실태파악을 통해 안보건 및 눈 관리의 필요성을 인식시키고자 한다. 방 법: 본 연구의 대상자는 보건복지부 산하 질병관리본부에서 시행한 2010 국민건강영양조사 자료를 통 해 미취학 아동 및 청소년으로 안경착용 완전교정 318명과 안경 미(未)착용 미(未)교정자 232명을 대상으로 안과검사 여부 및 시기, 연령대, 가구소득의 상관성을 SPSS 18.0을 이용하여 통계처리하였으며, 유의 수준 은 p<0.05로 처리하였다. 결 과: 안경을 미착용하거나 미교정한 자들의 연령별 교정 전·후 시력은 5~6세는 0.53에서 0.81, 7~9 세는 0.44에서 0.91, 10~12세는 0.42에서 0.91, 13~15세는 0.38에서 0.94, 16~18세는 0.38에서 0.96으로 각각 현재는 매우 낮은 시력의 상태이지만, 교정 후 매우 높은 교정시력을 나타내었다. 결 론: 시력보정 기기를 통해 충분히 더 낳은 시 생활할 수 있음에도 불구하고 그렇지 못하는 학생들의 더 높은 삶의 질을 제공하기 위해 더 많은 노력과 관심이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

본 연구의 목적은 청소년의 스마트폰 중독과 마음챙김 명상을 통한 자기조절이 어떠한지 밝히고자 하였다. 스마트폰 중독은 청소년의 전반적인 발달을 저해하고 또래관계나 학교생활에 부적응 문제와 상 관성이 높아 중독의 문제가 시급해서 해결되어야 한다는 사회적 인 식이 확대되고 있다. 이러한 중독의 문제는 청소년의 습관적이고 타 성적인 자동조절상태의 문제로 자신의 생각과 행동을 알아차림하지 못하는 것에서 기인한다고 볼 수 있다. 마음챙김은 매 순간 몸과 마 음에서 일어나고 있는 생각과 행동, 감정을 판단하지 않고 있는 그대 로 알아차리고 수용하는 수행법으로, 스스로를 조절하게 돕는 것이 며 지속적으로 자기를 관찰함으로써 스마트폰 과다사용을 조절할 수 있다. 청소년의 특성에 맞는 마음챙김 수행법으로는 호흡을 관찰하 여‘지금-여기’에 집중하여 자신의 행동을 조절하는 호흡명상과 걷 고 있는 순간순간을 놓치지 않고 마음챙김하고 집중하는 걷기명상 등 자기조절수행법을 설명하였다. 스마트폰 중독의 문제는 대체적으로 자기조절의 실패에서 조망될 수 있다는 점에서 마음챙김 명상은 꾸준하고 지속적으로 이루어져야 할 것이다. 또한 스마트폰으로 인한 내성, 일상생활 장애, 가상세계 지향 및 스마트폰 사용 중지로 인해 나타나는 금단과 같은 중독의 특 성을 마음챙김 명상을 활용하여 자기조절을 시도해 본다면 그 효과 는 크리라 생각한다. 이에 본 연구의 의의를 둔다.

본 연구는 청소년의 인터넷 중독을 포괄적이고 근원적으로 이해하 고 돕기 위해서는 영성적 이해가 필요하다는 점을 밝히고, 불교에서 말하는 마음수행이 영성적 측면에서 청소년 인터넷 중독을 치유할 수 있도록 도울 수 있는 방안을 논의하고 그 구체적인 방법으로 자비 명상과 자기자비를 제안하였다. 현대사회에서 인터넷 보급이 확대될수록 청소년들의 인터넷 사용 과 중독현상이 꾸준히 증가하고 있다는 것이 다양한 선행연구들에서 드러나고 있다. 청소년기 인터넷 중독은 청소년기만의 문제가 아니 라 차후 그들의 성인기 부적응까지도 야기하기 때문에 조기에 도와 야할 뿐만 아니라 차후예방까지도 다루어야 할 주제이다. 청소년기 인터넷 중독의 주요원인 가운데 하나는 개인적 요인으로 주로 우울과 불안, 낮은 자아 존중감, 과도한 충동성이나 공격성, 자 기통제력 저하나 상실이었으며 다른 하나는 환경적 요인으로 사회적 지지부족, 부모-자녀 의사소통 부재, 학교만족도 저하 등이었다. 따 라서 상담자들은 이 두 가지 주요 원인들을 모두 고려하는 접근을 수 립해야 하는데 이를 포괄할 수 있는 개념과 접근법이 바로 영성이고 영성적 접근법이다. 영적 안녕감은 독립적이기도 하지만 개인의 심리 적·사회적 안녕을 포함하고 나아가 그 회복에도 기여하기 때문이다. 불교에서는 인간이 깨달음에 이르기 위해 마음을 수행하여야 함을 강조하며 그에 따른 무수한 마음수행법이 매우 다양하게 발달하였 다. 특히 마음수행법으로 명상법이 발달하였는데 집중명상과 알아차 림 명상이 있다. 청소년에게 적절한 접근법은 집중명상이며 그 구체 적 방법 중에서 인터넷 중독의 주요 원인인 개인과 환경 측면을 도울 수 있는 명상이 자애명상이다. 자애명상은 자기 자신과 세상의 모든 대상에게 따뜻하고 친절하고 너그러운 마음을 보내는 명상방법으로 청소년의 우울과 불안, 낮은 자존감, 충동과 공격성에 도움을 줄 뿐만 아니라 타인을 이해하고 사 회적 지원체계를 스스로 구축하는 데 도움을 준다. 청소년 인터넷 중 독에 대한 영성적 이해와 그에 따른 상담 접근에서 불교의 자애와 자 비 개념과 명상수행법이 적용되고 확산되는 것은 내담자만이 아니라 상담자의 영성의 회복과 성장에도 도움이 된다. 추후 연구로 청소년 인터넷 중독 상담에서 자애명상을 적용한 영성 적 상담의 효과로 내담자-상담자 동반 성장이 어떻게 드러나는지에 대한 실험적 검증이 필요함을 제안한다.

Adolescence is the most important period of healthy development. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the food recognition, snack preference, and dietary behavior of 1st grade of middle and high school boys and girls. Subjects were 5,554 students from 16 schools with healthy tuck shop and 3,406 students from 9 schools without healthy tuck shop in Seoul, Korea. Students from schools with healthy tuck shop are significantly higher than control group for facility satisfaction and hygiene satisfaction (all p<0.05). For fruit, the preference (p<0.05) and recognition (attitude, p<0.001: intention, p<0.05: eating habit, p<0.001: social-environment, p<0.001: self-efficacy, p<0.001) of students in schools with healthy tuck shop are significantly higher than those in schools without healthy tuck shop. For the habit of checking the manufacturer, students in schools with healthy tuck shop were significantly higher than students in schools without healthy tuck shop (p<0.05). The result suggested that we have to create an environment in which fruits can be purchased easily at a tuck shop and to educate adolescents for the importance of healthy food purchasing behavior. In conclusion, healthy school tuck shop had a positive effect on accessibility to healthy food.

The aim of this study was to investigate the relationships between eating habits and health among adolescents in Shanghai and Heze, China. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2013 on 2,089 adolescents; 1,089 students were from Shanghai and 999 students from Heze region. Eating habits, weight, height, and nutritional knowledge were assessed using a self-administered questionnaire. Eating habits score was classified into two categories: healthy eating habits and unhealthy eating habits, based on「Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey」, for statistical data analysis. Associations between eating habits, BMI, and nutritional knowledge were examined using a general linear model with adjustment of potential confounding factors such as region, gender, age, parents’ education level, and pocket money. Statistical analyses were performed using the SAS (version 9.3) program. Proportions of healthy eating habits group were 90.0% for breakfast (3-7 times/wk), 29.1% for fruit (≥once/d), 12.5% for vegetable (≥3 times/d), 7.3% for milk (≥2 times/d), 90.0% for fast food (<3 times/wk) consumption, respectively. The average BMI score was 20.1 (Shanghai 20.5 Heze 19.6), which is in the range of normal weight. Rates of obesity and overweight were 16.5% and 8.3% in Shanghai and Heze, respectively. There were significant negative correlations between intake frequencies of breakfast, fast food, biscuits, sugar, chocolate, and BMI score. Eating habits and nutritional knowledge score showed a significant positive correlation. These results showed better eating habits regarding eating regularity and consumption of fruits and soft drinks in Chinese adolescents compared with Korean adolescents, although cultural differences were not fully considered. This study demonstrated significant associations of BMI and nutritional knowledge with dietary behavior in Chinese adolescents in two regions of China. Further studies on Chinese adolescents from other regions in China should be considered.

Animal-assisted-activity programs are often used in pediatric hospital settings to provide emotional support and diversion, however there is little research about their efficacy. AAA for using insect affect children was examined in this study of 50 elementary school children. Self-reported (self-esteem, sociality and stress) were measured. Self-esteem and sociality rating of the children, and display of positive affect were enhance in the AAA group. This study provides further support to the numerous health benefits of AAA, particularly for children in elementary school.

Eating breakfast provides crucial nutrition for brain function and helps promote overall health. It is especially critical in growing adolescents, as it is known to form good eating habits and better study habits. This study investigated the effects of skipping breakfast on nutritional state, fatigue level, and attention level. A cross-sectional study was conducted in 2010 on total of 828 adolescents composed of 414 boys and 414 girls. Students who ate breakfast never to twice per week were placed in the breakfast-skipper group while students who ate breakfast more than five times per week were included in the breakfast-eater group. Students performed a self-reported questionnaire on food behaviors, amount of food consumption, fatigue level, attention deficient hyperactivity disease (ADHD) level by Conners-Wells’ Adolescent Self-Report Scales, depression scale, and self-esteem level. Statistical analysis was conducted using the SAS program (version 9.1). A total of 135 boys (32.6%) and 138 girls (33.3%) were included in the breakfast-skipper group, whereas 241 boys (58.2%) and 223 girls (53.9%) were included in the breakfast-eater group. The breakfast-skipper group showed irregular food behaviors and lacked nutrients. Specifically, energy (p< .001), protein (p< .001), dietary fiber (p< .001), calcium (p< .01), vitamin A (p< .01), thiamin (p< .05), niacin (p< .001) levels in boy breakfast-skippers were statistically lower compared to boy breakfast-eaters. Intakes of all nutrients except fat in girl breakfast-skippers were statistically lower than in girl breakfast-eaters. Girl breakfast-skippers (41.3%) showed significantly higher fatigue risks compared to girl breakfast-eaters (21.5%). Low attention level was also observed only in girls in the breakfast-skipping group. Moreover, students in the breakfast-skipper group showed higher scores for depression and low self-esteem (p< .001). In conclusion, skipping breakfast has effects on young adolescents’ nutrition, manifesting as high fatigue level and low attention level, especially in girls.

The purpose of this study was to estimate usage of vitamin and mineral supplements as over-the-counter (VM-OTC) drugs as well as examine factors associated with VM-OTC usage in Korean adolescents. A total of 1,407 adolescents attending middle or high school in all parts of country were included in the analysis. Prevalence of VM-OTC usage was 56.1%, and it was higher as monthly income, father’s education level, and socioeconomic status of family increased (p<0.001). VMOTC intake was higher in middle school students than in high school students as well as in rural areas or small & mediumsized city residents than big city residents (p<0.01). Subjects mainly received information on VM-OTC mainly from ‘family and relatives’ (46.6%), whereas only 20.3% received information from experts. Subjects took VM-OTC ‘when they are healthy’ (49.1%), ‘when they feel sick’ (17.7%), ‘when they are on a diet’ (17.3%), and ‘when they are stressful’ (15.9%). The effectiveness of taking VM-OTC were mainly ‘fatigue recovery’ (35.0%), ‘health improvement’ (30.6%), and ‘nutritional status improvement’ (13.2%). The most frequently used VM-OTC was vitamin C (49.1%), multi-vitamins (18.6%), multi vitamins & minerals (13.2%), and calcium (9.2%). Among VM-OTC users, only 21.9% replied that they usually check the nutrition facts when they buy products, 62.4% follow the recommended dosage, and 9.7% fully understand the nutrition labels of the products. According to logistic regression analysis, the most influential factor affecting VM-OTC use was parents’ and siblings’ VM-OTC consumption (p<0.001). In addition, school type (middle or high school) (p<0.01), residence (p<0.05), self-concerns about health (p<0.05), father’s education level (p<0.05), and socioeconomic status of family (p<0.05) all influenced VM-OTC use. These results show that VM-OTC use is widespread among adolescents, few users actually check and fully understand the nutrition labels when they purchase VM-OTC, and they are highly dependent on unprofessional advice and information. Therefore, it is necessary to educate adolescents to help them select proper VM-OTC and read nutrition labels.

This study aims to study factors affecting level of Korean language proficiency for North Korean Refugee Adolescents dwelling in Korea. 30 North Korean Refugee Adolescents were asked to answer three different questionnaires designated to investigate Korean language proficiency, Acculturative Stress and demographic background. This study adopts altered TOPIK for the evaluation of Korean language proficiency, and focuses on finding out the relationship of Korean language proficiency with sexuality, age, years of Korean study, and duration of dwelling in China. The SPSS for windows 15 was used for the statistical analysis. Acculturative Stress Scale was measured with the ASIS that was developed by Sandhuand Asrabadi(1994) and Proficiency Test that was selected by TOPIK (Test of Proficiency in Korea) session 22, 23. Cronbach for Acculturative Stress Scale was 0.898. Internal consistency reliability for Korean proficiency test was 0.897. The result shows that learning methods(Korean friends or books), duration of stay in China, Korean use, learning period, age, and gender have significant relationship with level of Korean proficiency, especially periods living in China has more significant relationship with the proficiency. The result from this study helps to recognize factors affecting level of Korean language proficiency. Specifically, the Korean proficiency of North Korean Refugee Adolescents who live in Korea has a close relationship with Acculturative Stress Scale. These facts indicate that not only the Korean education are required to effectively increase the Korean education itself, but also developing the competency of Cultural Acculturation are needed to be followed up as well for North Korean Mission.

The main objective of this study was to investigate the effects of physical self-efficacy of adolescents who joined a school sports club on school violence bullying behaviors. For this purpose, the subjects in this study were 276 students in junior high schools and 154 students in high schools located in Cheonan-si and Gongju-si, Chungcheongnam-do in 2013. Questionnaires on physical self-efficacy factors used in studies by Moon Jin (2008), Seo Cha-Won (2012) and Park Yoon-Kee (2013) and on school violence bullying behavior factors by Do Gie-Bong (2007), Park Jae-Suk (2008), Kim Min-Jeong (2010) and Lee Se-Mi (2013) were used as a research tool with the addition of modification and supplement after verifying the suitability of the component content and items according to expert advice for the purposes of this study. The collected data were computerized using SPSS Statistics were analyzed by applying a descriptive statistical analysis, one-way ANOVA and multiple regression analysis for analytical purposes. The following results were obtained: First, this study examined differences in the physical self-efficacy according to the demographic characteristics. In gender, female students showed a significantly higher physical self-presentation confidence, a sub-factor of the physical self-efficacy, than male students. However, there was no significant difference in perceived physical ability, another sub-factor. In school level, the junior high schools showed higher perceived physical ability and physical self-presentation confidence than the high schools, but they were not statistically significant. Both in perceived physical ability and physical self-presentation confidence, the physical self-efficacy according to the type of sports club was high in individual, interpersonal and group exercises, in descending order, but they were not statistically significant. Both in perceived physical ability and physical self-presentation confidence, the physical self-efficacy according to the physical education grade was high in lower, middle and upper classes, in descending order, but they were not statistically significant. Second, this study examined differences in the school violence bullying behaviors according to the demographic characteristics. In gender, male students showed a higher harassment, verbal-psychological abuse, and bullying, sub-factors of the school violence bullying behaviors. In particular, there were significant differences in the verbal-psychological abuse. In school level, the high schools showed higher harassment and verbal-psychological abuse than the junior high schools as a difference in other school violence bullying behaviors, but they were not statistically significant. The junior high schools showed higher harassment than the high schools, but this was also not statistically significant. Both in the harassment and verbal-psychological abuse, the differences in the school violence bullying behaviors according to the type of sports club were high in individual, interpersonal and group exercises, in descending order, but all of them were not statistically significant. In the harassment, the differences in the school violence bullying behaviors were high in upper, lower and middle classes, in descending order. In the verbal-psychological abuse, the differences in the school violence bullying behaviors were high in middle class and showed the same value in upper and lower classes, but all of them were not statistically significant. Third, this study examined the effects of the adolescent physical self-efficacy on the school violence bullying behaviors. The results showed that the physical self-representation confidence a sub-factor of the physical self-efficacy had a statistically significant effect on the harassment verbal-psychological abuse and bullying. Although the perceived physical ability as another factor had a significant effect on the harassment verbal-psychological abuse and bullying, it was not statistically significant. Based on the above conclusions, the gender showed significant differences in the adolescent physical self-efficacy and school violence bullying behaviors, and the school violence bullying behaviors also increased in the proportion of the physical self-presentation confidence, a sub-factor of the physical self-efficacy. It is considered that this has caused an unexpected negative result the school violence bullying behaviors due to the absence of the system that students can positively release their passionate energy in the current school system. Therefore, it is considered that schools and related organizations should make efforts from various perspectives so that adolescent passion strength and energy from the physical self-efficacy can be released not in the school violence bullying behaviors but in healthy and desirable physical activities and sports participation as a method to reduce the school violence bullying behaviors of adolescent students with high physical self-efficacy.

이 연구는 현재 위기의 청소년들이 자신들의 정신건강을 관리하고 유지해 나가기 위해 배움이 필요함을 설명하였다. 지금까지 청소년 정신건강에 관심을 가진 연구들은 청소년 정신건강 실태, 문제를 발생시키는 요인, 정책들에 관한 연구였다. 이러한 연구들에 의해 청소년 정신건강을 이해하기에는 다소 부족함이 따른다. 청소년기의 정신 건강이 무엇이고 유지하는 것이 왜 중요한지에 대한 이해를 비롯하여, 그 중요성을 토대로 문제를 어떻게 예방하고 증진시켜 나갈 것인지에 대한 방법을 생각하는 것을 미뤄두고 있기 때문이다. 이 연구를 통해 청소년들의 정신건강은 개인적·사회적·공동체적인 회복과 성장의 가능성을 포함하는 개념임을 밝혔다. 청소년들이 정신건강을 관리하는 것은 개인들의 마음의 다스림을 통해 자아의 발견과 실현으로 사회적인 회복과 성장까지 영향을 미치기 때문에 매우 중요하다. 그렇기에, 청소년의 정신건강은 삶과 떨어져 생각할 수 없고, 이를 증진시키는 방법은 자연스러운 삶의 철학을 배우는 것이다. 배움은 삶을 깨닫게 한다. 의미 생성으로서의 배움은 긍정적 창조에 의한 안정감, 개인의 성숙, 사회의 변화와 성장을 촉진 시키는 기능을 가지고 있었다. 우리는 배움으로 끊임없는 변화를 통해 치유되면서 정신건강을 다스리며, 우리의 삶을 풍요롭고 행복하게 가꾸어 갈 수 있다.

The purpose of this study was to estimate the consumption prevalence of vitamin and mineral supplements as health functional foods (VM-HFF) and to examine the factors associated with VM-HFF consumption behaviors in adolescents. A total of 1,407 adolescents attending middle or high schools from various cities and rural communities in Korea participated in this study. The prevalence of VM-HFF consumption was 41.7%, with boys showing a higher consumption than girls (p<0.01). VM-HFF consumption was higher in families with higher socioeconomic status and for families with parents that exhibited higher concerns about their child's health, growth, and nutritional intake (p<0.001). Most consumers of VM-HFF consumed HFFs 'when healthy' (50.1%), and acquired nutritional information from 'their families & relatives' (50.9%). Most consumers responded that VM-HFF was 'a little effective' (54.3%), followed by 'no obvious effects' (37.1%), and 'very effective' (7.4%). The effectiveness of consuming VM-HFF was mainly for 'fatigue recovery' (39.0%) and 'health improvement' (28.2%). Most consumers purchased HFFs at 'pharmacies & oriental medicine clinics' (53.8%) and at 'health functional food stores' (18.8%). Most consumers 'occasionally' (51.1%) or 'seldom' (27.3%) checked nutrition facts when purchasing, with 58.9% of consumers understanding the nutritional label for 'the most part', but only 8.7% of them understanding it 'very well'. Among the VM-HFF, consumers preferred calcium- and vitamin C-supplements. Consumers' mini-dietary assessment scores were higher than those of non-consumers. The results above showed that VM-HFF consumption was widely spread among adolescents, but few consumers checked and understood the nutrition label when they purchased VM-HFF, and were highly dependent on the advice and information from non-professional nutritionists, such as families & relatives. Therefore, it is necessary to educate adolescents to help them read nutrition labels and select the proper VM-HFF.

◉ 목적 : 자폐범주성장애 아동의 작업수행 향상을 시각적 단서를 이용한 훈련과 이용하지 않은 작업수행 훈련의 효과를 비교하고자 하였다. ◉ 연구방법 : 연구디자인은 개별실험 연구 설계인 교차중재설계(alternating treatment design)를 사용하였다. 연구대상자는 자폐범주성장애 진단을 받고 경기도 소재 정신건강의학과 의원에서 작업치료를 받는 만 16세 남아였다. 중재방법으로 회기 당 시각단서의 유무별로 운동화 끈묶기 훈련을 교차로 실시하였다. 종속 변인의 측정은 운동화 끈으로 리본을 묶는 작업수행 과정을 비디오로 촬영한 후, 기간기록(duration recording)으로 교차중 재과정 5회, 일반화 과정 4회 동안 수행시간과 수행의 질을 측정하였다. ◉ 결과 : 모든 중재 후 대상자는 작업수행시간이 단축되었고, 시각적 단서가 있는 중재가 시각적 단서가 없는 중재 보다 적은 시간이 걸렸다. 수행의 질 역시 시각적 단서가 있는 중재점수가 더 높았다. 그러나 과제수행률이 증가하는 중재후반에는 시각적 단서가 없는 중재가 더 적은 시간이 소요되었다. 대상자는 중재가 끝난 후에도 수행기술을 유지하였다. ◉ 결론 : 시각적 단서를 이용한 치료가 시각적 단서를 이용하지 않은 치료에 비해 자폐범주성장애를 가진 청소년의 작업수행 질의 향상과 시간을 단축시키는 것으로 나타났다. 그러나 시각적 단서를 이용한 치료는 초기중재 기간이 지난 후엔 오히려 방해요인으로 작용하여 이러한 중재는 초기에 보다 효과적임을 알 수 있었다.

The purpose of this study is to find out the relation between adolescents’ participation in sports activities and their satisfaction for school life, and thereby emphasize the importance of participating in sports activities during adolescent period and t

본 연구는 청소년의 우울이 자살생각에 미치는 영향에 대해서 살펴보고, 우울이 자살생각에 미치는 영향에서 종교적 신념과 개인통제력의 조절효과를 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해서 서울시의 2개 구에 거주하는 청소년 총 409명을 대상으로 설문조사를 실시하였다. 수집된 자료는 SPSS 17.0 프로그램을 사용하여 연구문제를 검증하였다. 연구 결과는 첫째, 청소년의 우울이 자살생각에 영향을 미치는 요인으로 나타났다. 둘째, 청소년의 우울이 자살생각에 미치는 영향에서 종교적 신념이 조절효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 셋째, 청소년의 우울이 자살생각에 미치는 영향에서 개인통제력이 조절효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다. 즉, 청소년의 우울이 자살생각에 미치는 영향에서 종교적 신념과 개인통제력이 조절효과가 있는 것으로 나타났다.

Lee, Gi-ven․Song, Mi-jeong. 2011. Language Socialization Practices of Seven Adolescents of Korean Heritage in the US. The Sociolinguistic Journal of Korea, 20(1). pp. 135-159. This study explores cultural and linguistic practices, identity negotiation, and power dynamics manifested in language socialization practices in a recreational setting of seven high school and college students of Korean heritage currently residing in the US. In conjunction with interviews, audio-tapings and observations of these students' weekly basketball games serve as the data sources. Analyses of data demonstrate that the basketball game offers a prime context for these students to speak Korean, practice Korean sociocultural values and rules, negotiate their identity, and establish their own position in the group. While they all speak English for the majority of time in their day-to-day interactions, the students mostly use Korean in the basketball setting, particularly when talking about Korea-related topics. In terms of negotiating their ethnic identity, the Korean-born students seem to negotiate their identity more strictly than the US-born students, who appear to negotiate their identity more ambiguously and flexibly. Also, the power and authority to control the interaction seems to depend upon the symbolic and material resources that the students own.